• 농업생명과학연구
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2012

Wheat is a very popular crop in all over the world due to the various use of wheat flour as staple foods, such as bread. As many food products are made from wheat, the property of wheat can be a determinant of the quality of final food products. Staled bread is not harmful to health but is normally rejected by consumers due to the absence of desirable sensory attributes. The phenomena of staling can be increased hardness of bread, the migration of moisture from center of bread to the crust of bread, loss of flavor and etc. The exact mechanism of staling has not been established completely. To delay or prevent staling, either addition of anti-staling agent, such as surfactant and enzyme or modification of wheat component, such as wheat starch has been adapted. The development of waxy wheat made it possible to reconstitute the starch component in bread. When the content of amylopect in was increased in bread, the loss of moisture was decreased and the reduction in softness of bread was decreased during storage. Increased retrogradation of starch did not always accompany the staling of bread indicating that the retrogradation of starch may not be a single indicator of bread staling. To find out the exact relationship between bread staling and starch retrogradation, further research is necessary.

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• 제17권6호
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• pp.1139-1145
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• 2008

Bread is an essential food consumed worldwide. Bread rapidly loses its desirable texture and flavor qualities associated with freshness through a process known as staling. The shelf life of bread is limited by this staling leading to economical losses in the range of one billion dollars per year. There are a number of mechanisms thought to be related to the staling process, such as water migration and redistribution, starch retrogradation, and gluten transformation. In this review, roles of water and water migration on bread staling are summarized and discussed.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.80-81
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• 1982

아끼바레 및 밀양 23호 쌀을 취반한 후 실온$(21^{\circ}C)$ 및 고온 $(72^{\circ}C)$에 보관하면서, 밥알의 경도변화로부터 노화속도를 측정한 결과, 품종간의 노화속도에는 차이가 없었다. 그러나 고온 저장시가 실온 저장시보다 노화속도가 약 1.5배 늦었다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제29권5호
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• pp.982-986
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• 1997

Propolis 추출물을 첨가하여(P1-1.48%, P2-0.74%, P3-0.37%) 식빵을 제조하고, 식빵의 선도와 품질유지에 관계하는 항균성과 노화방지 효과 및 관능특성을 살펴보았다. propolis가 첨가된 P1, P2, P3 식빵시료 모두 곰팡이의 생장이 억제되었으며, propolis의 첨가량이 많을수록 저해효과도 증가하였다. 식빵의 저장중 노화속도는 P1, P2, P3가 대조구에 비하여 각각 22.5%, 19.2% 및 6.4%씩 지연효과가 있었으며, Avrami 지수는 정수 1에 가까운 값을 보였다. 관능검사 결과 P2와 P3가 대조구와 비교시 식빵의 향미, 이취, 조직감, 전체적인 기호성에 있어서 유의적인 차이를 보이지 않았다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.1275-1282
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• 1999

To investigate the effect of flour brew with bifidobacteria on bread characteristics, flour brew with bifidobacteria was added to baking after 16 hour incubation at 37oC. The more addition of flour brew, the higher gassing power, the better machinality of dough were obtained, resulting in the larger specific volume of bread. Flavor profile analyzed by Electronic Nose System showed that flavor components of 30% flour brew were decreased comparing with those of control and there was shown definite difference in sensory characteristics between them. Staling studies of bread containing flour brew indicated had a definite effect in retarding the staling rate of bread, with time constant calculated in 30% treatment being 3.09 days and in control being 2.08 days. The enthalphy of gelatinization was decreased from 2.51J/g to 0.61J/g with increment of flour brew, suggesting that starch crystallization is delayed. conclusion, Flour brew fermented by bifidobacteria can be used as a natural bread improver with so many benefits as better machinality, one more day storage period, slower staling rate, better bread volume and more appealing bread flavor.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.11-15
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• 1978

밀-쌀보리(품종 방사 6호) 가루를 이용한 복합분(5 및 10% 보리혼합)의 물리적 성질, 제빵적성 및 staling 속도를 조사하였다. 보리가루 (60% 제분수율)는 밀가루보다 아밀로그라프의 점도가 높았다. 복합분도 밀가루보다 아밀로그라프의 점도가 높았으나 호화 온도에는 차이가 없었다. 복합분은 파리노그라프의 안정도가 밀가루보다 다소 낮았으나 엑스텐시그라프의 proportional numer는 큰 차이가 없었다. 복합분으로 만든 빵은 용적 및 내부특성이 밀가루빵보다 다소 열등하였고 staling 속도는 다소 빨랐다. 이러한 현상은 보리 첨가량이 높을수록 현저하다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.42-46
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• 2006

