• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제spc호
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• pp.165-180
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• 2007

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제13권
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• pp.167-206
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• 2001

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제15권
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• pp.123-145
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• 2002

Commercialization and privatization of outer space has been developing to the extent that public space law regime established at the UN seems to be somewhat incompatible with the today' s commercial launching services. Thus, this paper analyzes, at first, the UN space treaties to specify the obstacles for promoting commercial use. The necessity of some covert amendment of UN treaties is suggested through the national space legislation. Then three state practices are examined to propose a new concept of the "launching state" including the Sea Launch project, since the concept of the "launching state" is of the major importance to enact an effective national act to better accommodate UN space treaties to the present necessity.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.121-131
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• 2002

The rebuilding method for old apartment housing blocks has merits of providing new buildings and larger private living spaces. However, it causes many serious urban problems, such as shortage of infrastructure capacity, traffic congestion, reduction of building life, and deterioration of open space quality. Nowadays, remodeling is accepted as a way of overcoming such negative effects of the rebuilding method. This study focuses on the various techniques of remodeling. The results of this research are as follows; First, old apartment blocks provide poor level of service in general, so they have problems of bad accessibility, deterioration of facilities, and degraded landscape. In many cases, there is a hindrance from walking freely and security problem due to illegal privatization of public spaces. Second, various remodeling techniques are required to meet residents' different needs. The residents of apartment housing value private space above public space, and show low level of willingness to pay cost for remodeling. Third, based on these findings, some remodeling techniques are suggested - integration of a space to another, expansion of spaces, connection of spaces, reuses of roofs and walls, relocation and renovation of paths between buildings, and so on.

• 대한가정학회지
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• 제44권8호
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• pp.181-198
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to understand modernization process of korean housing during the past one century. To following up the changes of everyday lives of common peoples, magazines, news papers, tourist's records and gossip items were collected and interpreted from the microscopic point of view. In this study arguments on 'modernity' of korean housing was focused on some issues, thus, separation, differentiation, individualization, as well as privatization. Concrete discourses are; firstly, spatial isolation of housing and urban place each other, secondly, functional division of inner spaces of housing, and lastly, guarantee of privacy sphere. Historical changes of housing showed some meaningful phenomena. Before modernization housing was place of reproduction and consume at the same time. However after modern urban space came into existence and work and rest were separated, housing gained only mono function. Thus, housing have only one meaning as private place for nuclear family, that is "Home, Sweet Home." Instead of past multi-functional rooms, functional prescribed rooms, for example, dinning room, were newly born. In the past, the boundary between public and private sphere was not clear. For examples, everyday experiences of family were extended to the street and in the house in most cases spaces were shared. But after modernization the scale of individual spaces become larger and private life can be secured. Consequently, history of everyday life from traditional agricultural society to industrialized modern society demonstrates the structural context between the micro and macro dimension in the fields of human life. In other words, everyday lives and macro history response each other and create new perception of time-space structure in the modern housing.

• 대한건축학회논문집:계획계
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• 제34권11호
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• pp.145-156
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• 2018

Urban campus, one of the main urban facilities, is the representative place that is struggling with 'gridlock'. Due to privatization of space among different departments and space shortages, gridlock has been occurring as a result. The urban campus trying to solve this problem by changing the quality of space, especially the structure of the shared space, which is expected to be the solution to the grid lock problem. The main purpose of this study is to investigate the structural change in the university's shared space based on paradigm transition. The theoretical consideration is to analyze the spatial characteristics of university shared space that appear at different stages through a new perspective that compares the gridlock phenomenon and the shared paradigm. The framework of the analysis of the shared space, which has recently been restructured, is classified into the spatial characteristics of collaborative space, the creative space, and the common/complex space. In addition, these spatial characteristics are again analyzed through the division of legislative facility classification, management governance subject, area, building location and layout, exposure to the outside as well as the analysis of student and staff entry and exit, sharing structure of site and space, and the classification of program characteristics. The results are as follows: The restructured space is systemized so that the management governance of each space would be connected to each other to share information and space. Furthermore, the spatial boundary between colleges or between campus spaces are not only physically, but categorically clear. The restructured space has semi (or in-between)-spatial characteristics such as the intersection in inside and outside of the pedestrian's circulation and the mixture of programs. This study could serve as principal references in presenting the systematic analysis of directions of the shared spatial structure for the urban campus where new educational space is required due to the changes in the university system.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.385-417
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• 2017

