Journal of The Geomorphological Association of Korea
/
v.27
no.1
/
pp.1-19
/
2020
A river bed which is submerged in water at high flow and becomes part of the river at low flow, serves as a bridge between the river and the land. The channel bar creates a unique ecosystem with vegetation adapted to the particular environment and the water pool forms a wetland that plays a very important role in the environment. To evaluate anthropogenic impacts on the river bed in the Middle Yeongsangang River, the fluvial landforms in the stream channel were analyzed using multi-temporal remotely-sensed images. In the aerial photograph of 2005 taken before the construction of the large weirs, oxbow lakes, mid-channel bars, point bars, and natural wetlands between the artificial levees were identified. Multiple bars divided the flow of stream water to cause the braided pattern in a particular section. After the construction of the Seungchon weir, aerial photographs of 2013 and 2015 revealed that most of the fluvial landforms disappeared due to the dredging of its riverbed and water level control(maintenance at 7.5El.m). Sentinel-2 images were analyzed to identify differences between before and after the opening of weir gate. Change detection was performed with the near infrared and shortwave infrared spectral bands to effectively distinguish water surfaces from land. As a result, water surface area of the main stream of the Yeongsangang River decreased by 40% from 1.144km2 to 0.692km2. A large mid-channel bar that has been deposited upstream of the weir was exposed during low water levels, which shows the obvious influence of weir on the river bed. Newly formed unvegetated point bars that were deposited on the inside of a meander bend were identified from the remotely sensed images. As the maintenance period of the weir gate opening was extended, various habitats were created by creating pools and riffles around the channel bars. Considering the ecological and hydrological functions of the river bed, it is expected that the increase in bar areas through weir gate opening will reduce the artificial interference effect of the weir.
In this letter, we simulated an atmospheric correction for Sentinel-2 images, of which spectral bands are similar to Compact Advanced Satellite 500-4 (CAS500-4). Using the second simulation of the satellite signal in the solar spectrum - vector (6SV)2.1 radiation transfer model and random forest (RF), a type of machine learning, we developed an RF-based atmospheric correction model to simulate 6SV2.1. As a result, the similarity between the reflectance calculated by 6SV2.1 and the reflectance predicted by the RF model was very high.
In this Paper a split bandwidth wideband speech coder and its highband coding method are Proposed. The coder uses a split-band approach. where the wideband input speech signal is split into two equal frequency bands from 0-4kHz and 4-8kHz. The lowband and the highband are coded respectively by the 11.8kb/s G.729 Annex E and the proposed coding method. After the LPC analysis, the highband is divided by two modes according to the properties of signals. In stationary mode. the highband signals are compressed by the mixture excitation model; CELP algorithm and W (Matching Pursuit) algorithm. The others are coded by the only CELP algorithm. We compare the performance of the new wideband speech coder with that of G.722 48kbps SB-ADPCM and G.722.2 12.85kbps in a subjective method. The simulation results show that the Performance of the proposed wideband speech coder has better than that of 48kbps G.722 and no better than that of 12.85kbps G.722.2.
The utilization of multispectral imaging systems (MIS) in remote sensing has become crucial for large-scale agricultural operations, particularly for diagnosing plant health, monitoring crop growth, and estimating plant phenotypic traits through vegetation indices (VIs). However, environmental factors can significantly affect the accuracy of multispectral reflectance data, leading to potential errors in VIs and crop status assessments. This paper reviewed the complex interactions between environmental conditions and multispectral sensors emphasizing the importance of accounting for these factors to enhance the reliability of reflectance data in agricultural applications.An overview of the fundamentals of multispectral sensors and the operational principles behind vegetation index (VI) computation was reviewed. The review highlights the impact of environmental conditions, particularly solar zenith angle (SZA), on reflectance data quality. Higher SZA values increase cloud optical thickness and droplet concentration by 40-70%, affecting reflectance in the red (-0.01 to 0.02) and near-infrared (NIR) bands (-0.03 to 0.06), crucial for VI accuracy. An SZA of 45° is optimal for data collection, while atmospheric conditions, such as water vapor and aerosols, greatly influence reflectance data, affecting forest biomass estimates and agricultural assessments. During the COVID-19 lockdown,reduced atmospheric interference improved the accuracy of satellite image reflectance consistency. The NIR/Red edge ratio and water index emerged as the most stable indices, providing consistent measurements across different lighting conditions. Additionally, a simulated environment demonstrated that MIS surface reflectance can vary 10-20% with changes in aerosol optical thickness, 15-30% with water vapor levels, and up to 25% in NIR reflectance due to high wind speeds. Seasonal factors like temperature and humidity can cause up to a 15% change, highlighting the complexity of environmental impacts on remote sensing data. This review indicated the importance of precisely managing environmental factors to maintain the integrity of VIs calculations. Explaining the relationship between environmental variables and multispectral sensors offers valuable insights for optimizing the accuracy and reliability of remote sensing data in various agricultural applications.