우유단백질과 검류의 혼합 첨가가 빵의 노화를 억제시키는데 사용될 수 있는지를 조사하기 위하여 이들 첨가한 밀가루의 amylogram, farinogram 그리고 extensogram을 측정하였다. 또한 우유단백질과 검류를 첨가한 반죽을 8주 동안 냉동 저장한 후 이 냉동반죽으로 식빵을 제조하고, 만든 당일과 $5^{\circ}C$에서 4일간 저장한 식빵의 수분함량 변화와 경도 변화를 측정하여 노화정도를 비교하였다. Amylogram 특성 중 우유단백질과 검류를 첨가한 밀가루의 호화 개시온도가 증가하였고 CA와 WA 첨가한 밀가루의 최고 점도가 대조구보다 낮았다. Farinogram 특성을 통해 우유단백질과 검류가 밀가루의 수분 흡수율을 증가시키는 것과 CA와 WA를 첨가할 경우 반죽 형성시간이 길어짐을 확인할 수 있었다. Extensogram 특성에서 밀가루의 신장도는 우유단백질과 검류를 첨가함으로써 낮아지는 현상을 보였다. 빵의 수분함량 변화를 살펴보면, 4일 저장기간 동안 모든 빵의 수분이 감소되는 것을 알 수 있었으며, 냉동저장 6주후부터는 대조구 빵의 수분함량이 우유단백질과 검류를 첨가한 빵보다 감소정도가 큰 것을 확인할 수 있었다. 빵의 경도 변화의 경우 또한 저장기간 동안 대조구 빵이 우유단백질과 검류를 첨가한 빵, 특히 CA와 WA를 첨가한 빵보다 높은 경도를 나타냈다. 이를 통해서 우유단백질과 검류를 첨가할 경우 반죽의 제빵 적성을 향상시켜주며 CA와 WA의 첨가는 빵의 노화를 지연시켜주는데 효과가 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.19-25
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• 1990

식이성 섬유를 첨가하여 케익을 제조하고 저장기간 중의 수분함량, 호화도, 경도의 변화를 측정한 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 식이성 섬유의 첨가는 수분 함량과 호화도의 감소를 억제시켜주며 cake hardening rate도 감소시켜 주었다. 그리고 1등품 밀가루를 2등품 밀가루로 대체하면 섬유소 첨가와 유사한 효과를 얻을 수 있으며 여기에 펙틴을 첨가하면 보다 현저한 상승효과를 얻을 수 있었다. 새로운 조성으로 제조한 케익의 색도와 관능적 품질도 유의성 있는 차이를 나타내지 않았다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.185-190
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• 1976

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제10권3호
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• pp.287-294
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• 1997

When bread making, the condition of thawing-fermentation for frozen dough were tested in variable temperature, and measured thawing-fermentation time and volume of frozen dough. L-Ascorbic acid (L-Aa) was added in frozen dough for the comparison test of develop volume in bread staling degree of baking bread were measured additive frozen dough which was stoppages in freezing, staling degrees were tested hardness with Rheometer. The test for comparison of thawing-fermentation time in variable temperature was shown the condition of dough conditioner at 3$0^{\circ}C$ was most effective for bread making, Because That condition was required very short time(74 min) But, in this comparison of volume in final products was shown the products in the condition of thawing-fermentation at 3$0^{\circ}C$ was smaller than the products at 5$^{\circ}C$(418 ml). The baking volume of L-Aa additive frozen dough which has under gone thawing-fermentation at 3$0^{\circ}C$, were shown baking volume of 420 ml in 2 weeks storage terms to 100 mg/kg L-Aa additive dough and shown baking volume of 454 ml in 4 weeks storage terms to dough of 200 mg/kg additive weight. Staling degrees of L-Aa additive frozen bread were measured with Rheometer. The hardness of 100 mg/kg L-Aa additive frozen bread was sown low level hardness in 1~2 weeks freezing term, 150 mg/kg L-Aa additive frozen bread was shown low level hardness in 3 weeks freezing term. In 4 weeks freezing term, 200 mg/kg L-Aa additive frozen bread was shown low level hardness compared with non-additive L-Aa frozen bread. In comparison of frozen bread quality, non-additive L-Aa products was better than additive L-Aa products in equality of baking shape and external apparence. But in total quality in external and internal apparence, additive L-Aa products was better than non-additive L-Aa products.