• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.107-127
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• 1984

An anthecological study of Tilia in Korea was undertaken for six native and one introduced species. Flowers are protoandrous with anther and stigma opening during the day-time in section(sect) Anastraea and the night-time in sect Astrophilyra. Nectar production was coincided with anther and stigma opening. It is revealed that the primary role of floral bracts was attracting pollinators especially in sect Astrophilyra. The peak of stamen and stigma function, and the production of nectar and odor were closely related with pollinator attraction. Forthy-three species of insects in 30 families were identified for the pollination studies; bees were the most commonly observed visitors in sect Anastraea, while moths were the primary visitors in sect Astrophilyra. Pollination study indicate that it is section specific. But within a section, pollination is not species specific thus interspecific hybridization occurs.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.129-138
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• 1984

Floral structures of 11 korean lauraceous species belonging to six genera have been studied. Machilus is a primitive genus having relatively large bisexual flower, six tepals and staminodes in fourth whorl of stamen. The flowers of Neolitsea are highly reduced state as unisexual flower, six stamens arranged to three whorls and no staminode in the flower, so regared as more advanced group. Intrafamilial classification systems of Nakai (1939) and Pax (1891) are more reasonable but still have some discrepancies with results. The origin of tepals of this group has been a long controversial problem; whether the differentiation of tepals occur. Teratological study of Lindera erythrocarpa, inner tepals of this group must be originated from the staminode and outer tepals from leafy tepals. Although morphological differentiation does not sitll occur, inner and outer whorls of tepals are originated through different way.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.163-168
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• 2001

This study was conducted to obtain basic information on cross breeding for developing bolting resistant variety of Angelica gigas NAKAI which has been subjected to severe yield reduction resulted from flower-stalk initiation during the growth. Compatibility of selfing and/or crossing pollination among 5 local cultivars were tested. Results obtained are summarized as follows. In case of three year old plant, all cultivars emerged March 14 and bolted from May 12 to May 13. Ponghwa cultivar was flowered 3 to 5 days earlier than other cultivars. Flower duration continued 41 to 43 days. Interval of flowering date from main stem to first primary branch, from first to second or second to third primary branch was 9 to 13 days. Emergency of stamen proceeded 4~8 days of pistil initiation demonstrating that Angelica gigas NAKAI is protandrous plant. Furthermore initiation of first pistil was 1~4days later than formation of last stamen in the same flower cluster. Percent pollination of Angelica gigas NAKAI was 52% under natural condition, so called open-pollination, but bagging by enveloping flowers was as low as 0.4~2.4%. In the result of compatibility test, all local cultivars tend to show both of self-and cross-compatibility. Inpollination, ‘Muju’$\times$‘Muju’combination showed highest fertility up to 40.8% whereases cross pollination, ‘Pyeongchang’$\times$‘Inje’combination, showed 67.0% fertility.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.29 no.4
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• pp.373-378
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• 2011

Our aim was to investigate the genotoxicity of ambient air in the Krak$\acute{o}$w area after Fukushima Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) accident and compare with results from Chernobyl fallout. For the detection of ambient air genotoxicity the technique for screening gene mutation frequency in somatic cells of the $Tradescantia$ stamen hairs ($Trad$-SH assay) was used. Since 11th of March 2011 (Fukushima NPP accident), several pots containing at least 15 shoots of bioindicating plants were exposed to ambient air at 2 sites in the Krak$\acute{o}$w surrounding area, one in the city center, and about 100 pots in a control site (in the glasshouse of the Institute of Nuclear Physics) Continuous screening of mutations was performed. Progenies of 371,090 cells exposed were analyzed. Mutation frequency obtained in the first 10 days has shown a mean control level (GMF*100=$0.06{\pm}0.01$). At scoring period related to influence of a potential Fukushima fallout, a significant increase of gene mutation frequencies above the control level was observed at each site in the range, 0.10~0.33 depending on the location, (mean value for all sites GMF*100=$0.19{\pm}0.05$) that was associated with a strong expression of toxic effects. In the reported studies following the Chernobyl NPP accident monitoring $in$ $situ$ of the ambient air genotoxicity was performed in the period since April $29^{th}$ till June $3^{rd}$ 1986 also with Trad-SH bioindicator. In general, mutation frequency increases due to Chernobyl fallout(GMF*100=$0.43{\pm}0.02$) were corresponding to fluctuation of radioactivity in the air reported from physical measures, and to published reports about increase in chromosome aberration levels. Although, recent data obtained from monitoring of the ambient air quality in the Krak$\acute{o}$w and surroundings are lower when compared to results reported after Chernobyl NPP accident, though results express a significant increase above the control level and also are corresponding with increased air radioactivity reported from physical measurements. Statistically significant in comparison to control increase in gene mutation rates and more prolonged than that after Chernobyl fallout increase of GMF was observed during the period following the Fukushima NPP failure.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.41-47
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• 1999

