• Proceedings of the Korea Water Resources Association Conference
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• 2016.05a
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• pp.156-156
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• 2016

2016년 2월 5일, 짐바브웨는 극심한 가뭄으로 인해 인구의 4분의 1이상이 식량난을 겪고 있다며 '국가 재난 사태'를 선포하였다. 한때 아프리카 곡창지대로 불리던 짐바브웨가 극심한 가뭄을 겪게 된 데에는 2015/16년 슈퍼엘니뇨의 영향이 크게 한 몫을 하였는데, 이는 남반구의 여름인 11월부터 이듬해 3월까지인 짐바브웨의 우기가 2015/16년 슈퍼엘니뇨 강도가 절정에 달했던 시기(10월에서 2월)와 겹쳐져 짐바브웨의 강수량이 슈퍼 엘니뇨의 영향을 받게 되었기 때문이다. 게다가 4월부터는 엘니뇨의 영향을 받은 우기가 끝나고 건기가 시작되기 때문에 앞으로 가뭄이 얼마나 더 악화될지 우려되는 상황이다. 짐바브웨의 기후를 살펴보면, 증발량이 강수량보다 많은 건조기후 중에서도 비교적 그 정도가 약한 기후인 반건조 지대에 속한다. 하지만 연강수량 변동에 따라서, 비가 내리는 해에는 토양 수분이 과잉되고 비가 적게 내리는 해에는 심한 물 부족 현상이 일어나게 되기 때문에, 건기가 시작되는 4월부터 짐바브웨 강수 예측은 가뭄이 얼마나 지속될지를 파악하는 데에 아주 중요한 요소가 될 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구에서는 강수 예측 결과를 중심으로 2016년 짐바브웨의 가뭄이 얼마나 지속되고, 또 가뭄의 강도는 어떻게 될지 알아보는 것에 목적을 두고, GCM을 이용하여 2016년 3월에서 10월까지 장기예측을 수행하였다. 경계 자료로는 ECMWF (European Centre for Medium Range Weather Forecasts)에서 제공하는 Sea Ice자료와, NOAA OI (National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration Optimum Interpolation) Weekly SST자료를 사용하였고 엘니뇨의 영향을 고려하기 위해 IRI (International Research Institute)의 ENSO forecast를 참고하여 SST아노말리에 월별 가중치를 적용하였다. 초기 입력 자료로는 1월 21-30일 10일간의 ECMWF의 재분석 자료를 이용하여 총 10개 멤버의 앙상블 예측을 수행하였고, 8개월(3-10월) 기간에 대해 약 한 달간의 spin-up time을 주었다. 예측 자료를 모델 climatology와 비교하여 월 평균 강수 전망을 분석하였고, 기온과 해면기압의 월 평균자료도 추가 분석하였다. 또한 짐바브웨 지역의 강수 관측 자료와 모델 예측 자료를 이용하여 특정 도시들의 1년 누적강수를 예측 및 분석하였고, 최종적으로 이 결과를 통해 짐바브웨의 가뭄지속가능성을 살펴보았다.

• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.212-217
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• 2021

The applicability of the white LED from the blue LED of the coating film as a binder for surface and curved coatings were confirmed. The particle size of YAG is D₅₀: 9~10 ㎛, and the crystal structure is garnet (Y₃Al₅O₁₂), cubic. The coating film had no cracks, at the same time, the silica sol was uniformly coated with YAG phosphor, and the YAG content and thickness in the coating film showed a tendency to increase up to 40 ㎛ in proportion to the increase in the amount added. Furthermore, as the YAG content increased, the PL emission intensity increased and the color coordinate shift toward the end of the chromatic locus curve was confirmed.

• Progress in Medical Physics
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.71-80
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• 2012

In order to verify exact dose distributions in the state-of-the-art radiation techniques, a newly designed three-dimensional dosimeter and technique has been took strongly into consideration. The main purpose of our study is to verify the optimized parameters of polymer gel as a real volumetric dosimeter in terms of the various study of MRI. We prepared a gel dosimeter by combing 8% of gelatin, 8% of MAA, and 10 mM of THPC. We used a Co-60 gamma-ray teletherapy unit and delivered doses of 0, 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12, and 14 Gy to each polymer gel with a solid phantom. We used a fast spin-echo pulse to acquire the characterized T2 time of MRI. The signal noise ratio (SNR) of the head & neck coil was a relatively lower sensitivity than the body coil; therefore the dose uncertainty of head & neck coil would be lower than body coil's. But the dose uncertainty and resolution of the head & neck coil were superior to the body coil in this study. The TR time between 1,500 ms and 2,000 ms showed no significant difference in the dose resolution, but TR of 1,500 ms showed less dose uncertainty. For the slice thickness of 2.5 mm, less dose uncertainty of TE times was at 4 Gy, as well, it was the lowest result over 4 Gy at TE of 12 ms. The dose uncertainty was not critical up to 6 Gy, but the best dose resolution was obtained at 20 ms up to 8 Gy. The dose resolution shows the lowest value was over 20 ms and was an excellent result in the number of excitation (NEX) of three. The NEX of two was the highest dose resolution. We concluded that the better result of slice thickness versus NEX was related to the NEX increment and thin slice thickness.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.639-657
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• 2015