The site effect for 23 broadband seismic stations in the southern Korean Peninsula was estimated by using the spectral ratio of coda waves. In principle, the site effect means the pure amplification below the station excluding effects of seismic source and attenuation in the wave transmission. However, the site effect determined in this study is equivalent with the relative site amplification factor to the mean amplification for all stations. A total of 500 three-component seismograms from 35 earthquakes, of which magnitude ranged from 2.5 to 5.1 occurred from January, 2001 to January, 2007 was used to obtain the site amplification factor. The site amplification factors were estimated for the frequency bands centered at 0.2, 0.5, 1, 2, 5, 10, 15, and 20 Hz. It was found that the factors for two horizontal components of transverse and radial records were concordant with each other in the all frequency bands. However, the factor for the vertical component was found to be systematically lower than those for two horizontal components. The factors obtained in the low frequency band below 2 Hz ranged from 0.5 to 1.5 in all seismic stations except for KMA and KIGAM stations in Bagryeongdo (BRD1 and BRD2) of which factor showed high value above 1.5. Some stations such as SEO, SNU, HKU, NPR, and GKPI showed high value above 1.5 in the high frequency band from 5 to 20 Hz. Especially, the factors of GKP1 station represented extremely high value ranging from 1.8 to 7.8. Also, the factors for stations of KWJ, SND, and ULJ showed low value below 0.5. The spatial distribution for the relative amplification factor represented a tendency of being approximately lower in north-eastern area than south-western area in the southern Korean Peninsula.
Receive dynamic focusing with an array transducer can provide near optimum resolution only in the vicinity of transmit focal depth. A customary method to increase the depth of field is to combine several beams with different focal depths, with an accompanying decrease in the frame rate. In this Paper. we Present a simultaneous multiple transmit focusing method in which chirp signals focused at different depths are transmitted at the same time. These chirp signals are mutually orthogonal in a sense that the autocorrelation function of each signal has a narrow mainlobe width and low sidelobe levels. and the crossorelation function of any Pair of the signals has values smaller than the sidelobe levels of each autocorrelation function. This means that each chirp signal can be separated from the combined received signals and compressed into a short pulse. which is then individually focused on a separate receive beamformer. Next. the individually focused beams are combined to form a frame of image. Theoretically, any two chirp signals defined over two nonoverlapped frequency bands are mutually orthogonal In the present work. however, a tractional overlap of adjacent frequency bands is permitted to design more chirp signals within a given transducer bandwidth. The elevation of the rosscorrelation values due to the frequency overlap could be reduced by alternating the direction of frequency sweep of the adjacent chirp signals We also observe that the Proposed method provides better images when the low frequency chirp is focused at a near Point and the high frequency chirp at a far point along the depth. better lateral resolution is obtained at the far field with reasonable SNR due to the SNR gain in Pulse compression Imaging .
Eunkyung Lee;Sujung Bae;Jae-Hyun Ahn;Kyeong-Sang Lee
Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
/
v.39
no.6_2
/
pp.1553-1563
/
2023
The Geostationary Ocean Color Imager-II (GOCI-II) is a satellite designed for ocean color observation, covering the Northeast Asian region and the entire disk of the Earth. It commenced operations in 2020, succeeding its predecessor, GOCI, which had been active for the previous decade. In this study, we aimed to enhance the atmospheric correction algorithm, a critical step in producing satellite-based ocean color data, by performing cross-calibration on the GOCI-II near-infrared (NIR) band using the GOCI NIR band. To achieve this, we conducted a cross-calibration study on the top-of-atmosphere (TOA) radiance of the NIR band and derived a vicarious calibration gain for two NIR bands (745 and 865 nm). As a result of applying this gain, the offset of two sensors decreased and the ratio approached 1. It shows that consistency of two sensors was improved. Also, the Rayleigh-corrected reflectance at 745 nm and 865 nm increased by 5.62% and 9.52%, respectively. This alteration had implications for the ratio of Rayleigh-corrected reflectance at these wavelengths, potentially impacting the atmospheric correction results across all spectral bands, particularly during the aerosol reflectance correction process within the atmospheric correction algorithm. Due to the limited overlapping operational period of GOCI and GOCI-II satellites, we only used data from March 2021. Nevertheless, we anticipate further enhancements through ongoing cross-calibration research with other satellites in the future. Additionally, it is essential to apply the vicarious calibration gain derived for the NIR band in this study to perform vicarious calibration for the visible channels and assess its impact on the accuracy of the ocean color products.
