• 영어어문교육
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• 제3호
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• pp.231-248
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• 1997

With the trend of globalization more people are absorbing in the English learning programs. Not a few attend even the English-Korean translation training course to be semi-professional translators, but we English teachers have already experienced that it is not so easy to translate any language into another, and that it is far more difficult to translate poetry. Much time has been devoted to investigating the problems of translating poetry than any other mode. Poetry translation theory is concerned with the problem of faithfulness to the original poetry. To be a good translator we must fully understand the sound and sense of the original work. But when in translating English poetry into Korean we feel keenly our limits of understanding the sound and style of English poetry, and of expressing them into Korean. Even our sense-oriented translation is far from satisfactory. We often make quite a few mistranslation. Another immediate problem is that of alternation between word-for-word translation and free translation method, but first of all, we should have a perfect knowledge and understanding in English, and a good command of our mother tongue. We should also have a sound interpretation ability because poetry translation is based on the interpretation of the original, and on the shaping of that interpretation. Some doubts have been raised over the feasibility of poetry translation. They say it is not possible to combine in another language the emotion, the form, the style, the musical devices of English poetry. Yet the art of translation has been practiced everywhere in the world. Through this art we can share our experience and culture with foreigners and theirs with us.

• 영어영문학
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• 제57권4호
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• pp.675-693
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• 2011

In its restricted sense, 'sound poetry' refers to the poetic performance that rejects words and verbal meaning and instead foregrounds the aural materiality of poetry. Behind this seeking for materiality lies a quest for a 'language of presence,' which operates through a denial of signification toward an ideal of the Adamic tongue, a purely emotional and universal language. In the same light, it is argued that sound poetry is a unique and unrepeatable event devoid of meaning due to its directness to the body allowing no intervention of intellectual and semiotic process. But language may involve perceptual meaning as well as verbal or conceptual meaning ascribed to words. This implies that even though devoid of conceptual meaning by means of using grammatically non-articulated sounds, sound poetry cannot but have meaning whose articulation is differently, i.e., iconically made about the aural features of the sounds. Perceptual meaning is unavoidable because everything we are conscious of is a reduced form, a repeatable pattern that works as a sign. 'Language of presence' is then actually impossible, and therefore sound poetry should be seen rather as a fest of diverse perceptual meanings.

• 고전문학과교육
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• 제15호
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• pp.329-353
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• 2008

Tasan Jeong Yak-yong is great scholar, who makes a synthesis of Sil-hak[實學, Practical Science of Korea], reformer of society, and a poet in the Joseon Dynasty. He expressed contradiction and conflict of those days by intellectual language, and reperceived basic ideology of the Joseon society. Also he theorized dissatisfaction of the people about those days and its system as form of religion. We can divide Tasan's life into two times. The first part is his ages 16~39 in the period of Jeong-jo(1777~1800). The second part is in the period of Sun-jo(1801~1834). In this period, he was exiled into Gang-jin for 17 years. After banishment, he lived a quiet life for the rest of his life in his hometown. His allegoric poetry were written in this second period. The special feature of allegoric poetry is strong satire. An allegory would be that is 'king's ear', which the barber has sight, or the barber's voice, which has divulged king's secret among the bamboos. Otherwise it would be that is the sound 'king's ear is donkey's ear' in the bamboos. This sound is divulging of the true donkey's ear. It doesn't travel to audiences, but travels trough wind in the bamboos. The narration exists just as story that barber can't stand to keep silence about king's secret. There are exposure of true and critical motive as allegoric expression. Tasan's allegoric poetry stand on the basis of his love for the people. Also there reveals his thought deeply with an enormous amount of reading and self-communion. Moreover there are his warm mind with his sharp insight in which captures alive lives as allegoric materials. Most of allegoric poetry satirize actuality of those days to make an excuse for external distinguishing marks of animals and plants. However Tasan's poetry are different from them. After he grasped serious problems from his contemporary actuality, and then choosed allegoric media to express correctly. Because he grasped the special features of lives after minute observation, he could exposure controversial point of the actual. His sharp insight was not limited to allegoric media. He noticed his period and the current of his society sensitively. It made his allegoric poetry as important materials to make us to know the condition of the people in the Joseon Dynasty. Tasan's allegoric poetry is inherited by Baek Seok[白石, 1912~1995] as regular juvenile literature. Baek Seok's juvenile stories are the results of expansion and transition for Tasan's allegoric poetry. Allegoric poetry was the shout of barber to prosecute about social irregularities and contradiction, and the sound of the bamboos to travel moaning of the people in the past. Now allegoric poetry create new emotion to make us to speculate ourselves with our surrounding. This changes are caused by special feature of allegoric poetry as a form to reflect our general lives.

