• Journal of Dental Rehabilitation and Applied Science
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.223-230
• /
• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to evaluate the improvement and posttreatment stability of patients treated with extraction of lower incisors. Materials and Methods: The total of 20 patients with extracted lower incisors were analyzed by means of diagnostic models and panoramic x-rays at the time of initial, final and after 2 years of retention period of the treatment. Irregularity index, overjet, overbite, tooth size-arch length discrepancy (TSALD), intercanine width, intermolar width and American Board of Orthodontics cast/radiographic evaluation (ABO-CRE) were analyzed. Statistical analysis was performed using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Results: After treatment, irregularity index showed significant decrease (P = 0.000). TSALD showed significant increase (P = 0.028). During retention period, irregularity index showed significant increase (P = 0.001). For ABO-CRE, total score showed significant decrease after treatment (P = 0.000) and showed average decreased which was not significant result (P = 0.053). Conclusion: Through evaluation of stability of extraction of lower incisors by means of diagnostic models and panoramic x-rays, it can be concluded that lower incisor extraction treatment had been stable for 2 years after treatment.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
• /
• v.47 no.5
• /
• pp.997-1000
• /
• 2010

We prove that the reduced free product of $k\;{\times}\;k$ matrix algebras over abelian $C^*$-algebras is not the minimal tensor product of reduced free products of $k\;{\times}\;k$ matrix algebras over abelian $C^*$-algebras. It is shown that the reduced group $C^*$-algebra associated with a group having the property T of Kazhdan is not isomorphic to a reduced free product of abelian $C^*$-algebras or the minimal tensor product of such reduced free products. The infinite tensor product of reduced free products of abelian $C^*$-algebras is not isomorphic to the tensor product of a nuclear $C^*$-algebra and a reduced free product of abelian $C^*$-algebra. We discuss the freeness of free product $II_1$-factors and solidity of free product $II_1$-factors weaker than that of Ozawa. We show that the freeness in a free product is related to the existence of Cartan subalgebras in free product $II_1$-factors. Finally, we give a free product factor which is not solid in the weak sense.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.9
• /
• pp.1225-1228
• /
• 2006

A total of 1,367 first lactation records of daughters of 81 sires, having 5 or more progeny were used to evaluate sires by 3 different methods viz., least squares (LS), best linear unbiased prediction (BLUP) and derivative free restricted maximum likelihood (DFREML) method. The highest and lowest overall average breeding value of sires for first lactation 305 days or less milk yield was obtained by BLUP (1,520.72 kg) and LS method (1,502.22 kg), respectively. The accuracy, efficiency and stability of different sire evaluation methods were compared to judge their effectiveness. The error variance of DFREML method was lowest ($191,112kg^2$) and its coefficient of determination of fitting the model was highest (33.39%) revealing that this method of sire evaluation was most efficient and accurate as compared to other methods. However, the BLUP method was most stable amongst all the methods having coefficient of variation (%) very near to unadjusted data (18.72% versus 19.89%). The higher rank correlations (0.7979 to 0.9568) between different sire evaluation methods indicated that there was higher degree of similarity of ranking sires by different methods ranging from about 80 to 96 percent. However, the DFREML method seemed to be the most effective sire evaluation method as compared to other methods for the present set of data.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Applied Pharmacology
• /
• 2001.11a
• /
• pp.88-88
• /
• 2001

