• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제34권12호
• /
• pp.1909-1915
• /
• 2010

고온의 연소가스에서 운전되는 국내 가스터빈 부품들은 매일 기동정지를 반복함으로써 열사이클에 의해 재료특성에 변화가 발생한다. 최근 많은 가스터빈 고온부품들이 단결정 초내열 합금으로 제작되어 지지만 재료열화 예측을 통한 부품 교체와 정비에 대한 기준이 없어서 대부분 제작사에 의존하고 있는 실정이다. 본 연구에서는 향후 수명평가와 손상분석의 기초자료로 활용하기 위해 실제 운전된 가스터빈 1 단 블레이드의 열화상태를 조사하였다. 사용한 블레이드는 25,000 및 52,000 의 등가운전시간(EOH : Equivalent Operating Hour)을 가졌으며, 재질은 단결정 초내열합금인 CMSX-4 이다. 사용된 블레이드에서 직접 시험편을 채취하여 기계적특성 시험 및 미세조직을 관찰하였다.

• Asian Journal of Atmospheric Environment
• /
• 제6권1호
• /
• pp.14-22
• /
• 2012

This paper is focused on the comprehensive and detailed interpretation for the chemical transformation of individual Asian dust (hereafter called "AD") particles during long-range transport from source regions to receptor area. A multi-stage particle sampler was operated at a ground-based site in Taean, Korea directly exposed to the outflow of air masses from China during AD period in April 2003. Both quantitative and qualitative analyses for size-classified individual particles were carried out by a microbeam X-ray fluorescence (XRF) method and a microbeam Particle Induced X-ray Emission (micro-PIXE), respectively. Among major characteristic elements, the elemental masses of soil derived components, sulfur, and chloride varied as a function of particle size showing the monomodal maximum with a steeply increasing at 3.3-4.7 ${\mu}m$ particle size. Although the details on chemical composition of AD particle collected on a straight line from source area to our ground-based site are needed, a large amount of Cl coexisted in and/or on AD particles suggests that AD particles collected in the present study might be actively engaged in chemical transformation by sea-salt and other Cl containing pollutants emitted from the China's domestic sources. Through the statistical analyses it was possible to classify individual AD particles into six distinct groups. The internally mixed AD particles with Cl, which has various sources (e.g., sea-salt, coal combustion origin HCl, gaseous HCl derived from the adsorption of acids to sea-salt, and Cl containing man-made particles) were thoroughly fractionated by the elemental spectra drivened by the double detector system of micro-PIXE.

• 한국환경과학회지
• /
• 제10권3호
• /
• pp.201-208
• /
• 2001

To investigate the physio-chemical components and properties of aerosol particles in urban area sampling of aerosol particles was carried out in the campus of Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan, during snowfall. Aerosol particles were collected on millipore filter papers using a low volume air sampler. Their shapes, sizes and chemical components were analyzed by a SEM(Scanning Electron Microscope) and an EDX(Energy Dispersive X-ray). As a results, ice crystals of dendrite and column types were predominantly shown at mature and developing stage of snowfall intensity. The denerite and sector plate types of ice crystals were mainly originated from the sea but column types were come from soil. Scavenging effect by snowfall was greatly also shown at dendrite type ice crystals that embryo was fully developd. Al, Si elements were shown at high frequencies as compared with others. Na, Cl components were especially shown at high frequencies under the sea-breeze wind during snowfall. Anthropogenic aerosol particles had shown with irregular shapes and sizes, relatively. Mainly 3-7$\mu$m aerosol particles were abundant and coarse particles also could be seen during snowfall. Ca, Zn, Fe components mainly caused by spike tires from vehicles in winter season were dominant before snowfall, however the element S mainly caused by human activity was rich after snowfall. The pH values of snow in Sapporo city were higher than those at coastal area. The concentration of chemical components in aerosol particles was also affected by surface winds. Aerosol particles in urban area, Sapporo were mainly affected by human activities like vehicles and combustion with wind system. And their types were related with snowfall intensity.