• 음성과학
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• 제14권3호
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• pp.59-76
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• 2007

The purpose of this study is to investigate the pitch rules of Chinese poetry. Pitch rules are concerned with the high tone and the low tone. Because Chinese poetry is a fixed form of verse, it must keep pitch rules to compose Chinese poetry. But until now there has been no acoustic study of pitch rules of Chinese poetry. So, for the first time the present study investigates pitch rules of Chinese poetry acoustically. Pitch contours were analyzed from the sound spectrogram made by Praat. Results showed that actual pitch patterns did not coincide with theoretical pitch rules in reciting Chinese poetry. Therefore, in studying Chinese classics, the Chinese poetry, which has traditionally been considered to be recited according to original Chinese pitch rules, must now be considered in terms of how pitch rules may have changed over time in Korea since it was first introduce to Korean scholars.

• ETRI Journal
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• 제44권3호
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• pp.413-425
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• 2022

The study of literary texts is one of the earliest disciplines practiced around the globe. Poetry is artistic writing in which words are carefully chosen and arranged for their meaning, sound, and rhythm. Poetry usually has a broad and profound sense that makes it difficult to be interpreted even by humans. The essence of poetry is Rasa, which signifies mood or emotion. In this paper, we propose a poetry classification-based approach to automatically extract similar poems from a repository. Specifically, we perform a novel Rasa-based classification of Hindi poetry. For the task, we primarily used lexical features in a bag-of-words model trained using the support vector machine classifier. In the model, we employed Hindi WordNet, Latent Semantic Indexing, and Word2Vec-based neural word embedding. To extract the rich feature vectors, we prepared a repository containing 37 717 poems collected from various sources. We evaluated the performance of the system on a manually constructed dataset containing 945 Hindi poems. Experimental results demonstrated that the proposed model attained satisfactory performance.

• 인문언어
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.195-217
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• 2001

According to John Crowe Ransom, "the poem is a loose logical structure with an irrelevant local texture." As is implied in the opposition between "structure" and "texture," Ransom′s is a dualistic, that is, non-organic, theory of poetry, in which the poem′s sound does not have any expressive function while its figurative language always goes beyond the realm of abstract meaning and celebrates the ontological density of the world. His theory relies heavily upon a series of oppositions-poetry and prose, art and science, concrete and universal, artistic and utilitarian, to name only a few-in order to uphold the humanistic value of poetry ("poetry as knowledge"). There is, however, a sense that his theoretical consistency derives from a determined refusal to see the blurry borderline between the oppositions. It is more or less easy to point out where Ransom′s theory falters, but more critical efforts should be made to probe into the personal and cultural significance of his persistent dualistic viewpoint. For Ransom the southerner, life demands the precarious balance between the oppositions as the very precondition for its existence and his dualism represents a way to understand man′s fallen state at the realistic level.

