• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.26 no.6
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• pp.1228-1236
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• 1997

Lactobacillus strains were isolated from volunteer's feces, including from newly-born infants and adults in their 20's, by using differential MRS-BPB plates. Total 56 presumptive Lactobacillus strains were isolated and the bacteriocin productions by the isolates were examined by agar diffusion method. Six bacteriocin-producing strains were confirmed. Among them, two isolates, HU-1 and H22-3, showed the most outstanding antimicrobial activities, which were not affected by pH adjustments or catalase treatments of culture. HU-1 was originated from a two-years old boy and H22-3 was originated from a newly-born infant. HU-1 and H22-3 had the same morphology(short rod) when examined by scanning electron microscope, and the same biochemical traits including growth temperature range, salt tolerance and sugar-fermenting abilities. But the growth-inhibition spectrum and plasmid profiles of HU-1 and H22-3 were different. Both strains inhibited the growth of various Gram (+) microorganisms including Listeria monocytogenes. Micrococcus luteus, and Staphylococcus aureus in addition to many species of lactic acid bacteria, indicating the production of broad-spectrum bacteriocins. Bacteriocins produced by HU-1 and H22-3 were stable up to 90℃, 15 min heat treatments. Their activities were not affected by pepsin or trypsin treatments but destroyed by proteinaseK or pronase treatments.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Propulsion Engineers
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.9-17
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• 2000

The crystal growth and dissolution rates were calculated by solving a model equation, which involved the dissolution of the metastable phase($\beta$-HNIW) and growth of the stable phase($\varepsilon$-HNIW), together with the mass balance equation. The model has been successfully used to simulate available kinetic data for the $\beta$$\longrightarrow$$\varepsilon$ polymorphic transformation via a solution phase. From the effectiveness factor based on the two-step model, it was found that the surface integration contribution to the process was comparatively small, and a diffusion dependency decreased with an increase of the mass fraction of chloroform in the mixed solvents of ethyl acetate and chloroform. Appling these kinetics in process simulation allowed for the prediction of the product size of $\varepsilon$-HNIW.

• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.12 no.3
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• pp.175-185
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• 2023

As the era of ChatGPT and generative AI technologies unfolds, the marketing industry stands on the precipice of a paradigm shift. Innovations such as GPT-4, DALL-E 2, and Mid-journey Stable Diffusion possess the capacity to dramatically transform the methods by which advertisers reach and engage with customers. The potential applications of these advanced tools herald a new age for the marketing and advertising sectors, offering unprecedented opportunities for growth and optimization. Nevertheless, the rapid adoption of generative AI within these industries presents a unique set of challenges, particularly for organizations that lack the necessary technological infrastructure and human capital to effectively leverage these innovations. As a result, a competitive crisis may emerge, exacerbating existing disparities between well-equipped enterprises and their less technologically adept counterparts. In this article, we undertake a comprehensive exploration of the implications of generative AI for the future of marketing, examining both its potential benefits and drawbacks. We consider the possible impact of these developments on the advertising and marketing industries at large, as well as the ways in which professionals operating within these fields may need to adapt to remain competitive in an increasingly AI-driven landscape. By providing a holistic overview of the challenges and opportunities associated with generative AI, this study aims to elucidate the complex dynamics at play in the ongoing evolution of the marketing and advertising sectors.

• Progress in Superconductivity and Cryogenics
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.65-70
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• 2006

Transient heat transfer caused by an impulsive heating in subcooled liquid nitrogen is investigated experimentally. This study is part of out ongoing efforts directed to a stable cryogenic cooling system lot superconducting fault current limiters (SFCL). A thin heater attached by epoxy on one surface of a GFRP plate is immersed in liquid-nitrogen bath at temperatures between 77 K and 55 K. A strong heat flux up to $150W/cm^2$ is generated lot 100 ms, and the temperature of the heater sulfate is measured as a function of time. The behavior of bubbles on the heating surface can be explained by comparing the measured temperature history for vertical and two horizontal (up and down) orientations. It is concluded that the subcooling of liquid nitrogen below 70 K is very effective in suppressing bubbles, resulting in better thermal protection and faster recovery from an impulsive heat.

• International Journal of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.178-184
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• 2023

AI image generation technology has become a popular research direction in the field of AI, which is widely used in the field of digital art and conceptual design, and can also be used in the process of 3D texture mapping. This paper introduces the production process of 3D texture mapping using AI image technology, and discusses whether it can be used as a new way of 3D texture mapping to enrich the 3D texture mapping production process. Two AI deep learning models, Stable Diffusion and Midjourney, were combined to generate high-quality AI textures. Finally, the lmage to material function of substance 3D Sampler was used to convert the AI-generated textures into PBR 3D texture maps. And applied in 3D environment. This study shows that 3D texture maps generated by AI image generation technology can be used in 3D environment, which not only has short production time and high production efficiency, but also has rich changes in map styles, which can be quickly adjusted and modified according to the design scheme. However, some AI texture maps need to be manually modified before they can be used. With the continuous development of AI technology, there will be great potential for further development and innovation of AI-generated image technology in the 3D content production process in the future.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.1081-1090
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• 2024

