• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.71-78
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• 2004

This study was performed to evaluate developmental and estrogenic activity of bisphenol A (BPA) and butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) to the second generation of Sprague-Dawley rats ingested during gestational or lactational periods. Rats were given BPA 20$\mu\textrm{g}$/kg BBP 100mg/kg of pregnancy or lactation periods. Maternal body weight and neonatal body weight were recorded. The rats were sacrificed on day 21 after birth. Reproductive organs of dam and neonate were utilized for receptor binding assay. The plasma concentrations of BPA and MBep, one of the major metabolites of BBP were analyzed with HPLC. The co-administration of BPA and BBP induced slow weight gain compared with single administration in dams. Also, such mixture induced low neonatal body weights in next generation. The dams treated with BPA and BBP during lactational periods showed significant organ weight changes in liver and spleen. The dams exposed during lactational periods showed significant organ weight changes not only in liver and spleen but also in kidney, uterus and ovary. The F1 female rats exposed during lactation periods showed significant organ weight changes in liver, spleen, ovary. The F1 male rats showed significant organ weight changes in liver, kidney, epididymis, vesicular glands, prostate. However, no clear synergistic effects of BPA and BBP were noted. There was no significantly different ER$\alpha$ expression pattern between control and treated groups. However, ER$\alpha$ expression were increased in F1 male testis and female uterus. PI male showed distinct ER$\alpha$ expression, especially in the group of lactational combined exposure. Synergistic ER$\alpha$ expression was found by combined treatment of BPA and BBP. We could not find any evidences of synergistic effects on BPA and/or BBP combined administration on dams and their fetuses, except in ER$\alpha$ expression of F1 male.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• 제3권3_4호
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• pp.17-28
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• 1988

The effects of perilla oil diet on the immune response in mice have been studied. ICR male mice were divided into 4 groups and were fed on the experimental diet for 4 weeks. Mice were sensitized and challenged with sheep red blood cell (S-RBC). Immune response were evaluated by antibody production, Arthus reaction, delayed type hypersensitivity (DTH), Rosette forming cell (RFC) and macrophage activity. The weight of body, liver, thymus and spleen were measured. The body weight was increased but thymus weight was not altered by them. The perilla oil diet decreased the weight of liver and spleen in mice. It reduced antibody production, Arthus reaction, DTH and RFC, macrophage activity. These results showed that the high perilla oil diet decresed more humoral and celluar immune response than the low perilla oil diet. It decreased the phagocytic activity on the reticuloendothelial system in mice.

• 대한한방소아과학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.123-147
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• 2008

Objectives This study is to investigate how dose Ikhwang-San can be effective on SD rats which deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate. Methods The test sample were dosed once a day for 14 days by gastric gavage at the beginning of dosage 1000, 500 and 250㎎/㎏/10㎖ from 2 days after last MTX-dosing, and the changes of the body and spleen weight, total number of blood leukocytes, total number of lymphocytes, the percentage of B-cell, T-cell, CD3+CD4+ T-cell, CD3+CD8+ T-cell and CD4+/CD8+ T-cell ratios in the blood and spleen were observed. Results The changes of the body and spleen weight, the total number of blood leukocytes, the total number of lymphocyte in the blood and spleen were significantly increased in IHS Extracts groups comparing with the control group. The percentage of B-cell, T-cell, CD3+CD4+ T-cell in the blood and spleen were significantly increase in IHS groups and comparing with the control group. The ratio of CD4+/CD8+ T-cell in blood and spleen was significantly increased in IHS Extracts groups comparing with the control group. Conclusions According to those results, Ikhwang-San has good immunostimulating effect on SD rats which had deteriorated immunity caused by methotrexate.

