• Carbon letters
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.140-145
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• 2003

Antibacterial behaviors of PAN-based activated carbon fibers (ACFs) containing silver metal were investigated. The effects of surface and pore structures of the ACFs were studied by $N_2$/77 K adsorption and D-R plot as a function of silver loading content. The antibacterial activities were investigated by a dilution test against Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus; gram positive) and Klebsiella pnemoniae (K. pnumoniae; gram negative). As experimental results, the ACFs showed some decreases in specific surface areas, micropore volumes, and total pore volume with an increase of silver content. However, the antibacterial activities of the ACFs were strongly increased against S. aureus as well as K. pnumoniae, which could be attributed to the presence of antibacterial metal in the ACFs system.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.23 no.5
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• pp.93-101
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• 1986

Microporous glasses were prepared from the 50 $SiO_2-44$ $B_2O_3-6$ $Na_2O$(wt%) parent glass by the phase eparation technique and were characterized by SEM, BET, and Gas Adsorption methods to investigate the possiblity of their use as salt-rejection membranes for reverse osmosis. The conditions of the phase separation for the possible glass membranes were optimized for the given parent glass. The temperature and duration of heat-treatment were desired to be lower(853K) and shorter (1/2~1 hr) respectively. The specific surface areas of porous glasses prepared in this study were about 80~120$m^2$/g and their pore size distribution had a unimodal shape(peak pore radius less than 15$\AA$) It was suggested that the porous glass obtained in this work could be effective for salt-rejection in point of pore size distributions but the way to increase its surface area for the high flux must be studied.

• 한국신재생에너지학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2009.11a
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• pp.627-627
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• 2009

In this work, the activated carbons (ACs) with high porosity were synthesized from pitch by KOH chemical activation. The structure and surface properties of ACs were characterized by means of elemental analysis, X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy(XPS). And, the influence of the KOH-to-pitch ratio on the porosity of the ACs was investigated using the nitrogen adsorption isotherms at 77 K and a scanning electron microscopy (SEM). As a result, pitch could be successfully converted into ACs with well-developed micro and mesopores. The specific surface areas and pore volumes were increased with an increase of the KOH-to-pitch ratio. Furthermore, it was found that the addition of KOH led to the transformation of the micropores to the meso- and macropores. In the application to electric double layer capacitors (EDLC), the pitch-based ACs showed a higher capacitance per weight and per volume, and an excellent electrochemical stability in the high voltage region.

• Carbon letters
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.71-76
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• 2014

Activated carbon nanofibers (ACNF) were prepared from polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based nanofibers using $CO_2$ activation methods with varying activation process times. The surface and structural characteristics of the ACNF were observed by scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction, respectively. $N_2$ adsorption isotherm characteristics at 77 K were confirmed by Brunauer-Emmett-Teller and Dubinin-Radushkevich equations. As experimental results, many holes or cavernous structures were found on the fiber surfaces after the $CO_2$ activation as confirmed by scanning electron microscopy analysis. Specific surface areas and pore volumes of the prepared ACNFs were enhanced within a range of 10 to 30 min of activation times. Performance of the porous PAN-based nanofibers as an electrode for electrical double layer capacitors was evaluated in terms of the activation conditions.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.53 no.4
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• pp.413-419
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• 2015

The present study determined and compared the genetic diversity of Plasmodium falciparum strains infecting children living in 2 areas from Gabon with different malaria endemicity. Blood samples were collected from febrile children from 2008 to 2009 in 2 health centres from rural (Oyem) and urban (Owendo) areas. Genetic diversity was determined in P. falciparum isolates by analyzing the merozoite surface protein-1 (msp1) gene polymorphism using nested-PCR. Overall, 168 children with mild falciparum malaria were included. K1, Ro33, and Mad20 alleles were found in 110 (65.5%), 94 (55.9%), and 35 (20.8%) isolates, respectively, without difference according to the site (P>0.05). Allelic families' frequencies were comparable between children less than 5 years old from the 2 sites; while among the older children the proportions of Ro33 and Mad20 alleles were 1.7 to 2.0 fold higher at Oyem. Thirty-three different alleles were detected, 16 (48.5%) were common to both sites, and 10 out of the 17 specific alleles were found at Oyem. Furthermore, multiple infection carriers were frequent at Oyem (57.7% vs 42.2% at Owendo; P=0.04) where the complexity of infection was of 1.88 (${\pm}0.95$) higher compared to that found at Owendo ($1.55{\pm}0.75$). Extended genetic diversity of P. falciparum strains infecting Gabonese symptomatic children and high multiplicity of infections were observed in rural area. Alleles common to the 2 sites were frequent; the site-specific alleles predominated in the rural area. Such distribution of the alleles should be taken into accounts when designing MSP1 or MSP2 malaria vaccine.

• Korean Journal of Acupuncture
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.13-33
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• 2002

This study was examined for effects of acupuncture of Zusanli (ST36) on the facial thermography in health subjects. The volunteers who participating in this study had taken rest for 20 - 30 mins in room temperature (23-$25^{\circ}C$) before the examination and informed them what to prohibit smoking, drinking and administration of drug for the previous day. The thermography of face was taken using Infra-Red Imaging System (IR 2000, MEDI-CORE Co., Korea) by time interval of 15 minutes at 15 min before, just before and 15 min after, 30 min after and 45 min after acupuncture stimulation. Acupuncture was applied to the left ST36 for 30 mins. The results showed that acupuncture of ST36 significantly decreased the temperature of all the areas of facial surface comparing to those of control group. Also, it was observed that the quantities of thermal changes following acupuncture of ST36 been increased significantly at the A1, A4, A6, A7 and A9 ROIs (region of interest) comparing that of control group. Observed the thermography classified by ROI, it was clear the fact that acupuncture of ST36 could modulate the specific areas concerning to the facial pathway of Stomach Meridian, because the thermal responses following acupuncture of ST36 were specific at the A1, A2, A5 and A9 ROIs, relatively. These results suggest that acupuncture of ST36 may modulate thermal distributions and changes of facial areas concerned with Stomach Meridian.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.133-140
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• 2002