The liquid Lead-bismuth eutectic is used as the coolant for Gen-IV reactor concepts. However, due to its strong corrosive and high operating temperature, it is difficult to accurately measure the flow rate in long-term operating conditions. Venturi flowmeter is a simple structured flowmeter, which plays a very important role in the flow measurement of high-temperature liquid metals, especially since the existing flowmeters are difficult to be competent. It has the advantages of easy maintenance and stable operation. Therefore, it is necessary to study the operating conditions of the venturi flowmeter under high-temperature conditions. This work performs a series of simulations of the fluid-solid interaction between the flow liquid metal and venturi flowmeter with COMSOL software, including the dimensional sensitivity analysis of the venturi flowmeter to explore the most suitable structure and parameters for liquid heavy metal, the sensitivity analysis of the geometric parameters of the venturi tube on the varying conditions. It shows that when the contraction angle of the venturi flowmeter is 33°, the diffusion angle is 13°, the diameter of the throat is 8 mm, and the temperature of the lead-bismuth eutectic is 733.15 K, it is most suitable for the measurement in the lead-bismuth circuit.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.41 no.3
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• pp.320-326
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• 2013

In a previous study, we investigated the antioxidative and cellular protective effects of Parthenocissus tricuspidata stem extracts. In this study, we prepared nano-emulsion containing P. tricuspidata stem extract to improve skin permeation. The particle size of the nano-emulsion using the microfluidizer was 302 nm. Its loading efficiency was over 86%. The size distribution of the nano-emulsion took a monodispersed form and the nano-emulsion was more stable than typical emulsion without using microfluidizer during a 2 week period. In vitro skin permeation study of nano-emulsion containing P. tricuspidata stem extracts was carried out using Franz diffusion cell. The 1,3-butylene glycol used as a control group had 32.59% skin permeation efficiency. The skin permeation efficiency of the nano-emulsion was 42.47%. Also, we observed the antibacterial activity of the ethyl acetate fraction on skin flora for prospective applications as a natural antimicrobial. The ethyl acetate fraction had antibacterial activities higher than methyl paraben on Staphylococcus aureus, and Bacillus subtilis. These results indicate that nano-emulsion containing P. tricuspidata stem extracts could possess valued applications in cosmetic formulations for improving skin permeation. Also, based on the antibacterial activities on skin flora, antioxidative and cellular protective effects shown in our previous study, we suggest that P. tricuspidata stem extracts could be used as functional cosmetic materials.

• Journal of the Korean Electrochemical Society
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• v.27 no.1
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• pp.32-39
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• 2024

The key components of a Phosphoric acid fuel cell (PAFC) are an electrode catalyst, an electrolyte matrix and a gas diffusion layer (GDL). In this study, we introduced a microporous layer on the GDL of PAFC to enhance liquid electrolyte management and overall electrochemical performance of PAFC. MPL is primarily used in polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cells to serve as an intermediate buffer layer, effectively managing water within the electrode and reducing contact resistance. In this study, electrodes were fabricated using GDLs with and without MPL to examine the influence of MPL on the performance of PAFC. Internal resistance and polarization curves of the unit cell were measured and compared to each other to assess the impact of MPL on PAFC electrode performance. As the results, the application of MPL improved power density from 170.2 to 192.1 mW/cm². MPL effectively managed electrolyte and water within the matrix and electrode, enhancing stability. Furthermore, the application of MPL reduced internal resistance in the electrode, resulting in sustained and stable performance even during long-term operation.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.120-128
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• 2024

Since ChatGPT was released in 2022, the generative artificial intelligence (AI) industry has seen massive growth and is expected to bring significant innovations to cognitive tasks. AI-based image generation, in particular, is leading major changes in the digital world. This study investigates the technical foundations of Midjourney, Stable Diffusion, and Firefly-three notable AI image generation tools-and compares their effectiveness by examining the images they produce. The results show that these AI tools can generate realistic images of tomatoes, strawberries, paprikas, and cucumbers, typical crops grown in greenhouse. Especially, Firefly stood out for its ability to produce very realistic images of greenhouse-grown crops. However, all tools struggled to fully capture the environmental context of greenhouses where these crops grow. The process of refining prompts and using reference images has proven effective in accurately generating images of strawberry fruits and their cultivation systems. In the case of generating cucumber images, the AI tools produced images very close to real ones, with no significant differences found in their evaluation scores. This study demonstrates how AI-based image generation technology can be applied in agriculture, suggesting a bright future for its use in this field.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.70 no.6
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• pp.498-503
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• 2011

Background: The causes of exertional desaturation in patients with COPD can be multifactorial. We aimed to investigate factors predict exertional desaturation in patients with moderate to severe COPD. Methods: We tested 51 consecutive patients with stable COPD (FEV1/FVC, $40{\pm}13%$ predicted). Patients performed a six minute walk test (6MWT). Pulse oxymetric saturation (SpO2) and pulse rate were recorded. Results: Oxygen desaturation was found in 15 subjects after 6MWT, while 36 subjects were not desaturated. Lung diffusing capacity was significantly lower in desaturation (DS) group ($62{\pm}18%$ predicted) compared with not desaturated (ND) group ($84{\pm}20$, p<0.01). However there was no statistical difference of FEV1/FVC ratio or residual volume between two groups. The pulse rate change was significantly higher in the desaturated compared with the not desaturated group. Six minute walking distance, subjective dyspnea scale, airflow obstruction, and residual volume did not predict exertional oxygen desaturation. Independent factors assessed by multiple logistic regression revealed that a pulse rate increment (odd ratio [OR], 1.19; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.01~1.40; p=0.02), a decrease in baseline PaO2 (OR, 1.105; 95% CI, 1.003~1.218; p=0.04) and a decrease in lung diffusing capacity (OR, 1.10; 95% CI, 1.01~1.19; p=0.01) were significantly associated with oxygen desaturation. Receiver operator characteristic (ROC) analysis showed that an absolute increment in pulse rate of 16/min gave optimal discrimination between desaturated and not desaturated patients after 6MWT. Conclusion: Pulse rate increment and diffusion capacity can predict exertional oxygen desaturation in stable COPD patients with moderate to severe airflow obstruction.