Soryeon Park;Sanghun Son;Jaegu Bae;Doi Lee;Dongju Seo;Jinsoo Kim
Korean Journal of Remote Sensing
/
v.39
no.5_1
/
pp.655-667
/
2023
Algal bloom outbreaks are frequently reported around the world, and serious water pollution problems arise every year in Korea. It is necessary to protect the aquatic ecosystem through continuous management and rapid response. Many studies using satellite images are being conducted to estimate the concentration of chlorophyll-a (Chl-a), an indicator of algal bloom occurrence. However, machine learning models have recently been used because it is difficult to accurately calculate Chl-a due to the spectral characteristics and atmospheric correction errors that change depending on the water system. It is necessary to consider the factors affecting algal bloom as well as the satellite spectral index. Therefore, this study constructed a dataset by considering water quality, hydrological and meteorological factors, and sentinel-2 images in combination. Representative ensemble models random forest and extreme gradient boosting (XGBoost) were used to predict the concentration of Chl-a in eight weirs located on the Nakdong river over the past five years. R-squared score (R2), root mean square errors (RMSE), and mean absolute errors (MAE) were used as model evaluation indicators, and it was confirmed that R2 of XGBoost was 0.80, RMSE was 6.612, and MAE was 4.457. Shapley additive expansion analysis showed that water quality factors, suspended solids, biochemical oxygen demand, dissolved oxygen, and the band ratio using red edge bands were of high importance in both models. Various input data were confirmed to help improve model performance, and it seems that it can be applied to domestic and international algal bloom detection.
In this study, machine learning-based clustering and classification of residential noise in apartment buildings was conducted using frequency and temporal characteristics. First, a residential noise source dataset was constructed . The residential noise source dataset was consisted of floor impact, airborne, plumbing and equipment noise, environmental, and construction noise. The clustering of residential noise was performed by K-Means clustering method. For frequency characteristics, Leq and Lmax values were derived for 1/1 and 1/3 octave band for each sound source. For temporal characteristics, Leq values were derived at every 6 ms through sound pressure level analysis for 5 s. The number of k in K-Means clustering method was determined through the silhouette coefficient and elbow method. The clustering of residential noise source by frequency characteristic resulted in three clusters for both Leq and Lmax analysis. Temporal characteristic clustered residential noise source into 9 clusters for Leq and 11 clusters for Lmax. Clustering by frequency characteristic clustered according to the proportion of low frequency band. Then, to utilize the clustering results, the residential noise source was classified using three kinds of machine learning. The results of the residential noise classification showed the highest accuracy and f1-score for data labeled with Leq values in 1/3 octave bands, and the highest accuracy and f1-score for classifying residential noise sources with an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model using both frequency and temporal features, with 93 % accuracy and 92 % f1-score.
Seasonal threshold values for fog detection over the ten airport areas within the Korean Peninsula have been derived from the data of polar-orbit Aqua/Terra MODIS and geostationary GOES-9 during a two years. The values are obtained from reflectance at $0.65{\mu}m\;(R_{0.65})$ and the difference in brightness temperature between $3.7{\mu}m\;and\;11{\mu}m\;(T_{3.7-11})$. In order to examine the discrepancy between the threshold values of two kinds of satellites, the following four parameters have been analyzed under the condition of daytime/nighttime and fog/clear-sky, utilizing their simultaneous observations over the Seoul metropolitan area: brightness temperature at $3.7{\mu}m$, the temperature at $11{\mu}m,\;the\;T_{3.7-11}$ for day and night, and the $R_{0.65}$ for daytime. The parameters show significant correlations (r<0.5) in spatial distribution between the two kinds of satellites. The discrepancy between their infrared thresholds is mainly due to the disagreement in their spatial resolutions and spectral bands, particularly at $3.7{\mu}m$. Fog detection from GOES-9 over the nine airport areas except the Cheongju airport has revealed accuracy of 60% in the daytime and 70% in the nighttime, based on statistical verification. The accuracy decreases in foggy cases with twilight, precipitation, short persistence, or the higher cloud above fog. The sensitivity of radiance and reflectance with wavelength has been analyzed in numerical experiments with respect to various meteorological conditions to investigate optical characteristics of the three channels.
본 웹사이트에 게시된 이메일 주소가 전자우편 수집 프로그램이나
그 밖의 기술적 장치를 이용하여 무단으로 수집되는 것을 거부하며,
이를 위반시 정보통신망법에 의해 형사 처벌됨을 유념하시기 바랍니다.