The effects of pH and temperature on the degradation of prokidn in various buffered aqueous solutions(pH 1.32~9.66) and temperatures (35, 45 and 6$0^{\circ}C$ were investigated. The effect of ionic strength on the degradation of prokidin was also measured by varying ionic strength (0.0466~1.5) at pH 1.35 and 45$^{\circ}C$ The effect of metal ions on the degradation of prokidin at pH 7.35 and 3.98 was observed. The degradation of prokidin followed the pseudo- first- order kinetics. The degradation rate of prokidin showed pH-dependent and temperature-dependent patterns. Prokidin was very stable at the pH below 3.95, where half-lives at 35, 45 and 6$0^{\circ}C$were 294, 206 and 107 day, respectively. However, it degraded very rapidly at pH above 6.49; the half-lives at 35, 45 and 6$0^{\circ}C$were 60, 25 and 13 day, respectively. As ionic strength increased, the degradation rate of prokidin increased. Some metal ions increased the degradation rate in the rank order of Mn > Fe > Cu >Fe On the other hand. other metal ions such as Bi, Ba. Zn, Ni, Co did not show unfavorable effect.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.45 no.4
• /
• pp.357-365
• /
• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the influence of cyclodextrins (CDs) and different acids on the solubility of fluconazole, and o formulate its more concentrated parenteral aqueous solution. Solubility studies of fluconazole with 7-CD, 2-hydroxypropyl-$\beta$-CD (HPCD), sulfobutyl ether $\beta$-CD (SBCD) and dimethyl-$\beta$-CD(DMCD) were performed. The aqueous solubility of fluconazole was measured in different concentrations of different acids with or without addition of CDs. Solubility of fluconazole increased in the rank order of $\beta$-CD$^1$H-NMR studies confirmed the formation of an inclusion complex of fluconazole with HPCD. It was also shown by the NMR studies that the complex formed was a 1:1 complex. Among the different acids used, maleic acid and phosphoric acid increased solubility of fluconazole. The lower the pH of solution is, the more fluconazole dissolved, regardless of acids. Addition of HPCD (50 mM) to acid solutions increased the solubility about two times. New fluconazole injections at a dose of 10 mg/ml could be prepared in aqueous solutions containing 10% HPCD or 15% SBCD. These parenteral solutions did not form any precipitates at 4$^{\circ}C$ and was very stable at elevated temperatures. These results demonstrate that it is possible to develop a parenteral aqueous solution of fluconazole with a smaller injection volume using HPCD or SBCD.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.37-42
• /
• 2002

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the results of arthroscopic meniscal repair according to joint stability. Materials and Methods : Twenty cases were reviewed, which had underwent arthroscopic meniscal repair. The mean age was 32.3 years old. The mean follow-up period was 59.7 months. Menisci that had underwent complete repair of associated ligament injuries (8cases, Sa) and menisci that had no associated ligament injury (9 cases, Sb) were classified as stable group (S), and the others (3 cases) as unstable group (U). Also stable group was divided into acute and chronic group. The result was evaluated with Lysholm score and IKDC method. The statistical analysis was done using Wilcoxon rank sum test and Fisher's exact test (p<0.05). Results : Group Sa had $87.5\%$ satisfactory and Lysholm score was 90.9. Group U had $66.7\%$ satisfactory, and Lysholm score was 77.7. Group Sb had $89.9\%$, satisfactory and Lysholm store was 91.4. In acute group $91.7\%$ was satisfactory, Lysholm score 92.5, in chronic group $80\%$ was satisfactory, Lysholm score 88.6. Conclusion : Joint stability was important factor for the outcome of meniscal repairs. So, it is desirable to repair meniscus injury early and the repair of associated ligament injuries should be performed together.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
• /
• v.32 no.2
• /
• pp.126-131
• /
• 2010

Objectives: This study is aimed to determine any differences in the postoperative stability between absorbable and titanium plate systems for fixation in orthognathic surgery with simultaneous maxillomandibular procedures especially including maxillary posterior impaction and advancement. Study Design: Forty patients with dentofacial deformities were randomly assigned into titanium (4 males and 6 females) and absorbable (17 males and 13 females) fixation group. All patients had undergone surgical alterations of maxilla with posterior impaction and advancement. A comparison study of the change in the maxillary position after the simultaneous surgery was performed with 1-day, 6-months postoperative lateral cephalograms compared to preoperative lateral cephalogram by tracing. Wilcoxon rank sum test was used for statistical analysis. Result: The position of the maxilla was stable after surgery and was not changed significantly from 1 day to 6 month after the simultaneous maxillomandibular surgery both in the experimental (absorbable plates) and control (titanium plates). Conclusion: This study suggests that application of absorable plating system in the fixation of maxillary segment in the simultaneous maxillomandibular procedures, leads to a predictable short-term postoperative skeletal stability comparable to the titanium plating system. Long term follow-up and further studies will be needed.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.239-247
• /
• 1995