Insurances of space activities are divided into satellite insurance, astronaut insurance and third party liability insurance. Against the background of the rapid development of space commercialization, especially the increasing participation of private entities in space affairs, the present international and domestic mechanisms of space insurance are challenged. As a space-faring state which is in the process of developing space businesses, the regulations of space insurance in China are deserved to be discussed. Satellites insurance is at present well-developed, the "pre-launch", "launch" and "in-orbit" phases of satellites are all possible to be insured by related companies. China created the CAIA in 1997 to provide insurance for Chinese satellites. However, with more private entities start to involve in space as well as satellite industry, the regime established under the framework of CAIA is necessary to be modified, and the mechanism relating to space insurance brokers should be promoted. The astronauts are recognized as the envoy of humankind, and relevant international regulations are made to provide assistance to them in emergency circumstances. From the domestic perspective, astronauts will be fully insured. China creates a particular type of insurance for astronauts. However, once space tourism becomes a business, the insurance of the tourist will be demanded to be created. In order to promote China's space tourism, it is recommended to take the "Astronaut Group Insurance" as an optional model to space tourists, if the tourists are customers of a governmental-owned space company. Once private involvement of providing orbital/suborbital tourism service becomes a reality, new rules are required. Getting a third party liability insurance is deemed as an indispensable precondition for an applicant to get a launch permission. Domestic space laws will include provisions for the third party liability insurance. China's "Interim Measures" of 2002 realizes the importance of third party liability insurance and requires the permit holder to get it before entering the launching site. This regulation is different from the practices of other states. Concerning that China is the sponsor of APSCO, for the purpose of promoting commercial space cooperation, a harmonized approach to domestic law is recommended to be found.

• 국제초고층학회논문집
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.137-154
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• 2019

Singapore has seen a phenomenal and an unprecedented transformation from a swampland to a high density urban environment since its independence in 1965, made possible largely and single-handedly by the sustained efforts of its government. Indeed, urban space is a key vehicle for achieving urban social, environmental, economic, and cultural sustainability. The dense urban context in Singapore has seen an emergence and increase in elevated spaces in the form of sky-gardens, sky-bridges and sky-courts in a range of building types, seemingly seeking to tie together the different horizontal and vertical components of the city. This paper, therefore, examines the effectiveness of elevated urban spaces and pedestrian networks in Singapore and their ability to contribute to the horizontal to vertical transitions, and consequently to the urban vitality and accessibility. It does this through the analysis of two key developments: Marina Bay Sands and the Jurong Gateway. In particular, it considers the implications of certain constraints placed on urban spaces by their inherent location at height, in addition to the familiar privatization of public spaces, over-management of spaces, and their somewhat utilitarian characteristics. The paper argues that some of these issues may pose detrimental effects on the publicness of these spaces that in turn may lead to such spaces being underused and therefore adding redundancies and further stress to Singapore's urban land. Finally, the paper outlines key strategies that may help overcome the aforementioned issues, including the disjuncture associated with elevated spaces such that they may become a seamless extension of the urban spaces on ground.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제28권2호
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• pp.183-221
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• 2013

종래의 우주활동은 국가주도의 우주개발을 통해 과학적 혹은 군사적 목적의 활동이 커다란 비중을 차지해 왔으나 점차 우주의 실용적 이용 내지 실용화에 이르는 과정에서 민간기업이 참여하는 상업적 우주활동이 현격한 증가를 보게 되었고 다수의 국가들이 독자적으로 또는 민간기업과의 협력이나 지역적 기구와의 공동사업을 통해서 우주의 상업적인 활용에 가담하고 있다. 그 발전의 폭도 원격탐사, 우주통신, 우주발사 서비스 및 제조업, 에너지 생산분야, 우주운송 및 보험 등 다양한 영역으로 확대일로에 있다. 그런 가운데 특히 각국은 우주의 상업화가 불기피한 발전방향이라는 점을 인식하면서 요람기의 우주산업을 육성하는데 노력을 경주해 오는 한편 국제적인 측면에서는 주로 안전 보장을 위한 고려에서부터 자국의 활동에 관한 국제적 책임(우주조약 제6조)을 이행하기위한 목적으로 우주산업에 대해 엄격한 국가적 규제에 따르도록 해온 것이 사실이다. 이러한 우주에서의 상업적 활동 내지 민간차원의 이용이 우주조약 등 관련 우주국제법의 적용을 받는 우주활동인가 여부에 관해서는 국내외적으로 논란이 있었던 것은 사실이지만 앞서도 논한 바 있듯이 우주조약에서 규정하고 있는 바대로 모든 국가와 전 인류의 이익을 위해 수행되어야 하는 우주활동속에 포함되는 것으로 보아야 할 것이다. 여기서 주목해야 될 것은 상업적 활동 내지 민간차원의 우주이용에 관해 우주국제법의 태도이다. 물론 민간기업의 형태를 취한 상업우주발사활동을 규제하는 일반국제우주법의 규칙은 아직 명료하지 않다. 게다가 상업적 이용의 진전에 따라 대두되는 문제에 대해서 기존의 우주국제법이 한계점을 드러내고 있는 것이 주지의 사실이고 새로이 생성중에 있는 법규범과도 상호 모순되거나 입법적 불비가 있을 수 있는 만큼 이를 극복할 수 방안이 국제 공동체의 부단한 노력을 통해 마련되어야 할 것이다. 현재 우주조약이나 책임협약 등 우주관련 조약에 따르면 기본적으로 국가는 비정부단체나 개인 등의 우주활동에서 야기되는 모든 손해에 대해 국제책임을 지는 것을 원칙으로 하고 있는 바 이를 위해 각 국가는 국내적으로 그들의 활동에 대한 감독책임을 부담하고 있으며 이는 구체적으로는 장차 우주의 상업적 이용을 허가 및 규제하는 당해국가들의 국내법에 반영되어야 할 것이다. 그밖에도 앞서 본 각국의 국내법적 차원에서의 정비도 법리적인 측면에서나 국제협력의 관점에서 기존의 우주국제법과 조화를 이루도록 해야 하겠지만 일반국제법 내지 특별우주법규칙에 있어서도 상업적 우주활동의 발전 추세에 부합하고 또한 양 법체계가 조화를 이룰 수 있도록 재검토하고 경우에 따라 새로운 법제를 마련해야할 필요성도 제기되고 있다.

