• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.191-197
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• 1996

Allowable stacking duration of the corrugated fiberboard boxes being widely used for packaging fruits and vegetables was analyzed by the creep behavior and the cumulative load correction factor for the boxes. The stacking boxes were assumed to be stored at a nearly constant temperature and relative humidity condition. When the stacking duration was short period, the stacking height determined by two methods showed a little difference between them, but almost no difference was shown as the stacking duration was longer. Allowable stacking duration was rapidly decreased with the increase of static load applied on the stacking boxes, and allowable stacking duration of Box A was estimated the longer than that of Box B. A model of allowable stacking duration for the corrugated fiberboard box was developed as a function of the stacking load and the ambient relative humidity.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.360-367
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• 1995

The effect of air vent holes, stacking methods of boxes and clearance between boxes on static pressure drop, were measured to design of pressure cooling system. Static pressure drops in air vent hole of carton box were measured for different hole opening ratio from 1% to 5%. Static pressure drop was expressed as a function of superficial velocity as second-degree polynomial. At given static pressure in plenum chamber, static pressure drop in boxes was shown as second-degree polynomial of the number of carton box in series stacking method, as first-degree polynomial in height and parallel stacking method. In pressure cooling of 24 boxes of Tsugaru apple, air flow rates through clearance between the boxes were shown 1.27 and 1.65 times than those of through the inside of boxes at the plenum pressure of 10mmAq and 20mmAq, respectively.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.358-368
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• 1994

Major factors in reducing the stacking strength of corrugated fiberboard boxes in cold storage or transport conditions are high relative humidity, causing elevated moisture absorption by the boxes. The bottom boxes in a stack will deform to the critical deflection causing agricultural products damage there, and eventually additional deflection will cause box collapse and finally toppling of the stack. The study was conducted to determine the water absorption characteristics and the compressive strength of the corrugated fiberboard boxes being widely used in packaging agricultural products in Korea. The sample boxes for the study were selected from the regular slotted containers (RSC) types, and one was the box used in apple packaging (Box A), another one was the box used in pear packaging (Box B). The corrugated shipping containers were made from a large portion of recycled fibers in Korea, and comparing with Box B, Box A was fabricated from fiberboard which contained more percentage of old corrugated containers (OCC) imported from foreign countries than domestic waste paper. The results obtained from the study were summarized as follows ; 1. Equilibrium moisture content (EMC) of the sample boxes was established after about 20 hours, and the EMC by absorption was lower than that by desorption. The EMC increased with the increasing of relative humidity and with the decreasing of temperature, and the rate of increasing was much higher above the relative humidity of 50%. 2. The maximum compressive strength of Box A was about 100 kgf greater than that of Box B on the same enviromental conditions. The strength of the sample boxes decreased rapidly with the increasing of relative humidity. The effect of relative humidity on the strength was a little higher than that of temperature. 3. As the applied load was progressively increased and a level was reached, the vertical side panels ($L{\times}D$) deflected laterally inwards or outwards. The panels deflected laterally inwards at higher relative humidity. 4. The maximum compressive deflection ratio and the critical deflection ratio of the sample boxes were increased linearly with the increasing of relative hunidity, but trends for its ratios showed inconsistant response to temperature.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
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• 1996.06a
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• pp.227-234
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• 1996

• Journal of the Korean Society of Industry Convergence
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.229-237
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• 2024

The logistics industry is converging with digital technology and growing into various logistics automation systems. However, inspection and loading/unloading, which are mainly performed in logistics work, depend on human resources, and the workforce is shrinking due to the decline in the productive population due to the low birth rate and aging. Although much research is being conducted on the development of automated logistics systems to solve these problems, there is a lack of research and development on load stacking stability, which has the potential to cause significant accidents. In this study, loading boxes with various sizes and positions of the center of gravity were set up, and a method for stacking that with high stability is presented. The size of the loading box is measured using a depth camera. The loading box's weight and center of gravity are measured and estimated by a developed device with four loadcells. The measurement error is measured through various repeated experiments and is corrected using the least squares method. The robot arm performs load stacking by determining the target position so that the centers of gravity of the loading boxes with unbalanced masses with a random sequence are transported in alignment. All processes were automated, and the results were verified by experimentally confirming load stacking stability.