• Korean Chemical Engineering Research
• /
• 제46권3호
• /
• pp.506-511
• /
• 2008

본 연구에서는 이트륨과 유로퓸 질산수용액으로부터 솔-젤 및 연소공정에 의한 적색 형광체를 제조함에 있어, 솔-젤반응의 고찰을 통한 반응메카니즘을 해석하고, 제조된 적색형광체의 특성을 알아보고자 하였다. 무정형 구연산염 솔-젤 반응은 반응 초기에 킬레이트화 반응과 가수분해 반응이 완료되었으며, 가수분해의 진행에 따라 축합중합반응은 유기산 형성 축합중합 보다는 물 형성 축합중합반응이 더 우세하였다. 솔-젤 반응의 진행을 위해서는 이트륨(유로퓸 포함)과 젤화 작용제인 구연산 몰 비는 1 : 2 이상이 필요하였다. 솔-젤과 건조과정을 거쳐 얻은 젤 분말의 열분석 결과 형광체를 얻기 위한 소성온도는 $700^{\circ}C$ 이상이 되어야 하며, 젤 분말의 소성 시 소성온도가 증가함에 따라 생성되는 형광체의 결정도가 향상되었으며, 결정립 크기가 증가하였다. 제조된 형광체의 발광특성 분석 결과, 출발용액 내 금속이온(이트륨 및 유로퓸)의 농도, 그리고 소성온도가 증가할수록 발광세기가 증가하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제44권12호
• /
• pp.696-702
• /
• 2007

The family of (Sr,Mg)-doped $LaGaO_3$ compounds, which exhibit high ionic conductivity at $600-800^{\circ}C$ over a wide range of oxygen partial pressure, appears to be promising as the electrolyte for intermediate temperature solid oxide fuel cells. Conventional synthesis routes of (Sr,Mg)-doped $LaGaO_3$ compounds based on solid state reaction have some problems such as the formation of impurity phases, long sintering time and Ga loss during high temperature sintering. Phase stability problem especially, the formation of additional phases at the grain boundary is detrimental to the electrical properties of the electrolyte. From this point of view, we focused to synthesize single phase (Sr,Mg)-doped $LaGaO_3$ electrolyte at the stage of powder synthesis and to apply relatively low heat-treatment temperature using novel synthesis route based on combustion method. The synthesized powder and sintered bulk electrolytes were characterized by XRD, TG-DTA, FT-IR and SEM. AC impedance spectroscopy was used to characterize the electrical transport properties of the electrolyte with the consideration of the contribution of the bulk lattice and grain boundary to the total conductivity. Finally, relationship between synthesis condition and electrical properties of the (Sr, Mg)-doped $LaGaO_3$ electrolytes was discussed with the consideration of phase analysis results.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제22권2호
• /
• pp.156-165
• /
• 2014

This paper is the first investigation on the effect of flow control methods on the part load performance in a spark ignition engine. For comparison of the methods, two control devices, port throttling and masking, were applied to a conventional engine without any design change of the intake port. Steady flow evaluation shows that steady flow rates per unit opening area and swirl ratio are very low compared with the port throttling and saturated from mid-stage valve lift, however, swirl increases slightly as the lift is higher in case of 1/4 masking control. In the part load performance, the effect of simple port throttling on lean misfire limit expansion is limited and insufficient; on the other hand a masking improves the limit considerably without any port modification for increasing swirl. Also the results show that the intake flow control improves the combustion with following two mechanisms: stratification induced by the combination of the flow pattern and the fuel injection timing attribute to ignition ability and the intensified flow ensure fast burn. In addition fuel consumption reduces under the flow controls and the reduction rate is different according to the operation conditions and control methods. At the Stoichiometric and/or low speed and low load the throttling method is more advantageous; however vice versa at lean and high load condition. Finally, the throttling is more efficient for HC reduction than masking, on the other side the NOx emissions increase under the masking and decrease under the port throttling compared with conventional port scheme.

• 한국소음진동공학회논문집
• /
• 제16권4호
• /
• pp.319-328
• /
• 2006

4-실린더 엔진의 작동 시 크랭크샤프트의 기계적 거동을 해석하는 방법에 관한 연구 논문이다 이 해석의 목적은 모드 해석을 단순화 하기위해 Pin 과 Arm을 일정하게 가정하고, 이를 통해 단순화된 크랭크샤프트의 특성을 연구하는 것이며, 해석을 통하여 얻어진 전달 함수에서의 고유진동수와 모드 형상을 실험을 통한 모드 해석과 비교하였다. 시뮬레이션을 통한 결과와 실험을 비교한 결과 해석치와 실험치의 값이 일치함을 확인할 수 있었고 이를 통하여 해석 모델을 검증하였다. 또한 검증된 모델을 통하여 엔진 작동 시 크랭크샤프트의 특성을 해석하고자 하였다. 초기 연소 조건에 기초하여 주파수 영역에서 크랭크샤프트의 동적 거동을 해석하기 위한 새로운 방법을 기술하였다. 새로운 기법은 엔진의 작동 조건에서 저널 베어링과 밸런서의 형상 변경을 통하여 얻어진 에너지 값을 계산하기 위해서 RMS값을 이용하였다.