• 비교문화연구
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• 제44권
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• pp.211-237
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• 2016

본 논문은 근현대 시대에 들어 새롭게 정립된 시와 음악 간의 관계에 대해 탐구하고자 한다. 이 시기는 구술문화가 물러가고 문자문화, 인쇄문화가 지배적이 되고 이에 따라 낭독보다는 묵독이 보편적인 된 시기이다. 이 시기의 특징에 민감하게 반응하고 자신만의 음악 개념과 그것으로부터 새로운 시 창작 원리를 만들어 간 말라르메를 연구 대상으로 삼았다. 그의 "디바가시옹"과 서간문을 분석하면서 이 작업을 수행한다. 특히 "시의 위기", "음악과 문학", "문자에 담겨 있는 신비", "책에 관하여" 등의 글이 주요 분석 대상이다. 첫째, 말라르메에게 있어서 음악은 신비로움과 성스러움과 연결된다. 음악을 감싸고 있는 것이 신비로움이며 음악이 지향하는 것이 성스러움이다. 그 성스러움은 인류의 시원에서부터 존재한 인간 내면의 것이다. 이런 음악의 특성, 즉, 음악적인 것을 시의 세계로 전환하고자 하는 원리가 말라르메의 첫째 창작 원리이다. 그런데 말라르메는 음악을 단지 소리의 차원이나 악기의 차원으로 환원하지 않고 사물들 사이의 관계들의 총체라고, 추상적으로 정의한다. 이런 음악은 총체적 리듬, 분위기, 기운과 같은 것이다. 둘째, 이런 '음악'을 어떻게 문학 작품 속에서 구현하느냐의 문제가 남는다. 음악은 신비로움에 싸여 있으므로 음악을 구현하는 문학 작품은 신비로운 방식으로 이 음악, 즉 성스러운 세계를 전달해야 한다. 이러한 방식은 시를 하나의 구조로 만드는 창작원리를 낳는다. 즉, '음악적으로', 실체적 사물과 시인의(시인의 주도권) 사라짐이라는 방식으로, 단어들만으로 울림의 구조를 만드는 것이 말라르메의 둘째 창작 원리이다. 울림의 구조는 청각적으로도 만들 수 있지만 인쇄문화의 확산 속에서 말라르메는 시각적 구조를 만드는 것으로써 말소리의 불완전성을 극복한다. 이리하여 그는 소리 못지않게 침묵을, 청각 못지않게 시각을 시 세계의 주요 모티프와 창작의 핵심으로 도입하게 된다. 그리고 이러한 새로운 시와 음악 간의 관계와 그로부터 도출되는 시 창작 원리는 여전히 문자 시대를 살고 있는 우리에게 시 탐구에 있어 주목할 관점으로 보인다.

• 인문언어
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• 제7집
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• pp.123-155
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• 2005

This paper concerns different forms of poetic thinking, each of which attempts to investigating truth of being on the ground of its idiosyncratic feature. The horizon evoked via these practices, however, is the Absolute where any plausibility of communication be fundamentally blocked off. Poetry, for instance, relinquishes its semantic auto-referentiality in order to be expressive of something unsayable. Poetic diction, coming-into-being, and sound with no meaning are those three expressive modes that I will examine in terms of the so-called "poetic thinking."

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제4권1호
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• pp.21-26
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• 2004

Soswaewon is one of the most representative traditional garden in Korea which has the highest reach of soundscape with the sounds and landscape components. This study aims to find out and introduce the characteristics of soundscape in Korean traditional garden and to establish the basic data for soundscape research. Literature survey of ancient poetry, acoustical survey on the sound itself and questionnaire survey to the visitors were carried out to analyse the relationships between the images perceived by the visitors and the characteristics of soundscape components in Soswaewon.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2004년도 춘계학술대회논문집
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• pp.1022-1027
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• 2004

Soswaewon is one of the most representative traditional garden in Korea which has the highest reach of soundscape with the sounds and landscape components. This study aims to find out and to introduce the characteristics of soundscape in Korean traditional garden and to establish the basic data of soundscape research. Literature survey, of ancient poetry, acoustical survey on the sound itself and questionnaire survey to the visitors were carried out to analyse the relationships between the images perceived by the visitors and the characteristics of soundscape components in Soswaewon.