To investigate the combined effect of gamma ray irradiation and NaCl treatment on Tradescantia somatic cell pink mutations, potted plants of Tradescantia 4430 were evenly sprayed with NaCl solution(170mM) 24 hours before irradiation(NaCl+${\gamma}$) and after irradiation(${\gamma}$+NaCl). Irradiation doses were 0.3, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 Gy of gamma-ray. The plants irradiated only with gamma radiation were used as control group(CT). Frequency of pink mutation increased linearly with irradiation close and the peak interval of elevated mutation frequencies appeared during 6∼12 days aver irradiation in all the experimental groups. The slope of dose-response curve in CT was 5.99($r^2$=0.99), while it were 4.55($r^2$=0.98) in NaCl+${\gamma}$ and 4.33($r^2$=0.99) in ${\gamma}$+NaCl. It seemed that pre- and post-treatment of NaCl had a protective effect it against radiation-induced cell damages since it decreased the slope value by more than 24%. It is suggested that protective effect on DNA damages can be invoked in irradiated stamen hair cells by NaCl treatment.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.98 no.6
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• pp.696-702
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• 2009

Yellow poplar (Liriodendron tulipifera L.) is an insect-pollinated tree species with large, perfect flower, and its seed sets average only about 10 percent naturally. In its controlled pollination, pollination bags are usually taken to prevent unwanted pollination, but bagging is an expensive and time-consuming process. Therefore, this study was conducted to determine the need of pollination bag by estimating how much unintended pollination would occur when different cross methods were applied. Five different pollination methods were applied as follows: 1) natural open pollination (i.e. insect pollination) as a reference, 2) self-pollination; no removing reproductive organs with bagging, 3) open pollination; emasculated(removing sepal, petal and stamen) without bagging, 4) controlled pollination; emasculated with bagging and 5) controlled pollination; emasculated without bagging. Very low value of full seed rate (0.2%) was observed in method 3, it was suggested that removing stamen and petal restrict the activity of pollen vectors like bee. Difference in the full seed rate between method 4 and method 5 was not significant (27.9% versus 24.0%, respectively). Consequently, controlled pollination without bagging might be an alternative method for extensive breeding and mass production of seeds in yellow poplar.

• Korean Journal of Plant Tissue Culture
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.283-287
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• 2001