The physico-chemical stability of aucubin, a hepatoprotective iridoid glucoside, in buffered aqueous solutions was studied using a stability-indicating reversed-phase high performance liquid chromatography. The degradation of aucubin followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics. In strong acidic regions, aucubin was rapidly degraded by the specific acid catalysis, forming dark brown precipitates. From the rate-pH profiles, it was found that aucubin was most stable at the pH of about 10. From the temperature dependence of degradation, activation energies for aucubin at pH 2.1 and 4.9 were calculated to be 22.0 and 24.3 kcal/mole, respectively. The shelf-life $(t_{90%})$ for aucubin at pH 9.07 and $20^{\circ}C$ was predicted to be about 603 days. A higher ionic strength accelerated the degradation of aucubin at pH 4.01. The effect of metal ions on the degradation rate of aucubin at pH 7.16 was in the rank order of $Cu^{2+}\;>\;Fe^{3+}\;>\;Co^{2+}\;>\;Fe^{2+}\;>\;Mg^{2+}$. On the other hand, $Mn^{2+}\;and\;Ba^{2+}$ slowed the degradation rate.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
• /
• v.46 no.3
• /
• pp.168-173
• /
• 2002

The physicochemical properties of aloesin, which has been recently found to reduce renal toxicity induced by cis-platin, were studied including solubility, partition coefficient ( $P_{c}$ ), osmolality, and stability. The solubility of aloesin was about 500 mg/mι, and the $P_{c}$ value for n-octanol/water was 1.01 $\pm$ 0.03. The degradation of aloesin followed the pseudo-first-order kinetics and was dependent on temperature, pH and ionic strength. From the pH-rate profile, the optimal pH was found to be 2.0~3.0. Some metal ions increased the degradation rate in the rank order of M $n^{2+}$ ＞ F $e^{3+}$ ＞ C $u^{2+}$ ＞ F $e^{2+}$. On the other hand, other metal ions such as B $i^{3+}$, $Ba^{2+}$, Z $n^{2+}$, N $i^{2+}$, $Co^{2+}$ and $Mg^{2+}$ did not show the unfavorable effects. After autoclaving, aloesin contents remaining were 81.8~98.8% of initial concentrations depending on pH. The most stable pH was 3.98 in the autoclaving. Osmolality increased linearly as concentration increased.sed.creased.sed.

• Korean Journal of Ichthyology
• /
• v.29 no.3
• /
• pp.205-217
• /
• 2017

Fauna of freshwater fish and community structure were investigated at 24 stations in the Hoecheon Stream and some adjacent tributaries of the Nakdonggang River, Korea from July 2016 to August 2017. During the period 42 species and 4 types belonging to 32 genera and 11 families were collected. In this collection fishes of Cyprinidae were 24 species and 4 types, most numerous possessing 59.1% of all. There were 16 Korean endemic species including Acheilognathus yamatsutae and Odontobutis platycephala, 3 endangered species such as Pseudobagrus brevicorpus and Koreocobitis naktongensis (rank I) and Culter brevicauda (rank II) and 2 exotic species such as Micropterus salmoides and Lepomis macrochirus. Fish species transferred from other native rivers were 4 species including Opsariichthys uncirostris amurensis, Hemiculter eigenmanni, Odontobutis interrupta and Tridentiger brevispinis. Dominant species was Zacco koreanus NS type (19.2%) and sub-dominant species was Z. platypus R type (16.1%). The structure of fish community in the Hoecheon Stream was very stable and diverse in having diversity 2.91, evenness 0.77, dominance 0.35 and species richness 4.67. Fish community was divided into 4 groups such as upper, middle, midlower and lower reach group based on similarity among surveyed stations.