• 한국자동차공학회논문집
• /
• 제8권1호
• /
• pp.148-156
• /
• 2000

For the in-line three cylinder engine whose crankshaft has a phase of 120 degrees, the total sum of unbalanced inertia forces occurring in each cylinder will be counterbalanced among three cylinders. However, parts of inertia forces generated at the No.1 and No.3 cylinders will cause a primary moment about the No.2 cylinder. In order to eliminate this out-of-balance moment, a single balance shaft has been attached to the cylinder block so that the engine durability and riding comfort may be further improved. Accordingly, the forced vibration analysis of the in-line three cylinder engine must be implemented to meet the required targets at an early design stage. In this paper, a method to reduce noise and vibration in the 800cc, in-line three cylinder LPG engine is suggested using the multibody dynamic simulation. The static and dynamic balances of the in-line three cylinder engine are investigated analytically. The multibody dynamic model of the in-line three cylinder engine is developed where the inertia properties of connecting rod, crankshaft, and balance shaft are extracted from their FE-models. The combustion pressure within the No.1 cylinder in three significant operating conditions(1500rpm-full load, 4000rpm-full load and 7000rpm-no load)is measured from the actual tests to excite the engine. The vibration velocities at three engine mounts with and without balance shaft are evaluated through the forced vibration analysis. Obviously, it is shown that the vibration of the in-line three cylinder engine with balance shaft is reduced to the acceptable level .

• 콘크리트학회논문집
• /
• 제28권6호
• /
• pp.647-653
• /
• 2016

본 연구에서는 FA (Fly Ash)를 20%치환한 배합에 대하여 TDFA (Tire Derived Fuel Ash)를 3.0~12.0%까지 중량 치환하면서 내구성 평가를 수행하였다. TDFA는 열병합발전소에서 열효율을 높이기 위해 폐타이어를 혼소시킨 뒤 발생한 산업부산물로서 국내에서 콘크리트에 적용한 연구는 없는 상태이다. 이를 위해 물-결합재를 50%, FA를 20% 치환한 Control 콘크리트를 제조하였으며, TDFA를 치환하면서 압축강도, 촉진 탄산화 시험, 촉진염해 시험, 공극구조평가를 수행하였다. 압축강도, 탄산화, 공극구조에서는 12%까지 TDFA를 FA와 치환해도 동등이상의 성능을 확보하였다. 특히 염해에 대해서는 TDFA의 치환률의 증가에 따라 뚜렷한 염화물 확산계수의 감소를 나타내어 최종적으로 75.3~70.9%까지 염화물 확산계수가 감소하였다. TDFA를 혼입한 콘크리트 배합시, 워커빌리티의 확보가 가능하다면 TDFA를 혼입한 콘크리트는 내구성 개선에 효과적일 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국추진공학회지
• /
• 제4권1호
• /
• pp.30-35
• /
• 2000

$GO_2$/kerosene을 추진제로 하는 로켓엔진 개발에 사용된 swirl-coaxial injector의 점화초기 및 소염시에 발생하는 파손 원인을 규명하고자 실험용 인젝터를 제작하여 추진제간의 운동량비를 1-12 범위에서 변화시켜가며 화염 부상 거리를 실험적으로 측정하였다. 실험에 사용된 인젝터는 kerosene을 인젝터의 중심에서 접선형 선회기를 통하여 분사되도록 하였으며 그 주위로 $GO_2$를 연소실의 축방향에 수평하게 분사되도록 설계하였다. 연소압을 대기압으로 하여 실험하였으며, 캠코더로 촬영된 이미지로부터 화염의 순간상들을 얻어 측정한 후 이를 평균하여 화염부상거리를 구하였다. 본 연구에서는 추진제간의 운동량비 증가에 따라 화염 부상 거리가 증가함을 알 수 있었으며, 추진제간의 운동량비가 과다하게 커지는 경우 분무에 간섭을 일으켜 인젝터 파손의 원인이 됨을 알 수 있었으며, 안정적인 연소시스템 및 인젝터 설계를 위해서는 점화초기 및 소염시 추진제의 공급운동량을 제어할 수 있는 제어시스템이 필수적임을 알 수 있었다.