There is an increasing need to improve the air quality over South Korea to protect public health from local and remote anthropogenic pollutant emissions that are in an increasing trend. Here, we evaluate the performance of the WRF-Chem (Weather Research and Forecasting-Chemistry) model in simulating near-surface air quality of major Korean cities, and investigate the impacts of time-varying chemical initial and lateral boundary conditions (IC/BCs) on the air quality simulation using a chemical downscaling technique. The model domain was configured over the East Asian region and anthropogenic MICS-Asia 2010 emissions and biogenic MEGAN-2 emissions were applied with RACM gaseous chemistry and MADE/SORGAM aerosol mechanism. Two simulations were conducted for a 30-days period on April 2010 with chemical IC/BCs from the WRF-Chem default chemical species profiles ('WRF experiment') and the MOZART-4 (Model for OZone And Related chemical Tracers version 4) ('WRF_MOZART experiment'), respectively. The WRF_MOZART experiment has showed a better performance to predict near-surface CO, $NO_2$, $SO_2$, and $O_3$ mixing ratios at 7 major Korean cities than the WRF experiment, showing lower mean bias error (MBE) and higher index of agreement (IOA). The quantitative impacts of the chemical IC/BCs have depended on atmospheric residence time of the pollutants as well as the relative difference of chemical mixing ratios between the WRF and WRF_MOZART experiments at the lateral boundaries. Specifically, the WRF_MOZART experiment has reduced MBE in CO and O3 mixing ratios by 60~80 ppb and 5~10 ppb over South Korea than those in the WRF-Chem default simulation, while it has a marginal impact on $NO_2$ and $SO_2$ mixing ratios. Without using MOZART-4 chemical IC, the WRF simulation has required approximately 6-days chemical spin-up time for the East Asian model domain. Overall, the results indicate that realistic chemical IC/BCs are prerequisite in the WRF-Chem simulation to improve a forecast skill of local air quality over South Korea, even in case the model domain is sufficiently large to represent anthropogenic emissions from China, Japan, and South Korea.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.623-637
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• 2015

The accurate analysis of water vapor in initial of numerical weather prediction (NWP) model is required as one of the necessary conditions for the improvement of heavy rainfall prediction and reduction of spin-up time on a very-short-range forecast. To study this effect, the impact of a ground-based Global Positioning System (GPS)-Precipitable Water Vapor (PWV) on very-short-range forecast are examined. Data assimilation experiments of GPS-PWV data from 19 sites over the Korean Peninsula were conducted with Advanced Storm-scale Analysis and Prediction System (ASAPS) based on the Korea Meteorological Administration's Korea Local Analysis and Prediction System (KLAPS) included "Hot Start" as very-short-range forecast system. The GPS total water vapor was used as constraint for integrated water vapor in a variational humidity analysis in KLAPS. Two simulations of heavy rainfall events show that the precipitation forecast have improved in terms of ETS score compared to the simulation without GPS-PWV data. In the first case, the ETS for 0.5 mm of rainfall accumulated during 3 hrs over the Seoul-Gyeonggi area shows an improvement of 0.059 for initial forecast time. In other cases, the ETS improved 0.082 for late forecast time. According to a qualitative analysis, the assimilation of GPS-PWV improved on the intensity of precipitation in the strong rain band, and reduced overestimated small amounts of precipitation on the out of rain band. In the case of heavy rainfall during the rainy season in Gyeonggi province, 8 mm accompanied by the typhoon in the case was shown to increase to 15 mm of precipitation in the southern metropolitan area. The GPS-PWV assimilation was extremely beneficial to improving the initial moisture analysis and heavy rainfall forecast within 3 hrs. The GPS-PWV data on variational data assimilation have provided more useful information to improve the predictability of precipitation for very short range forecasts.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2007.11a
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• pp.430-430
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• 2007

In general, polyimides (PIs) are used in liquid crystal displays (LCDs) as alignment layer of liquid crystals (LCs). Up to date, the rubbing alignment technique has been widely used to align liquid crystals on the PI surface, which is suitable for mass-production of LCDs because of its simple process and high productivity. However, this method has some disadvantages. Rubbed PI surfaces include the debris left by the cloth and the generation of electrostatic charges during rubbing process. Therefore, rubbing-free techniques for LC alignment are strongly required in LCD technology. In this experiment, PI was uniformly coated on indium-tin-oxide electrode substrates to form LC alignment layers using a spin-coating method and the PI layers were subsequently imidized at 433 K for 1 h. The thickness of the PI layer was set at 50 nm. The LC alignment layer surfaces were exposed to an $Ar^+$ ion-beam under various ion-beam energies. The antiparallel cells and twisted-nematic (TN) cells for the measurement of pretile angle and electro-optical characteristics were fabricated with the cell gap of 60 and $5\;{\mu}m$, respectively. The LC cells were filled with nematic LC (NLC, MJ001929, Merck) and were assembled. The NLC alignment capability on ion-beam-treated PI was observed using photomicroscope and the pretilt angle of the NLC was measured by the crystal-rotation method at room temperature. Voltage-transmittance (V-T) and response time characteristics of the ion-beam irradiated TN cell were measured by a LCD evaluation system.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.203-223
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• 2023

