• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.39-41
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• 2003

Pollen and spores as well as their morphological characteristics are biological stability materials in which contains historical information about vegetation and climate changes. As noted researcher Neishtadt in 1971, the lake and swamp deposits were developed only in Holocene period. The geological history of Darkhad depression which is situated in the Northern end of Mongolia from ancient time become under scientific interest of many researchers. Our investigation was focused on pollen analysis of lake sediment of Darkhad depression which caused bottom of paleolake. In Mongolia the palynology science is beginning to develop since 1990 and in 2000 the laboratory of palynology was established at the department of Biology, State Pedagogical University of Mongolia. Researchers from this laboratory working on pollen morphology of present flora in order to classify plants taxonomy. Another part of our investigation is mellitopalynology, which is studying of pollen grains in a honey. Although, this research has been extending by pollen analysis of sediment and lake deposits in past few years on the basis of high sensitive microscope and modem technology.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.66-73
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• 1971

Pollen analysis was made on peat deposits in the area of Pyung Taek County, Central Korea. Arboreal pollen(AP) of Alnus, Abies, Ligustrum, Viburnum and Carpinus composed 70-80% of the total pollen detected in this sample area. Judging from the large amount of arboreal pollens, one can assume that those species were dominant in this district when the pollen was deposited. Among the arboreal pollens, Alnus pollen occurred more often than any other trees. Pollens of Betula, Tilia and Ulmus occurred rarely in each layers of peat deposit. The pollen diagram showed that Pinus and Abies markedly increased from the bottom to the top of the peat, while Ligustrum, Quercus and Tilia decreased proportionately. Non-arboreal pollens (NAP) and spores composed about 30 percent at the lower layer, but decreased considerably in the upper layer.

• Mycobiology
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.249-257
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• 2021

Plants pollination are conducted through various pollinators such as wind, animals, and insects. Recently, the necessity for artificial pollination is drawing attention as the proportion of natural pollinators involved is decreasing over the years. Likewise, the trade in pollen for artificial pollination is also increasing worldwide. Through these imported pollens, many unknown microorganisms can flow from foreign countries. Among them, spores of various fungi present in the particles of pollen can be dispersed throughout the orchard. Therefore, in this study, the composition of fungal communities in imported pollen was revealed, and potential ecological characteristics of the fungi were investigated in four types of imported pollen. Top 10 operational taxonomic unit (OTU) of fungi were ranked among the following groups: Alternaria sp., Cladosporium sp., and Didymella glomerata which belong to many pathogenic species. Through FUNGuild analysis, the proportion of OTUs, which is assumed to be potentially plant pathogens, was higher than 50%, except for apple pollen in 2018. Based on this study of fungal structure, this information can suggest the direction of the pollen quarantine process and contribute to fungal biology in pollen

• Food Science and Biotechnology
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.603-607
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• 2008

Thirteen commercial antimicrobial products were examined to assess the sporicidal activity against Bacillus cereus spores at room temperature, 60 and $85^{\circ}C$. Neither the antimicrobials showed detectable antimicrobial activity against the B. cereus spores nor induced spore germination after the treatment at 0.5 or 1.0%(w/v, v/v) commercial antimicrobial agents at room temperature for 0.5 to 4 hr. However, when the antimicrobials such as chitosan, lactic acid, fermented pollen, grapefruit extract were applied with heat at $85^{\circ}C$ for 30 min, more than 1 log CFU/mL spores were additionally inactivated compared to only heat treatment without antimicrobials. Imposition of $60^{\circ}C$ to B. cereus spores with the higher concentration of 5.0%(v/v) lactic acid or 2.5%(w/v) thiamine dilaurylsulfate for the longer time incubation of 24 hr resulted in 3 log CFU/mL spore inactivation. This work showed that low concentrations of commercial antimicrobials by themselves did not inactivate B. cereus spores. However, when physical processes such as heat were combined together, antimicrobials showed a synergistic effect against B. cereus spores.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.195-204
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• 1987

Pollen analysis of moor peat of Daeam Mountain revealed vegetational history around Daeam Mountain. The pollen stratigraphy might be zoned into three, Zone I, Zone II and Zone III for the past 2, 200 years. The time required for amount of the accumulated peat in the moor was estimated in terms of the balance of the accumulation and decay of organic carbon of the deposit peat. Zone I(770~2, 200 yr BP) had Pinus and Quercus as main elements. Gramineae decreased while Typhaceae, Cyperaceae and spores such as Polypodiaceae increased. Zone II(300~770 yr BP) showed warming trend which is suggested by high pollen concentrations of Quercus, Juglans, Carpinus, Ulmus and by a more diverse flora of deciduous borad-leaved trees than Zone I. Pinus decreased in this zone. It suggests that the overall environment became milder than Zones I and III. Zone III(earlier than 300 yt BP) was predominantly Quercu and Pinus with amount of nonarboreal species such as Artemisia, Gramineae and Chenopodiaceae, that was grown under dry conditions. It suggests that overall environment vecome humid by comparison with the present time and it is surmised the course of boggy ground formation by a retrogressive succession.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.9-22
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• 1994