• FLOWER RESEARCH JOURNAL
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• v.19 no.4
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• pp.206-211
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• 2011

This study was carried the effect of transportation conditions and plant growth regulator on the maintenance of freshness and quality of cut Chrysanthemum 'Baekma'. The quality of cut chrysanthemum 'Baekma' which were stored at $5^{\circ}C$ was better than those of stored at $20^{\circ}C$ and control. When cut mum 'Baekma' was transported stacking boxes with vertical condition after dipping in distilled water, flowering degree, flower size, days to flower appearing degree, and bent neck were delayed. Flowering degree was delayed by $10mg/L^{-1}$ uniconazole spraying, The days to bent neck was delayed by 1,000x daminozide spraying.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.9-15
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• 2001

Top-to-bottom compression strength of corrugated fiberboard boxes is partly dependent on the load-carrying ability of the central panel areas. The ability of these central areas to resist bending under load will increase the stacking strength of the box. The difference of box compression strengths, among boxes which are made with identical dimensions and fabricated with same components but different flute sizes, is primarily due to difference of the flexural stiffness of the box panels. Top-to-bottom compression strength of a box is accurately predicted by flexural stiffness measurements and the edge crush test of the combined boards. This study was carried out to analyze the flexural stiffness, maximum bending force and maximum deflection for various corrugated fiberboards by experimental investigation. There were significant differences between the machine direction (MD) and the cross-machine direction (CD) of corrugated fiberboards tested. It was about 50% in SW and DW, and $62%{\sim}74%$ in dual-medium corrugated fiberboards(e.g. DM, DMA and DMB), respectively. There were no significant differences of maximum deflection in machine direction among the tested fiberboards but, in cross direction, DM showed the highest value and followed by SW, DMA, DMB and DW in order. For the corrugated fiberboards tested, flexural stiffness in machine direction is about $29%{\sim}48%$ larger than cross direction, and difference of flexural stiffness between the two direction is the lowest in DMA and DMB.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF PACKAGING SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.17-23
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• 1999

Top-to-bottom compression strength of corrugated fiberboard boxes is partly dependent on the load-carrying ability of the central panel areas. The ability of these central areas to resist bending under load will increase the stacking strength of the box. The difference of box compression strengths, among boxes which are made with identical dimensions and fabricated with same components but different flute sizes, is primarily due to difference of the flexural stiffness of the box panels. Top-to-bottom compression strength of a box is accurately predicted by flexural stiffness measurements and the edge crush test of the combined boards. This study was rallied out to analyze the flexural stiffness, maximum bending force and maximum deflection for various corrugated fiber-boards by experimental investigation. There were significant differences between the machine direction (MD) and the cross-machine direction (CD) of corrugated fiberboards tested. It was about 50% in SW and DW, and $62%{\sim}74%$ in dual-medium corrugated fiberboards(e.g. DM, DMA and DMB), respectively. There were no significant differences of maximum deflection in machine direction among the tested fiberboards but, in cross direction, DM showed the highest value and followed by SW, DMA, DMB and DW in order. For the corrugated fiberboards tested, flexural stiffness in machine direction is about $29%{\sim}48%$ larger than cross direction, and difference of flexural stiffness between the two direction is the lowest in DMA and DMB.

• Journal of the Architectural Institute of Korea Planning & Design
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• v.34 no.6
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• pp.31-37
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• 2018

With the progress of national policy researches on the modular construction, many studies have been conducted regarding the standardization of interior building materials. However, studies on the standardization of exterior building materials are still insufficient, and there are no dedicated exterior materials for modular construction. In this regard, this study investigated the necessary of standardization through the analysis on 7 kinds of exterior materials used in general buildings and exterior building materials applied to modular apartment houses in order to establish design criteria for the standardization of dedicated modular exterior materials. Based on the analysis results, assembly reference plane in conjunction with inside dimensions was set, and panelizing standardized in five parts was proposed to solve the problem of low exterior material standardization rate. It also proposed elastic gasket and steel bracket details that can compensate for the fabrication errors of unit boxes and construction errors in stacking.