• 한국동물위생학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.309-312
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• 2010

This was conducted to determine the effects of body weight, organ weight, hematological values and biochemical parameters by L-carnitine in the ovariectomized (OVX) rats. The animals were divided into 4 groups. Intact group (n=10) received no treatment and operation. Sham group (n=10) received only sham operation and no treatment. OVX group (n=10) received operation and no treatment. OVX+Carn group (n=10) received operation and L-carnitine. Body weight was significantly lower in OVX+Carn group than in all other groups. Also, organ weight such as heart, liver, spleen and kidney was measured. The heart and spleen weight were significantly lower in the OVX+Carn group than in the Intact and Sham group. The liver weight in the OVX+Carn group was significantly differences in comparison with those in the other groups. Also, there was significantly differences in the organ weight of kidney between in the OVX+Carn group and in the other groups. The hematological values of WBC, RBC, MCV, MCH and MCHC were no significant differences in any other groups. The total cholesterol, triglyceride and high density lipoprotein decreased significantly in the OVX+Carn group as compared to those in the OVX group. But, there were no significant differences in low density lipoprotein in any other groups. We conclude that L-carnitine enhanced the body weight in the ovariectomized rats. Our findings suggest that L-carnitine may influence the process of absorption of fat in the ovariectomized rats.

• Toxicological Research
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.179-189
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• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate the immunopathological effects of 7,12-Dimethylbenz[a]anthracene(DMBA) on spleen in mice. DMBA was administered subcutaneously to BALB/C mice by interscapular single injection of 50 or 100${\mu}g/g$ of body weight. Each DMBA treatment group and additional corn oil control group of mice were studied on day 1,3,7,14 and 21 following the injection of DMBA. DMBA treatment resulted in marked decrease in weights and cellularity of spleen. Spleen weights showed the greatest decrease at 14days after 50${\mu}g/g$ DMBA treatment, and at 21days after 100${\mu}g/g$ DMBA treatment. Spleen cellularity was similarly deceased in comparison with spleen weights. Spleen showed morphologically no typical changes throughout the experiment after 50${\mu}g/g$ DMBA treatment. Following the treatment of 100${\mu}g/g$ DMBA the spleen showed severe fibrosis, hemosiderin precipitation, and megakaryocytes decrease in red pulp at 14 days, while hemopoietic function was partly restored in addition to the appearance of a few megakaryocytes at 21 days. In spleen sections treated with antibodies to IgM or Thy1.2, lymphocytes strongly stained with IgM antibody were infiltrated around the central artery within the white pulp, and T-lymphocytes of periarterial lymphatic sheath (PALS) were diminished and destructed in sections treated with Thy1.2 antibody, at 14 days after the treatment of 100${\mu}g/g$ DMBA. By the electron microscopy phagocytic epithelial cells or macrophages were remarkably increased in spleen at 14and 21days following the treatment of 100${\mu}g/g$ DMBA.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.483-489
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• 2002

APA-01, which is an aqueous extract of five Chinese herbs, is a modified formula of Huoxiang-Zhengqi-San. The effect of new herb extract on immune response was investigated. The parameter examined to assess apparent immune response of APA-01 in mice included changes of body weight, relative weight of immune organs, cell proliferation and cytokine gene expression. The body weight and relative weight of immune organs were not significantly changed among the tested groups. In the spleen cell prolijeration assay, APA-01 increased the cell proliferation in a dose-dependent manner. Methotrexate (MTX), an agent of immune suppression, inhibited the spleen cell proliferation (IC/sub 50/: 800㎍/㎖). However, APA-01 significantly inhibited the suppression of mouse spleen cell proliferation. Therefore, it seems that APA-01 has a reducing effect of immune suppression. Immunomodulatory effect of APA-01 was further investigated using reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) in mouse spleen cells. In RT-PCR test, APA-01 enhanced the expression of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) mRNA in a dose-dependent manner. In spite of immune suppression by MTX, COX-2 mRNA was induced by co-treatment with APA-01. These results suggest that APA-01 stimulates the proliferation of spleen cells, regulates the expression of COX-2 mRNA, and accelerates the recovery of inhibition of spleen cell proliferation induced by MTX, thus providing the immunological basis for clinical benefit of APA-01.