• 항공우주정책ㆍ법학회지
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• 제35권2호
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• pp.375-402
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• 2020

등록협약의 채택과 발효는 우주법(corpus iuris spatialis)을 발전시키고 강화하는 또 다른 성과였다. 등록협약은 UNCOPUOS 회원국이 제정한 4번째 조약으로 우주조약 제5조와 제8조를 좀 더 상세하게 설명한 조약이다. 등록협약은 또한 국제협력을 촉진하기 위해 유엔사무총장에게 우주활동의 성격, 행동, 위치 및 결과를 알리는 의무를 규정하고 있는 우주조약 제11조를 보완하고 강화한 조약이다. 등록협약의 일반적인 목적은 우주조약 제8조에 언급된 바와 같이 "관할권과 통제"를 명확하게 하기 위한 것이다. 우선적으로 우주물체의 등록이라는 목표 외에도 등록협약은 평화로운 목적을 위해 우주공간의 탐사 및 이용과 증진에 기여하고 있다. 우주물체의 공개기록을 설정하면 미확인 우주물체가 존재할 가능성이 줄어들어 대량살상무기를 비밀리에 우주궤도에 올리는 등의 위험성이 줄어들게 된다. 또한 좀 더 나은 우주교통관리에도 도움이 될 수 있다. 등록협약은 우주조약 제5조 상 우주비행사의 구조 및 송환문제를 보다 구체적으로 이행하기 위해 설립된 조약이다. 이와 관련하여 두 법이 상충되는 경우 우주조약은 일반법으로, 등록협약은 특별법으로 간주되어, "특별법우선의 원칙"이 적용된다. 등록협약에 가입하지 않은 국가는 1961년 유엔 총회 결의 1721(XVI)의 선언 7 항 등록에 관한 규칙을 따라야 한다. 유엔 결의 1721 (XVI)은 본질적으로 구속력은 없지만 모든 국가가 우주공간에 우주물체를 발사할 경우 유엔에 등록하기 위하여 발사에 관한 정보를 즉시 제공하도록 요구하는 표준으로 국제관습법으로 발전한 것으로 볼 수 있다. 그러나, 제공될 정보의 본질과 범위는 통지국의 재량에 달려있다. 등록협약도 국가들로 하여금 우주공간에 우주물체를 발사할 때 이를 강제적으로 등록시키기 위해 만들어진 조약이지만, 실제로는 자발적 등록을 기반으로 하기 때문에 기존관행에서 벗어나지 못한 조약이다. 현재 우주의 상업화로 인해 새로운 문제들이 제기되는 상황에서, 우주물체를 구매한 새로운 국가가 등록은 어떻게 해야 하는지 또는 발사된 우주물체가 기능이 정지되어 그로 인해 우주폐기물 문제가 발생할 때 등록국이 계속해서 책임을 지는 가 등 여러 문제들이 등록협약의 개정, 또는 추가 의정서 또는 새로운 등록협약이 수립될 때 중요한 주제로 간주되어야 할 것이다. 또한 짧은 시간 동안 준 궤도를 여행하는 우주차량의 경우 이것도 등록해야 하는 문제도 함께 고려되어야 할 것이다.