• Journal of the Speleological Society of Korea
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• no.65
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• pp.31-37
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• 2004

Karst water was defined as 'Water which fills the cavities of the earth continuously and is only subject to gravity and hydraulic pressure.' Karst springs are water outlets from karst-hydrologically active cavities in water-soluble rocks, whether they are on the surface or within the earth. Karst springs behave so differently that the general principles of classification for all springs can be applied to them with a few exceptions. Firstly, classification according to the outflow: perennial springs, periodic springs, rhythemically springs, episodically flowing spring. Secondly, classification according to geologic and tectonic conditions: bedding springs, fracture springs, overflow spring, ascending spring.

• Journal of Environmental Health Sciences
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.7-16
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• 1987

A study was carried out to determine the adequacy of springs as drinking water in summer and in winter separately. In this study, environmental sanitation, physio-chemical examination, bacteriologic contamination and the content of heavy metal were included. For this study, samples were collected from 8 springs which were located in the suburbs of Chunchon city. The following results were obtained. 1. There was the covering system in 1 out of 8 springs. 6 out of 8 springs showed contaminating source within lorn. 2. In physio-chemical test, six out of 8 springs were found to be unsafe for the legitimate standard of safty water. 3. Bateriologic examination clone during summer showed the evidence of coilform group at 7 out of 8 springs and during winter showed positivity at 3 out of 8 springs. 4. In the study for heavy metal content, all places showed high iron level beyond the standard level of salty water, and 4 places showed high contents of fluorine, mangan and lead.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.20 no.6
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• pp.739-757
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• 2017

The main goal of this study is to investigate the hysteretic behavior of polyurethane rubber springs in compression with and without precompression. The precompression is introduced to provide rigid force in the behavior, and thereby a precompressed rubber spring can be used for a restoring element. For the goal, this study prepares nine rubber springs for three suites which are all cylindrical in shape with a hole at the center. The rubber springs in each suite have different dimensions of diameter and length but have similar shape factors; thus, they are designed to have a similar compressive stiffness. Three rubber springs from the nine are tested with increasing compressive strain up to 30% strain to investigate the behavior of the rubber springs without precompression as well as the effect of the loading strain. The nine springs are compressed up to 30% strain with increasing precompressive strain from 0 to 20% at increments of 5%. The study analyzes the effective stiffness and damping ratio of the rubber springs with and without precompression, and the rigid force of the precompressed rubber springs is discussed. Finally, this study suggests a regression method to determine the minimum required precompression to eliminate residual strain after unloading.

• Journal of the speleological society of Korea
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• no.7
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• pp.25-28
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• 1998

This article is a brief study of some properties of Pupu Springs together with comparative comments on nearby rivers and resurgences. The information presented was collected by several people over the period from January 1970 until November 1971, and all analyses were made within a laboratory. “Waikoropupu” is a Maori name meaning “where water bubbles up through a throat.” However the name is more commonly simply 'Pupu Springs. Location is about 7km from Takaka; the outflow from the Springs flowing into the Takaka River at a point within 2km of the town. Grid reference for the Springs is: N.Z.M.S. I, Takaka, S8 (1968) 170819.(omitted)

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.382-390
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• 2012

This study shows the optimum attachment of Two-Way Shape Memory Alloy (TWSMA) springs onto thermal liner and its sewing method for the mass production of fire fighter's intelligent turnout gear. SMA springs were attached to the fabric by four different methods and stitched by two different shapes (square and wave). The durability of the attached springs was tested by laundering up to 50 cycles. Examined were whether the springs would remain attached to the fabric after repeated laundering, the shape memory effect and reaction of the springs, and the anti-corrosiveness of the springs. A Human-Clothing-Environment simulator evaluated thermal insulation according to attachment methods, air layer volume, and stitch types. The findings showed that silicon attached springs remained intact after repeated laundering; in addition, repeated laundering did not influence the responsiveness and anti-corrosiveness of SMAs. Air volume had positive relations with the insulation. Attachment methods or stitch methods had limited impact on the thermal insulation. As a result, a wave type stitch with silicone attachment was suggested as the optimum method to attach the SMA springs onto the intelligent turnout gear for fire fighters.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Soil and Groundwater Environment Conference
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• 2004.04a
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• pp.408-412
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• 2004