The vegetational and environmental history of Korea during the Holocene period has reconstructed by the use of folral, palaeoclimatogical, archaeological data and written records. From 10,000 to 6,700 yeat B.P. in mid-eastern Korea, deciduous broadieaved trees gradually increased trees, notably at c.8,000 years B.P. From 6,700 to 4,500 years B.P., the vegetation remained dominated by Quercus and pinus(Diploxylon). Vegetational informations suggest the postglacial hypsithermal from c.8,000 to 4,500 years b.p. After 4,500 until 1,400 years B.P., the admixture of cryophilous trees in midland and thermophilous trees in south seems to imply the latitudinal divisions of vegetation and climate. The presence of cultivated rice pollen as well as non-arboreal pollen and spores indicates an increased rate of deforestation. From 1,400 years B.P., there was a sharp decrease in the representation of temperate trees, but the presence of the cryophilous genera Abies and pinus (Haploxylon) is noticea-ble and might be related to the occurrence of Little Ice Age. Fossil pollen diagram from western Korea and eastern Korea since 6,250 and 10,000 yeats B.P., respectively have enabled to compare vegetational dis-tribution patterns and changes in the Holocene period. In western Korea, Alnus- dominated vegetation continued from 6,250 to 1,500 years B.P., but pinus took over Alnus from 1,500 years B.P. In eastern Korea, however, Quercus and pinus dominated from 10,000 to 2,000 years B.P., but pinus be-came predominant from 2,000 years B.P. On a time- spatial basis, different vegetational distribution pattern can be recognised between western and east-ern Korea. The use of seven historical records which is unique to Korea also enabled to reconstruct the distributional pattern and temporal change of vegetation from 1425 to 1928.

• 한국석유지질학회:학술대회논문집
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• spring
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• pp.1-11
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• 1997

Thirty one samples from Late Cretaceous and Tertiary interval sections (468-783m) of the Kachi-I Well in Block II, Yellow Sea Basin, have been analysed for their terrestrially derived palynofloras. The systematic study of the palynomorphs recovered has yielded one hundred and fifty-five taxa; forty-three species of spores belonging to twenty-eight genera, seventy-seven pollen assignable to forty-three genera, and twenty-seven species assignable to fifteen genera and eight fungal remains. The results of both qualitative and quantitative analysis propose a succession of eight terrestrial palynomorph associations. Seven associations are erected in Late Maastrichtian and one in Early to Middle Miocene. Age determinations are on the basis of palynomorph taxa alone for the all associations. The Late Cretaceous/Tertiary unconformity is recognised at between 603 and 613m, based on the palynological data. The sedimentary basin during the Late Cretaceous seem to be lowland shallow marginal lacustrine with stagnant, mesotrophic conditions. On the other hand, the basin during the Early-Middle Miocene is considered to have been characterised by lowland swamp areas. The palaeoclimatic conditions during the Late Cretaceous are considered to be humid tropical to subtropical, while during the Early to Middle Miocene they are considered to be warm temperate with humid conditions. A comparison of palynomorph assemblages between the present study and the previous studies of Late Cretaceous in Circum-Pacific Northern Hemisphere is made, These assemblages reveal that lower sections (612-783m) of the Kachi-I well belong to the Late Cretaceous Aquilapollenites province of Herngreen and Chlonova (1981) and Srivastava (1981, 1994).

• 한국균학회소식:학술대회논문집
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• 2014.05a
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• pp.49-49
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• 2014