Differential display based on PCR was employed to identify genes expressed during tuber-developing stage of potato (Solanum tuberosum L. cv. Irish Cobbler). An eukaryotic initiation factor 5A (eIF-5A) clone isolated from a cDNA library constructed with developing micro-tuber using a probe of PCR fragment. We isolated three positive clones and ore of them contained open reading frame. This clone revealed high sequence similarity to tomato eIF 5A cDNA. At the DNA level, there is 94.8% identity with the tomato eIF-5A4, whereas at the protein level there is a high identity with 97.5%. The potato eIF 5A clone is 716 bp in length and contains a single open reading frame from 57 to 539 bp, a 56 bp 5'-untranslated region and a 177 bp 3'-untranslated region. The deduced protein composed of 160 amino acid residues, with a predicted molecular mass of 17.4 kD and an estimated pl of 5.5. The sequence of 12 (STSKTGKHGHAK) amino acids among eIF-5A proteins is perfectly conserved from yeast to human. That sequence in potato eIF-5A protein is also conserved at position 46 to 57 amino acid. This region embeds the post-translational modification site of the lysine residue (at the seventh K) to hypusine that is crucial to eIF-5A activity. The northern blot analysis of eIF5A has shown abundant expression, mainly in flower organs (stamen, ovary, petal, sepal), fruit and stolen.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Biology
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.21-26
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• 1999

To investigate the combined effect of radiation and pesticide on Tradescantia somatic cell mutations, potted plants of Tradescantia 4430 on which parathion had been sprayed evenly 24 hours before irradiation. Radiation doses were 0.3, 0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 Gy of gamma-ray. The plants irradiated only with the gamma-ray radiation were used as control groups (CT). Pink mutation frequency increased linearly proportional to the radiation dose and the peak interval of elevated mutation frequencies appeared during 7 ~ 11 days after irradiation in both CT and Pa +${\gamma}$ groups. The slope of dose -response curve in CT was 5.99 ($r^2$= 0.988), while it was 3.43 (r$x^-2$=0.981) in Pa+${\gamma}$. It seemed that parathion pretreatment had a protective effect against radiation-induced cell damages since it decreased the slope value by 43%. It is suggested that an adaptive response or radiomodification could be induced in irradiated stamen hair cells by parathion pretreatment.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.277-282
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• 1996

This study was carried out to understand the flowering and pollination characteristics in Bupleurum falcatum. Estimated total node numbers of primary branches were 106.6, and the total numbers of florets were theoretically 9,622 until secondary branches flower. In the sizes of floral organs according to the branch order, all of ray, pedicel, petal, pistil, stamen, ovary surface, and sepals have a tendancy to be smaller as this order: main stem> 1st branch> 2nd branch. As the branch development proceeds, the size of florets was getting smaller. Each flowering periods, especially stamen emergence, in different branch positons and in intra-branch were clearly divided. In case of florets, umbellets, and compound umbels enveloped in the gauze and paper, they showed 0% fertilization rate. However, the plants which were entirely enveloped in gauze led to the partial fertilization. Consequently, it was admitted that B. falcatum was a partly allogamous plant, fertilized in the way of entomophily. In respect of pol­linatability according to the steps of floral organs maturation, this plant was able to bear fruit after 8 days (Pistil maturation). It was at maturity stages, especially 11 through 13 days, that the maximum fer­tilization rate appeared.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.433-458
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• 2008

This study were examined for their external morphological characters such as root, leaf, inflorescenses, flower, stamen, pistil, and fruit as to Korean Thalictrum L. and discussed taxanomic value of characters, and made out a new key. This study confirmed that specialized stems and roots type were divided into fibrous type, fibrous having a tuber type, long fusiform tuberous type, tuberoid type, rhizome type and stolon type. The stem were divided into two types based on existence and nonexistence of striate or pubescent. Leaves were usually 2-3-ternately and was divided into three types based on leaf apex, leaf base and number of lobe. Inflorescenses were divided into two type; corymb, panicle. Flower is bisexual, and don't have petal. It was divided from existence and nonexistence of calyx when it flowering. Especially, the stamens were divided from anther shape and apex shape, degree of dilation of filament, epidermic shape of filament etc., and the pistils were divided from glandular on ovary, length of carpel stipe etc.. The fruit is a achene and it was divided from achene shape, achene rib or wings, achene stipe length. This study suggest that useful characters for identifying section are degree of dilation of filament, anther shape, achene rib and wings, degree of dilation of achene. Also, roots, leaf shape, stamen and pistil shape, achene beak and achene length, achene and leaf hair appear to be useful characters for identifying species.