• 대한미생물학회지
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.55-62
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• 1978

항암제(抗癌劑)로 잘 알려진 cyclophosphamide(CY)를 성숙(成熟)한 마우스에 체중(體重) kg당(當) 300mg을 복강내(腹腔內)에 투여(投與)하여 CY가 체중(體重), 비장중량(脾臟重量) 및 말초임파조직(末梢淋巴組織)에 미치는 영향(影響)을 실험(實驗)하였다. CY는 마우스의 체중(體重)을 약간(若干) 감소(減少)시켰으나 체중(體重)은 곧 회복(回復)되었다. CY가 비장중량(脾臟重量)에 미치는 영향(影響)은 현저(顯著)하였는데 초기(初期)엔 비장중량(脾臟重量)은 감소(減少)되었으나 곧 회복(回復)되고 그 후(後) 정상(正常)보다 더 증가(增加)되었는데 그 증가(增加)는 CY투여(投與) 20일(日)이 지나서야 정상(正常)으로 되돌아왔다. 비장(脾臟) 및 임파절(淋巴節)의 조직학적(組織學的) 형태(形態)에 미치는 CY의 영향(影響)은 다양(多樣)하였다. 즉(卽), 흉선의존세포(胸線依存細胞)가 위치(位置)하는 비장(脾臟)의 periarterial lymphatic sheath와 임파절(淋巴節)의 paracortex는 골수유래세포(骨髓由來細胞)가 위치(位置)하는 follicles보다 1일(日) 내지(乃至) 2일(日) 늦게 소실(消失)되었으며 비장(脾臟)의 비대(肥大)가 최고(最高)에 달(達죠)하였을때 비장(脾臟)이나 임파절(淋巴節)의 구조(構造)는 동일(同一)한 임파양세포(淋巴樣細胞)로 구성(構成)된 interstitial tissue로 대치(代置)되어 있었다. 비장(脾臟)의 중량(重量)이 정상화(正常化)되어감에 따라 비장(脾臟)이나 임파절(淋巴節)의 구조(構造)가 정상화(正常化) 되어갔다. 이와 같은 본(本) 실험(實驗)의 소견(所見)은 CY는 골수유래세포(骨髓由來細胞) 뿐만 아니라 흉선의존세포(胸線依存細胞)에도 영향(影響)을 미친다고 사료(思料)된다. 저자(著者)들은 전보(前報)에서 CY에 의(依)한 지연성과민반응(遲延性過敏反應)의 항진(亢進)은 suppressor T cell의 제거(除去)에 기인(基因)한 것이라고 시사(示唆)하였는데 본(本) 실험결과(實驗結果)는 이를 뒷받침해준다고 사료(思料)되었다.

• 대한한의학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.41-53
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• 2003