South Korea is covered primarily by temperate vegetation; therefore, foliicolous lichens may not be expected to play an important role in its lichen flora. Indeed, more than 100 years after the first lichen record from South Korea reported by Hue, the paper "Pyrenocarpous lichens in Korea" published by Moon and Aptroot, reported on the presence of two foliicolous lichens, Strigula nemathora Mont, and S. smaragdula Fr., for the first time in South Korea. No detailed reports on foliicolous lichens have since been published in South Korea. In Japan, the neighboring country, approximately 83 foliicolous lichen species are distributed at the southernmost part under temperate to subtropical climatic conditions. However, a large number of foliicolous lichens, with many recent records, have been reported in neighboring countries like China and Taiwan. According to Thor et al., studies on foliicolous lichen flora of Asia are comparatively poor compared to those reported from America. There are six lichenogeographical regions: the Neotropics, Valdivia, Tethyan, African Paleotropics, eastern Paleotropics, and Neozelandic-Tasmanian, which are demarcated based on the known worldwide distribution pattern of foliicolous lichen flora. South Korea belongs to the eastern paleotropic region, where a higher number of local endemic foliicolous lichens have been reported. So far, there are a total of six known foliicolous lichen taxa from South Korea; S. concreta, S. macrocarpa, S. melanobapha, S. nemathora, S. smaragdula, and S. subelegans from Jeju Island. So far, the genus Strigula is the only known representative of the foliicolous lichen flora in South Korea. Among the recorded species, S. concreta, S. smaragdula, and S. subelegans are abundant and widespread. Japan, the closest area to Jeju Island, has the same distribution pattern of foliicolous lichens, with S. smaragdula, S. melanobapha, and S. subtilissima. Pollen studies conducted by Chung reported that changes in vegetation on Jeju Island, due mainly to deglacial warming and the influence of geographical change, resulted from sea-level rises. In general, all of the foliicolous lichens observed so far were restricted to the southernmost part of South Korea, particularly Jeju Island. Island might be influenced by its geographical setting. One reason could be the close dispersal distances of spores and vegetative propagules from areas such as the southern part of Japan and eastern part of China, where more foliicolous lichens can be found. Thor et al. also showed that the southern part of Japan harbors more foliicolous lichens than the northern part. Considering that China is close to Jeju Island, many foliicolous lichens, including S. concreta, S. macrocarpa, S. nemanthora, and S. smaragdula, have been reported from Yunnan province, the southernmost part of China. Geographically, this province is far away from Jeju Island. In other provinces, such as Shandong, Jiangsu, Shanghai, and Zhejiang, which are closer to Jeju Island, no foliicolous lichens have been recorded so far. Therefore, the chance of spores and propagules coming from such closer areas is questionable. Thus, the location of origin of ancestors of foliicolous lichens of South Korea and the time and means of their invasion of this island is controverisial. The current study would lead the way to finding answers to the above mentioned questions.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.40 no.4 s.109
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• pp.428-440
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• 2005

There is currently no agreement among archaeologists, environmental historians, and paleoecologists as to the relative significance of pre- and post-Conquest human impact on the environments of Highland Mexico. This paper presents the results of pollen, microscopic charcoal, dung fungal spore, isotope, and magnetic susceptibility analyses on ca. 4m sediment core. The coring site is Hoya Rincon de Parangueo, one of the seven maar lakes in the Valle do Santiago. Amaranthaceae pollen, one of important disturbance indicators and Zea mays pollen obviously indicate two periods of agricultural activities. The first period begins ca. 400 B.C. and ends ca. A.D. 850. The second begins around A.D. 1550 and continues to the present. During the first period, the degree of agricultural activities was related to periodical sunspot cycles and the most intense activities were present between ca. A.D. 150-ca. A.D. 400. The abrupt increase of $\delta^{18}O$ around 280cm may reflect that an important transition to a dry phase took place around A.D. 450. People probably stopped cultivating crops due to dry conditions prevailing since ca. A.D. 450. The second period, the post-Conquest, exhibits a dramatic increase of sporormiella, dung fungal spores resulted fron the introduction of cattle. Low Poaceae frequency and charcoal production and high $\delta^{13}C$ values, magnetic susceptibility, and organic contents all indicate the arrival of the Spanish. Most importantly, it seems that mesquite (Prosopis juliflora) could have benefits from declined fire frequencies caused by cattle grazing. The study area is now entirely dominated by woody plants like mesquite, which clearly demonstrates that serious vegetation change occurred in the study area.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.276-282
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• 2005

The Quaternary palynoflora from Cheongsu core, drilled on the western part of the Jeju Island, consists mainly of deciduous broad-leaved angiosperms and herbs. Dominant taxa are Pinaceae, Alnus, Castanea/Castanopsis, Ulmus/Zelkova, Chenopodiaceae and Compositae. Based on palynofloral composition, two palynostratigraphic zones are recognized. Zone I is characterized by a predominance of Alnus and Chenopodiaceae, and by the abundance of herbs. Zone II is dominated by conifers and deciduous broad-leaved angiosperms, including Abies, Taxodiaceae-Cupressaceae-Taxaceae, Ulmus/Zelkova and Gramineae. The Cheongsu palynoflora can be correlated with Alnipollenites(Alnus)-Chenopodipollis(Chenopodiaceae)-Compositae Assemblage Zone of the East China Sea and is assigned to the Pleistocene in age. Ecology of main taxa and comparison with the present vegetation of Korea suggest a cool temperate climate and a low relief in the Jeju Island during the deposition of the Cheongsu core sediments.