[게시일 2004년 10월 1일]
이용약관
제 1 장 총칙
제 1 조 (목적)
이 이용약관은 KoreaScience 홈페이지(이하 “당 사이트”)에서 제공하는 인터넷 서비스(이하 '서비스')의 가입조건 및 이용에 관한 제반 사항과 기타 필요한 사항을 구체적으로 규정함을 목적으로 합니다.
제 2 조 (용어의 정의)
① "이용자"라 함은 당 사이트에 접속하여 이 약관에 따라 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스를 받는 회원 및 비회원을
말합니다.
② "회원"이라 함은 서비스를 이용하기 위하여 당 사이트에 개인정보를 제공하여 아이디(ID)와 비밀번호를 부여
받은 자를 말합니다.
③ "회원 아이디(ID)"라 함은 회원의 식별 및 서비스 이용을 위하여 자신이 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을
말합니다.
④ "비밀번호(패스워드)"라 함은 회원이 자신의 비밀보호를 위하여 선정한 문자 및 숫자의 조합을 말합니다.
제 3 조 (이용약관의 효력 및 변경)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트에 게시하거나 기타의 방법으로 회원에게 공지함으로써 효력이 발생합니다.
② 당 사이트는 이 약관을 개정할 경우에 적용일자 및 개정사유를 명시하여 현행 약관과 함께 당 사이트의
초기화면에 그 적용일자 7일 이전부터 적용일자 전일까지 공지합니다. 다만, 회원에게 불리하게 약관내용을
변경하는 경우에는 최소한 30일 이상의 사전 유예기간을 두고 공지합니다. 이 경우 당 사이트는 개정 전
내용과 개정 후 내용을 명확하게 비교하여 이용자가 알기 쉽도록 표시합니다.
제 4 조(약관 외 준칙)
① 이 약관은 당 사이트가 제공하는 서비스에 관한 이용안내와 함께 적용됩니다.
② 이 약관에 명시되지 아니한 사항은 관계법령의 규정이 적용됩니다.
제 2 장 이용계약의 체결
제 5 조 (이용계약의 성립 등)
① 이용계약은 이용고객이 당 사이트가 정한 약관에 「동의합니다」를 선택하고, 당 사이트가 정한
온라인신청양식을 작성하여 서비스 이용을 신청한 후, 당 사이트가 이를 승낙함으로써 성립합니다.
② 제1항의 승낙은 당 사이트가 제공하는 과학기술정보검색, 맞춤정보, 서지정보 등 다른 서비스의 이용승낙을
포함합니다.
제 6 조 (회원가입)
서비스를 이용하고자 하는 고객은 당 사이트에서 정한 회원가입양식에 개인정보를 기재하여 가입을 하여야 합니다.
제 7 조 (개인정보의 보호 및 사용)
당 사이트는 관계법령이 정하는 바에 따라 회원 등록정보를 포함한 회원의 개인정보를 보호하기 위해 노력합니다. 회원 개인정보의 보호 및 사용에 대해서는 관련법령 및 당 사이트의 개인정보 보호정책이 적용됩니다.
제 8 조 (이용 신청의 승낙과 제한)
① 당 사이트는 제6조의 규정에 의한 이용신청고객에 대하여 서비스 이용을 승낙합니다.
② 당 사이트는 아래사항에 해당하는 경우에 대해서 승낙하지 아니 합니다.
- 이용계약 신청서의 내용을 허위로 기재한 경우
- 기타 규정한 제반사항을 위반하며 신청하는 경우
제 9 조 (회원 ID 부여 및 변경 등)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객에 대하여 약관에 정하는 바에 따라 자신이 선정한 회원 ID를 부여합니다.
② 회원 ID는 원칙적으로 변경이 불가하며 부득이한 사유로 인하여 변경 하고자 하는 경우에는 해당 ID를
해지하고 재가입해야 합니다.
③ 기타 회원 개인정보 관리 및 변경 등에 관한 사항은 서비스별 안내에 정하는 바에 의합니다.
제 3 장 계약 당사자의 의무
제 10 조 (KISTI의 의무)
① 당 사이트는 이용고객이 희망한 서비스 제공 개시일에 특별한 사정이 없는 한 서비스를 이용할 수 있도록
하여야 합니다.
② 당 사이트는 개인정보 보호를 위해 보안시스템을 구축하며 개인정보 보호정책을 공시하고 준수합니다.