Recently, the platform industry is rapidly growing in the global market, and competition is intensifying at the same time. Therefore, in order for domestic platform companies to have global competitiveness in the platform market, it is necessary to study the platform business ecosystem and success factors. However, most of the recent platform-related studies have been theoretical studies on the characteristics of platform business status analysis, platform economy, and indirect network externalities of platforms. Therefore, this study comprehensively analyzed the success factors of Silicon Valley's business ecosystem proposed in previous studies, and at the same time analyzed the success factors extracted from stakeholders in the actual Silicon Valley platform business ecosystem. And based on these factors, an IPA analysis was conducted as a way to propose a success plan to stakeholders in the platform business ecosystem. As a result of the analysis, among the success factors collected through previous studies, manpower, capital, and challenge culture were identified as factors that are relatively well maintained in both importance and satisfaction in Silicon Valley. In the end, it can be seen that the creation of an environment and culture in which Silicon Valley can use it to challenge itself based on excellent human resources and abundant capital contributes the most to the success of Silicon Valley's platform business. On the other hand, although it is of high importance to Silicon Valley's platform corporate ecosystem, the factors that show relatively low satisfaction among stakeholders are 'learning and benchmarking among active companies' and 'strong ties and cooperation between members', and it is analyzed that interest and effort are needed to strengthen these factors in the future. Finally, the systems and policies necessary for market autonomous competition, 'business support service industry', 'name value', and 'spin-off start-up' were important factors in literature research, but the importance and satisfaction of these factors were lowered due to changes in the times and environment. This study has academic implications in that it comprehensively analyzes the success factors of Silicon Valley's business ecosystem proposed in previous studies, and at the same time analyzes the success factors extracted from stakeholders in the actual Silicon Valley platform business ecosystem. In addition, there is another academic implications that importance and satisfaction were simultaneously examined through IPA analysis based on these various extracted factors. As for academic implications, it is meaningful in that it contributed to the formation of the domestic platform ecosystem by providing the government and companies with concrete information on the success factors of the platform business ecosystem and the theoretical grounds for the growth of domestic platform businesses.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.35-40
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• 2002

Purpose : To evaluate the NMR relaxation properties and imaging characteristics of tissue-specificity for a newly developed macromolecular MR agent. Materials and methods : Phthalocyanine (PC) was chelated with paramagnetic ion, Mn.2.01g (5.2 mmol) of Phthalocyanine was mixed with 0.37g (1.4 mmol) of Mn chloride at $310^{\circ}C$ for 36 hours and then purified by chromatography (CHC13/CH3OH 98/2 v/v, Rf, 0.76) to obtain 1.04g (46%) of MnPC (molecular weight= 2000d). The $T1}T2$ relaxivity of MnPC was measured in 1.5T(64 MHz) MR using 0.1 mM MnPC. The MR image characteristics of MnPC was evaluated using spin-echo (TR/TE=500/14 msec) and gradient-echo (FLASH) (TR/TE=80/4 msec, flip angle=60) techniques in 1.57 MR scanner. The images of rabbit liver were obtained every 10 minutes up to 4 hours. To study the effect of concentration on image, 20 mM, 50 mM, 100 mM of MnPC were tested. Results : The relaxivities of MnPC at 1.5T(64MHz) were Rl=7.28 $mM^{-1}S^{-1},{\;}R2=55.56mM^{-1}S^{-1}$. Compared to the values of Gd-DTPA (Rl[=4.8 $mM^{-1}S^{-1})$], R2[=5.2 $mM^{-1}S^{-1}])$]), both T1/T2 relaxivities of MnPC were higher than those of Gd-DTPA. For both of SE and FLASH techniques, the contrast enhancement reached maximum at 10 minutes after bolus injection and the enhancement continued for more than 2 hours. When compared with small molecular weight liver agents such as Gd-EOB-DTPA, Gd-BOPTA and MnDPDP, MnPC was characterized by more prolonged enhancement time. The time course of MR images also revealed biliary excretion of MnPC. Conclusion : We developed a new macromolecular MR agent, MnPC. The relaxivities of MnPC were higher than those of small molecular weight Gd-chelate. Hepatic uptake and biliary excretion of MnPC suggests that this agent is a new liver-specific MR agent.