• 한국지진공학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국지진공학회 2003년도 춘계 학술발표회논문집
• /
• pp.50-58
• /
• 2003

We have developed a locally variable time-step scheme matching with discontinuous grids in the flute-difference method for the efficient simulation of seismic wave propagation. The first-order velocity-stress formulations are used to obtain the spatial derivatives using finite-difference operators on a staggered grid. A three-times coarser grid in the high-velocity region compared with the grid in the low-velocity region is used to avoid spatial oversampling. Temporal steps corresponding to the spatial sampling ratio between both regions are determined based on proper stability criteria. The wavefield in the margin of the region with smaller time-step are linearly interpolated in time using the values calculated in the region with larger one. The accuracy of the proposed scheme is tested through comparisons with analytic solutions and conventional finite-difference scheme with constant grid spacing and time step. The use of the locally variable time-step scheme with discontinuous grids results in remarkable saving of the computation time and memory requirement with dependency of the efficiency on the simulation model. This implies that ground motion for a realistic velocity structures including near-surface sediments can be modeled to high frequency (several Hz) without requiring severe computer memory

• Current Optics and Photonics
• /
• 제2권6호
• /
• pp.532-539
• /
• 2018

Multiple LED arrays can be utilized in visible-light communication (VLC) to improve communication efficiency, while maintaining smart illumination functionality through dimming control. This paper proposes a modulation scheme called "Spatial Intensity Modulation" (SIM), where the effective number of turned-on LEDs is employed for data modulation and dimming control in VLC systems. Unlike the conventional pulse-amplitude modulation (PAM), symbol intensity levels are not determined by the amplitude levels of a VLC signal from each LED, but by counting the number of turned-on LEDs, illuminating with a single amplitude level. Because the intensity of a SIM symbol and the target dimming level are determined solely in the spatial domain, the problems of conventional PAM-based VLC and related MIMO VLC schemes, such as unstable dimming control, non uniform illumination functionality, and burdens of channel prediction, can be solved. By varying the number and formation of turned-on LEDs around the target dimming level in time, the proposed SIM scheme guarantees homogeneous illumination over a target area. An analysis of the dimming capacity, which is the achievable communication rate under the target dimming level in VLC, is provided by deriving the turn-on probability to maximize the entropy of the SIM-based VLC system. In addition, a practical design of dimmable SIM scheme applying the multilevel inverse source coding (MISC) method is proposed. The simulation results under a range of parameters provide baseline data to verify the performance of the proposed dimmable SIM scheme and applications in real systems.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제4권6호
• /
• pp.589-600
• /
• 1996

An explicit 4th order time integration scheme for solving the convection-diffusion equation is discussed in this paper. A system of ordinary differential equations are derived first by discretizing the spatial derivatives of the relevant PDE using the finite difference method. The integration of the ODEs is then carried out using a 4th order scheme and a self-adaptive technique based on the spatial grid spacing. For a non-uniform spatial grid, different time step sizes are used for the integration of the ODEs defined at different spatial points, which improves the computational efficiency significantly. A numerical example is also discussed in the paper to demonstrate the implementation and effectiveness of the method.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제19권3호
• /
• pp.233-246
• /
• 2003

This paper presents a methodology to account for the partial or gradual changes of environmental phenomena in categorical map information for the fusion/integration of multiple spatial data. The fuzzy set based spatial data fusion scheme is applied in order to account for the fuzziness of boundaries in categorical information showing the partial or gradual environmental impacts. The fuzziness or uncertainty of boundary is represented as two kinds of fuzzy membership functions based on fuzzy object concept and the effects of them are quantitatively evaluated with the help of a cross validation procedure. A case study for landslide hazard assessment demonstrates the better performance of this scheme as compared to traditional crisp boundary representation.

• Spatial Information Research
• /
• 제19권5호
• /
• pp.63-74
• /
• 2011

최근 특정 공간영역 내에 포함되는 센서노드들만의 센싱정보를 에너지 효율적으로 수집하는 센서 네트워크 기반 공간질의처리에 대한 관심이 증가하고 있다. 이러한 센서 네트워크 기반 공간질의처리의 가장 단순한 방법은 모든 센서노드의 위치와 센싱정보를 서버로 수집한 다음, 서버에서 공간질의를 처리하는 Centralized 방법이다. 이 방법은 간단하다는 장점은 있지만, 모든 센서노드를 접근하기 위하여 소요되는 높은 무선통신 비용으로 인하여 센서노드의 에너지 효율성이 크게 떨어지는 단점을 가지고 있다. 이러한 Centralized 방법을 보완하기 위하여 센서노드에서 분산 공간 필터링을 수행하여 센서노드 간의 무선통신 횟수를 감소시키는 In-network 기반 분산 공간색인기법들이 제안되어 왔다. 그러나, 이러한 분산 공간색인기법들은 대부분 서버에서 이용되던 기존 공간색인기법들을 센서 네트워크에 단순히 적용하였기 때문에, In-network 환경에서 공간 필터링의 효과와 센서노드들 간의 무선 라우팅을 동시에 최적화하지 못하는 단점을 가지고 있다. 이에 본 논문에서는 In-network 환경에서 공간 필터링을 최적화하면서 동시에 센서노드들 간의 라우팅을 보장할 수 있는 GR-tree의 새로운 분산 공간색인기법을 제안하고자 한다. GR-tree 방법은 R-tree와 유사하게 MBR 기반의 트리를 구성하며, 센서노드들 간의 무선 라우팅 및 공간적인 인접성을 보장하면서 MBR들 간의 겹침을 최소화할 수 있는 특징을 가지고 있다. 끝으로, GR-tree와 기존 방법들의 다양한 성능 비교 실험을 통하여 제안된 방법의 효율성을 보여주고자 한다.