The effect of Banhasasim-tang extracts on the hepatic, splenic and cardiac toxicity induced by doxorubicin administration (three injection protocol) were monitored using male ICR mice. Changes of body weight, clinical signs, necropsy findings and organ weights of liver, spleen and heart were observed with blood GOT and GPT levels. The results were as follows: 1. Decrease of body weight after doxorubicin treatment was dose-dependently inhibited by Banhasasim-tang extracts. 2. The degrees of anorexia, ataxia and dehydration that were observed in doxombicin treatment groups were dose-dependently inhibited by Banhasasim-rang extracts. 3. Increase of absolute and relative liver weight observed in the doxorubicin treatment group were dose-dependently inhibited by Banhasasim-tang extracts. In addition, the degrees of liver congestion and necrotic spot were significantly and dose-dependently decreased in the Banhasasim-rang extracts dosing group compared to that of the doxorubicin-only treatment group. It is also demonstrated that elevated serum GOT and GPT levels in the doxorubicin treatment group were significantly decreased in the Banhasasim-rang extracts dosing group. 4. Decrease of absolute and relative spleen weight observed in doxorubicin treatment groups were dose-dependently inhibited by Banhasasim-rang extracts. In addition, the degrees of splenic atrophy were significantly and dose-dependently decreased in the Banhasasim-rang extracts dosing group compared to that of doxorubicin-only treatment group. 5. Increase of absolute and relative heart weight observed in doxorubicin treatment groups were dose-dependently inhibited by Banhasasim-rang extracts. In addition, the degrees of heart congestion and enlargement were significantly and dose-dependently decreased in the Banhasasim-rang extracts dosing group compared to that of the doxorubicin-only treatment group. In conclusion, the toxicity of doxorubicin treatment (decrease of body weight, clinical signs such as anorexia, ataxia and dehydration, changes of organ weights of liver, spleen and heart, elevation of serum GOT and GPT levels) was inhibited and/or prevented by Banhasasim-rang extracts. According to these results, it is considered that Banhasasim-rang has some preventive effect against the toxicity induced by doxorubicin.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• 제12권1호
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• pp.49-54
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• 2004

The present study was conducted to investigate the potential subacute toxicity of CKD-602 by a 5-day repeated intravenous administration in Sprague-Dawley rats. CKD-602 was administered intravenously to male rats at dose levels of 0, 0.08, 0.2, and 0.5 mg/kg for 5 days. Studies included general observation, body weight changes, ophthalmoscopic examination, hematology, se겨m biochemistry, gross findings at necropsy and organ weight measurement. There were no deaths in any treatment group and treatment related clinical sign was depilation in the 0.5 mg/kg groups. The decrease or suppression of body weight was also observed dose-dependently in all treatment groups. Decreased leukocyte in all treatment groups, decreased platelet in the above 0.2 mg/kg groups and increase in the serum levels of total cholesterol in the 0.5 mg/kg group were considered as a treatment related toxic effects. Decreased weight of thymus in all treatment groups anti decreased weight of spleen in the above 0.2 mg/kg group were observed. The intravenous administration of CKD-602 caused depilation and decreased weight and had toxic effect on the leukocyte, platelet, spleen and thymus. In the condition of this study, the target organs were spleen and thymus and the toxic effect level was determined to be 0.2 mg/kg, but no-observed-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) was considered to be lower than 0.08 mg/kg.

• 대한한의학원전학회지
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• 제28권3호
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• pp.67-77
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• 2015

Objectives : This study is to verify the organ weights in Nanjing based on the weights of five viscera (五臟) in autopsy studies of modern times. Methods : Contents on organ weights from many annotations and articles on Nanjing were collected. Organ weights in autopsy studies dealt in many countries including China, India, U.S. and Korea were collected. Among the data, the average weights of liver, heart, spleen, pancreas, lung and kidney of males in the age of 18 to 60 were calculated, and the ratio of each organ was examined. Based on those results, the organ weights of Nanjing were evaluated. Results & Conclusions : There is a close correspondence between the organ weight ratios of liver(肝), heart(心), lung(肺) and kidney(腎) in Nanjing and those in autopsy studies. It proves that the organ weights in Nanjing were recorded based on an actual dissection. As a result of the analysis on autopsy studies, the average organ weights and the ratio among the organs were: liver 1416g(43.0%), heart 296g(9.0%), lung 1047g(31.8%), kidney 273g(8.3%), spleen 264g(4.5%) and pancrease 113g(3.4%). The weight of liver in Nanjing shall be 4 jin and 4 liang(4斤4兩) instead of 2 jin and 4 liang(2斤4兩) to occupy proper proportion out of other organs. It is highly possible that the weight of spleen(脾) in Nanjing is including the weight of pancrease(散膏), and the weight shall be 1 jin and 1 liang(1斤1兩) or 1 jin and 2 liang(1斤2兩) instead of 2 jin and 3 liang(2斤3兩) to occupy proper proportion out of other organs.