Site-specific minimum temperature forecasts are critical in a short-term decision making procedure for preventive measures as well as a long-term strategy such as site selection in fruits industry. Nocturnal cold air pools frequently termed in mountainous areas under anticyclonic systems are very dangerous to the flowering buds in spring over Korea, but the spatial resolution to detect them exceeds the current weather forecast scale. To supplement the insufficient spatial resolution of official forecasts, we developed a GIS - assisted frost risk assesment scheme for using in mountainous areas. Daily minimum temperature data were obtained from 6 sites located in a 2.1 by 2.1 km area with complex topography near the southern edge of Sobaek mountains during radiative cooling nights in spring 2001. A digital elevation model with a 10 m spatial resolution was prepared for the entire study area and the cold air inflow was simulated for each grid cell by counting the number of surrounding cells coming into the processing cell. Primitive temperature surfaces were prepared for the corresponding dates by interpolating the Korea Meteorological Administration's automated observational data with the lapse rate correction. The cell temperature values corresponding to the 6 observation sites were extracted from the primitive temperature surface, and subtracted from the observed values to obtain the estimation error. The errors were regressed to the flow accumulation at the corresponding cells, delineating a statistically significant relationship. When we applied this relationship to the primitive temperature surfaces of frost nights during April 2002, there was a good agreement with the observations, showing a feasibility of site-specific frost warning system development in mountainous areas.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.35 no.12
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• pp.3576-3582
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• 2014

Zeolite-templated carbons (ZTCs), which have high specific surface area, were prepared by a conventional templating method using microporous zeolite-Y for catalyst supports in direct methanol fuel cells. The ZTCs were synthesized at different temperatures to investigate the characteristics of the surface produced and their electrochemical properties. Thereafter, Pt-Ru was deposited at different carbonization temperatures by a chemical reduction method. The crystalline and structural features were investigated using X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy. The textural properties of the ZTCs were investigated by analyzing $N_2$/77 K adsorption isotherms using the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller equation, while the micro- and meso-pore size distributions were analyzed using the Barrett-Joyner-Halenda and Harvarth-Kawazoe methods, respectively. The surface morphology was characterized using transmission electron microscopy and inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. The electrochemical properties of the Pt-Ru/ZTCs catalysts were also analyzed by cyclic voltammetry measurements. From the results, the ZTCs carbonized at $900^{\circ}C$ show the highest specific surface areas. In addition, ZTC900-PR led to uniform dispersion of Pt-Ru on the ZTCs, which enhanced the electro-catalytic activity of the Pt-Ru catalysts. The particle size of ZTC900-PR catalyst is about 3.4 nm, also peak current density from the CV plot is $12.5mA/cm^2$. Therefore, electro-catalytic activity of the ZTC900-PR catalyst is higher than those of ZTC1000-PR catalyst.

• Journal of Korean Society of Water and Wastewater
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.163-174
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• 2021

Heatwaves are one of the most common phenomena originating from changes in the urban thermal environment. They are caused mainly by the evapotranspiration decrease of surface impermeable areas from increases in temperature and reflected heat, leading to a dry urban environment that can deteriorate aspects of everyday life. This study aimed to calculate daily maximum ground surface temperature affecting heatwaves, to quantify the effects of urban thermal environment control through water cycle restoration while validating its feasibility. The maximum surface temperature regression equation according to the impermeable area ratios of urban land cover types was derived. The estimated values from daily maximum ground surface temperature regression equation were compared with actual measured values to validate the calculation method's feasibility. The land cover classification and derivation of specific parameters were conducted by classifying land cover into buildings, roads, rivers, and lands. Detailed parameters were classified by the river area ratio, land impermeable area ratio, and green area ratio of each land-cover type, with the exception of the rivers, to derive the maximum surface temperature regression equation of each land cover type. The regression equation feasibility assessment showed that the estimated maximum surface temperature values were within the level of significance. The maximum surface temperature decreased by 0.0450℃ when the green area ratio increased by 1% and increased by 0.0321℃ when the impermeable area ratio increased by 1%. It was determined that the surface reduction effect through increases in the green area ratio was 29% higher than the increasing effect of surface temperature due to the impermeable land ratio.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2023

The carbonaceous materials have attracted much attention for utilization of anode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Among them, hollow carbon spheres have great advantages (high specific capacity and good rate capability) to replace currently used graphite anode materials, due to their unique features such as high surface areas, high electrical conductivities, and outstanding chemical and thermal stability. Herein, we have synthesized various sizes of hollow carbon spheres by a facile hardtemplate method and investigated the anode properties for lithium-ion batteries. The obtained hollow carbon spheres have uniform diameters of 350 ~ 600 nm by varying the template condition, and they do not have any cracks after the optimization of the process. Increasing the diameter of hollow carbon spheres decreases their specific capacities, since the larger hollow carbon spheres have more useless spaces inside that could have a disadvantage for lithium storage. The hollow carbon spheres have outstanding rate and cyclic performance, which is originated from the high surface area and high electrical properties of the hollow carbon spheres. Therefore, hollow carbon spheres with smaller diameters are expected to have higher specific capacities, and the noble channel structures through various doping approaches can give the great possibility of high lithium storage properties.