A total of 23 springs distributed in the southern and northern sides of Mt. Hala in Jeju Island were seasonally sampled and analyzed for their major ion chemistry and oxygen and hydrogen isotope compositions to investigate their hydrogeochemical and isotopic characteristics. Dissolved ion concentrations of the south-side springs slightly increase with decreasing altitude. This indicates that dissolved ion concentrations of groundwater recharged at higher altitudes increase by water-rock interaction during the downgradient migration of groundwater through highly permeable volcanic aquifer. Dissolved ion concentrations of the north-side springs also slightly increase with decreasing altitude, but dramatically increase at ～300 m.a.s.l. This may indicate a sudden input of contaminants to the north-side groundwater system around ～300 m.a.s.l. Springs located in areas above ～300 m.a.s.l. have very low concentrations of dissolved ions, showing little seasonal variations. Whereas springs located in areas below ～300 m.a.s.l. show a big seasonal variation in the concentration of dissolved ions. Seasonal variation of oxygen isotope compositions of springs is ～3$\textperthousand$ for high-altitude springs (～1700 m.a.s.l.) and is ～2$\textperthousand$ near shore, indicating an attenuation of the variation through mixing with other groundwater bodies during migration.

• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2019.05a
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• pp.218-218
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• 2019

Jeju island has an area of $1,810km^2$ and is considered the largest island in South Korea. In Jeju Island the average annual precipitation is 1,957mm. About 54% of precipitation is estimated to be lost due to evapo-transpiration and direct runoff, and the remainder is recharged. Historically springs and puddles were the island's primary sources of water. However, after 1970 all sectors, including the urban and industrial sectors depended solely on groundwater as their water resource. As vast amount of water is being recharged the Island has many springs, especially near the coastlines. Historlcally, spring of Jeju Island formed village and make it possible to continue a life. Also it produces many values such as the spring related story, culture, tourism and ecosystems. Especially, the naturally rare phenomenon that about 900 springs appear over the whole area of Jeju Island makes it possible to call it as a natural heritage. As a result of this most springs have either been destroyed or been in the state of neglect. In some cases it has been observed that springs were preserved by nature, however majority of the cases saw springs losing their own nature as a result of abandonment. It was recorded that there were 911 springs in Jeju Island with most of them being distributed along the coast, which consequently increases their susceptibility to seawater intrusion. The objective of this study is therefore to analyze Eco-cultural and Engineering characteristics about springs in the island, highlighting its past utilization and reestablishing its potential as a source of spring.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.28 no.5
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• pp.25-35
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• 2023

This study aimed to classify spring types based on the hydrogeological characteristics of springs in Yongsu-ri~Hamo-ri coastal area in western part of Jeju Island. The springs in study area can be broadly categorized into three groups: perched groundwatrer springs (soil type), perched groundwater springs (sediment type), and basal groundwater springs. The perched groundwater springs of soil type correspond to springs where groundwater seeps out from the perched aquifer formed in the soil layer due to the development of clayey Kosan Formation beneath the surface. Because of the low hydraulic conductivity of soil layer, the average of spring discharge is less than 1 m³/day. The quality of spring water is significantly influenced by agricultural activities, resulting in high nitrate nitrogen concentrations and electrical conductivity. While the perched groundwater springs (sediment type) of the Suwolbong Tuff, which are located in the upper part of Kosan Formation, exhibited relatively higher discharge rates, their water quality was similar to soil-type springs. Basal groundwater springs are located in the zone of basal groundwater, mostly near the coastline. This type of spring appears to discharge of up to 3,707 m³, and the salinity content varies with the tidal fluctuations, especially increasing significantly during dry seasons.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Precision Engineering Conference
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• 2005.10a
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• pp.888-891
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• 2005

Compared to the simple-beam springs, double-folded springs have advantages of the linearity even at the long stroke, so that they have been widely used for optical components such as optical switches and optical attenuators. Until now only the stiffness of the double-folded springs dn the perpendicular direction of the shuttle movement has been considered for the stable operation, however, the rotational stiffness of the splings has not been researched as much. Therefore, this paper suggests the double-folded springs of the maximum rotational stiffness with the constant stiffness in the stroke direction using the reliability based topology optimization (RBTO), whose operation properties were experimentally characterized.

• Smart Structures and Systems
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.183-194
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• 2015

Shape memory alloy (SMA) helical springs have found a large number of different applications in industries including biomedical devices and actuators. According to the application of SMA springs in different actuators, they are usually under tension and torsion loadings. The ability of SMAs in recovering inelastic strains is due to martensitic phase transformation between austenite and martensite phases. Stress or temperature induced martensite transformation induced of SMAs is a remarkable property which makes SMA springs more superior in comparison with traditional springs. The present paper deals with the simulation of SMA helical spring at room temperature. Three-dimensional phenomenological constitutive model is used to describe superelastic behavior of helical spring. This constitutive model is implemented as a user subroutine through ABAQUS STANDARD (UMAT), and the process of the implementation is presented. Numerical results show that the developed constitutive model provides an appropriate approach to captures the general behavior of SMA helical springs.