③ 당 사이트는 회원으로부터 제기되는 의견이나 불만이 정당하다고 객관적으로 인정될 경우에는 적절한 절차를
거쳐 즉시 처리하여야 합니다. 다만, 즉시 처리가 곤란한 경우는 회원에게 그 사유와 처리일정을 통보하여야
합니다.
제 11 조 (회원의 의무)
① 이용자는 회원가입 신청 또는 회원정보 변경 시 실명으로 모든 사항을 사실에 근거하여 작성하여야 하며,
허위 또는 타인의 정보를 등록할 경우 일체의 권리를 주장할 수 없습니다.
② 당 사이트가 관계법령 및 개인정보 보호정책에 의거하여 그 책임을 지는 경우를 제외하고 회원에게 부여된
ID의 비밀번호 관리소홀, 부정사용에 의하여 발생하는 모든 결과에 대한 책임은 회원에게 있습니다.
③ 회원은 당 사이트 및 제 3자의 지적 재산권을 침해해서는 안 됩니다.
제 4 장 서비스의 이용
제 12 조 (서비스 이용 시간)
① 서비스 이용은 당 사이트의 업무상 또는 기술상 특별한 지장이 없는 한 연중무휴, 1일 24시간 운영을
원칙으로 합니다. 단, 당 사이트는 시스템 정기점검, 증설 및 교체를 위해 당 사이트가 정한 날이나 시간에
서비스를 일시 중단할 수 있으며, 예정되어 있는 작업으로 인한 서비스 일시중단은 당 사이트 홈페이지를
통해 사전에 공지합니다.
② 당 사이트는 서비스를 특정범위로 분할하여 각 범위별로 이용가능시간을 별도로 지정할 수 있습니다. 다만
이 경우 그 내용을 공지합니다.
제 13 조 (홈페이지 저작권)
① NDSL에서 제공하는 모든 저작물의 저작권은 원저작자에게 있으며, KISTI는 복제/배포/전송권을 확보하고
있습니다.
② NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 상업적 및 기타 영리목적으로 복제/배포/전송할 경우 사전에 KISTI의 허락을
받아야 합니다.
③ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 보도, 비평, 교육, 연구 등을 위하여 정당한 범위 안에서 공정한 관행에
합치되게 인용할 수 있습니다.
④ NDSL에서 제공하는 콘텐츠를 무단 복제, 전송, 배포 기타 저작권법에 위반되는 방법으로 이용할 경우
저작권법 제136조에 따라 5년 이하의 징역 또는 5천만 원 이하의 벌금에 처해질 수 있습니다.
제 14 조 (유료서비스)
① 당 사이트 및 협력기관이 정한 유료서비스(원문복사 등)는 별도로 정해진 바에 따르며, 변경사항은 시행 전에
당 사이트 홈페이지를 통하여 회원에게 공지합니다.
② 유료서비스를 이용하려는 회원은 정해진 요금체계에 따라 요금을 납부해야 합니다.
제 5 장 계약 해지 및 이용 제한
제 15 조 (계약 해지)
회원이 이용계약을 해지하고자 하는 때에는 [가입해지] 메뉴를 이용해 직접 해지해야 합니다.
제 16 조 (서비스 이용제한)
① 당 사이트는 회원이 서비스 이용내용에 있어서 본 약관 제 11조 내용을 위반하거나, 다음 각 호에 해당하는
경우 서비스 이용을 제한할 수 있습니다.
- 2년 이상 서비스를 이용한 적이 없는 경우
- 기타 정상적인 서비스 운영에 방해가 될 경우
② 상기 이용제한 규정에 따라 서비스를 이용하는 회원에게 서비스 이용에 대하여 별도 공지 없이 서비스 이용의
일시정지, 이용계약 해지 할 수 있습니다.
제 17 조 (전자우편주소 수집 금지)
회원은 전자우편주소 추출기 등을 이용하여 전자우편주소를 수집 또는 제3자에게 제공할 수 없습니다.
제 6 장 손해배상 및 기타사항
제 18 조 (손해배상)
당 사이트는 무료로 제공되는 서비스와 관련하여 회원에게 어떠한 손해가 발생하더라도 당 사이트가 고의 또는 과실로 인한 손해발생을 제외하고는 이에 대하여 책임을 부담하지 아니합니다.
제 19 조 (관할 법원)
서비스 이용으로 발생한 분쟁에 대해 소송이 제기되는 경우 민사 소송법상의 관할 법원에 제기합니다.
[부 칙]
1. (시행일) 이 약관은 2016년 9월 5일부터 적용되며, 종전 약관은 본 약관으로 대체되며, 개정된 약관의 적용일 이전 가입자도 개정된 약관의 적용을 받습니다.