• International Journal of Contents
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.21-30
• /
• 2015

A simulated realistic virtual environment is inhabited by autonomous cyber-humans who play the roles of agents in events. A key element, which enables this realism, is the historical context formed by time and space. A knowledge-representation scheme, composed of both spatial and temporal aspects needed by the agent to respond to dynamically changing situations, is essential for the design of a realistic virtual agent. In this work, spatial and temporal aspects of dynamic situations in the virtual environment have been formalized as a key component of our knowledge-representation scheme. This scheme provides a mathematical framework to construct realistic virtual situations that change with time, and background knowledge for agents in the simulated environment to deduce new pieces of information and plan against changing situations.

• 한국항공운항학회지
• /
• 제21권1호
• /
• pp.15-22
• /
• 2013

In oceanic flight routes, HF radio and satellite data links have weather restrictions, long propagation delay and low data throughput. In this paper, we propose oceanic aeronautical communications scheme in the VHF band based on ad-hoc communication. The proposed scheme organizes autonomously a multi-hop network that is divided into multiple local network using aircraft to fly long-distance communication and supports a hybrid type of multiple access, which consists of random access and TDMA (Time Division Multiple Access) scheme. In addition, several algorithms to apply spatial reuse of transmission to multi-hop long range communication environments have been proposed. The proposed system proves performance improvement on delay time as an effective solution to communicate end-to-end on the oceanic flight routes and strengthens the reliability of oceanic aeronautical communication.

• 한국산업정보학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국산업정보학회 2001년도 춘계학술대회논문집:21세기 신지식정보의 창출
• /
• pp.318-324
• /
• 2001

In this paper we propose the adaptive scheme to place more search points as long as the operation tapability of the motion estimator in the video codec permits. And the proposed algorithm takes advantage of the intuitive fact that the quality of the decoded video is more degraded as the spatial frequency of the corresponding block is increased due to the augmentation of local minima per unit area. Thererore, we propose the scheme to enhance the quality by locating relatively more search points in the block with high frequency components by analyzing the spatial frequencies of the video sequence. As a result, the proposed scheme can adaptively place more search points possibly permitted by the motion estimator and guarantees better quality compared to the TSS and FS.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
• /
• 제27권6호
• /
• pp.625-635
• /
• 2011

This paper investigates the effects of spatial autocorrelation structures in low resolution data on downscaling without ground measurements or secondary data, as well as the potential of geostatistical downscaling. An advanced geostatistical downscaling scheme applied in this paper consists of two analytical steps: the estimation of the point-support spatial autocorrelation structure by variogram deconvolution and the application of area-to-point kriging. Point kriging of block data without variogram deconvolution is also applied for a comparison purpose. Experiments using two low resolution thematic maps derived from remote sensing data showing very different spatial patterns are carried out to discuss the objectives. From the experiments, it is demonstrated that the advanced geostatistical downscaling scheme can generate the downscaling results that well preserve overall patterns of original low resolution data and also satisfy the coherence property, regardless of spatial patterns in input low resolution data. Point kriging of block data can produce the downscaling result compatible to that by area-to-point kriging when the spatial continuity in block data is strong. If heterogeneous local variations are dominant in input block data, the treatment of the low resolution data as point data cannot generate the reliable downscaling result, and this simplification should not be applied to donwscaling.

• 한국통신학회논문지
• /
• 제34권7C호
• /
• pp.654-662
• /
• 2009

모바일 비디오 스트리밍을 위해 비디오 스트림들을 사용가능한 대역폭에 맞추면서 인코딩을 하기 위해서 시간 적 해상도, 공간적 해상도, 화면 화질의 세 가지 요소를 가지고 조절할 수 있는데, 그 중에서도 양자화 파라미터 (quantization parameter)를 가지고 화변 화질을 조절하는 것이 가장 널리 사용되고 있는 방법이다. 그러나 본 논 문에서는 낮은 대역폭 환경에서는 적응적으로 공간적 해상도를 변경하는 것이 화면 화질이나 에너지 소모량 면에서 더 효율적이라는 것을 보이고, 사용 가능한 대역폭에 대해서 최척의 공간적 해상도를 찾기 위한 모델을 제시 한다. 적응적 공간 해상도 제어 기법은 비디오 서버와 모바일 기기 간의 대역폭이 심하게 변화거나, 모바일 기기가 에너지 소모에 민감한 상황에서 특히 효과적이다. 본 기법은 낮은 비트율 상황에서 기존의 방법에 비해 화질을 약 0.5dB 만큼 개선하고, 에너지 소모를 50% 이상 줄일 수 있다.