• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.320-327
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• 2006

This study was written in order to help understanding of listening diagnosis to vocal sound and speech. The purpose of listening diagnosis is that we know states of essence(精), Qi(氣) and spirit(神). Vocal sound and speech are made by Qi and spirit. Vocal sound originates from the center of the abdominal region(丹田) and comes out through vocal organs, for example lung, larynx, nose, tongue, tooth, lip and so on. Speech is expressed by vocal sound and spirit. They are controled by the Five Vital organs(五臟). Various changes of vocal sound and speech observe the rules of yinyang. For example, if we consider patient likes to say or not, we can diagnose heat and coldness of illness. If we consider he speaks loudly or quietly, we can diagnose weak and severe of illness. If we consider he speaks clearly or thick, we can diagnose inside and outside of illness. If we consider he speaks damp or dry, we can diagnose yin and yang of illness. If we consider change of voice, we can diagnose new and old illness. Symptoms of changes of five voices, five sounds, dumbness and huskiness are due to abnormal vocal sound, and symptoms of changes of mad talk, mumble, sleep talking and so on are due to abnormal speech.

• International Journal of Fuzzy Logic and Intelligent Systems
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.101-107
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• 2012

This study describes a proposed method of converting an input sound signal into a color image by emulating human synesthetic skills which make it possible to associate an sound source with a specific color image. As a first step of sound-to-image conversion, features such as fundamental frequency(F0) and energy are extracted from an input sound source. Then, a musical scale and an octave can be calculated from F0 signals, so that scale, energy and octave can be converted into three elements of HSI model such hue, saturation and intensity, respectively. Finally, a color image with the BMP file format is created as an output of the process of the HSI-to-RGB conversion. We built a basic system on the basis of the proposed method using a standard C-programming. The simulation results revealed that output color images with the BMP file format created from input sound sources have diverse hues corresponding to the change of the F0 signals, where the hue elements have different intensities depending on octaves with the minimum frequency of 20Hz. Furthermore, output images also have various levels of chroma(or saturation) which is directly converted from the energy.

• 대한의용생체공학회:의공학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.55-60
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• 2011

Although sound intensity is considered as one of important factors in auditory processing, its neural mechanism in auditory neurons with limited dynamic range of firing rates is still unclear. In this study, we examined the effect of sound intensity adaptation on the change of glucose metabolism in a rat brain using [F-18] micro positron emission tomography (PET) neuroimaging technique. In the experiment, broadband white noise sound was given for 30 minutes after the [F-18]FDG injection in order to explore the functional adaptation of rat brain into the sound intensity levels. Nine rats were scanned with four different sound intensity levels: 40 dB, 60 dB, 80 dB, 100 dB sound pressure level (SPL) for four weeks. When glucose uptake during the adaptation of a high intensity sound level (100 dB SPL) was compared with that during adaptation to a low intensity level (40 dB SPL) in the experiment, the former induced a greater uptake at bilateral cochlear nucleus, superior olivary complexes and inferior colliculi in the auditory pathway. Expectedly, the metabolic activity in those areas linearly increased as the sound intensity level increased. In contrast, significant decrease interestingly occurred in the bilateral auditory cortices: The activities of auditory cortex proportionally decreased with higher sound intensities. It may reflect that the auditory cortex actively down-regulates neural activities when the sound gets louder.

• 제어로봇시스템학회논문지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.48-57
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• 2014

It is suggested that the curvature trajectory be used to estimate the real-time moving sound sources and efficiently the robot estimating the sound sources. Since the target points of the real-time moving sound sources change, the mobile robot continuously estimates the changed target points. In such a case, the robot experiences a slip phenomenon due to the abnormal velocity and the changes of the navigating state. By selecting an appropriate curvature and navigating the robot gradually by using it, it is possible to enable the robot to reach the target points without having much trouble. In order to recognize the sound sources in real time, three microphones need to be organized in a straight form. Also, by applying the cross-correlation algorithm to the TDOA base, the signals can be analyzed. By using the analyzed data, the locations of the sound sources can be recognized. Based on such findings, the sound sources can be estimated. Even if the mobile robot is navigated by selecting the gradual curvature based on the changed target points, there could be errors caused by the inertia and the centrifugal force related to the velocity. As a result, it is possible to control the velocity of both wheels of the robot through the velocity PID controller in order to compensate for the slip phenomenon and minimize the estimated errors. In order to examine whether the suggested curvature trajectory is appropriate for estimating the sound sources, two mobile robots are arranged to carry out an actual experiment. The first robot is moved by discharging the sound sources, while the second robot recognizes and estimates the locations of the discharged sound sources in real time.

• 한국음향학회지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.329-334
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• 2013

자동차 엔진을 포함한 구동계 및 흡배기계 소음의 특징은 차수 스펙트럼(order spectrum) 분석으로 파악할 수 있다. 기존의 선행 연구에서는 엔진의 1차 및 2차 점화주파수(firing frequency)와 관련된 차수성분이 차실내부 소음에 주요한 영향을 미치는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 차수스펙트럼의 변환에 따른 차실내부 소음의 음질(쾌적감) 차이를 파악하고자 한다. 이를 위하여 6실린더 및 4실린더 가솔린 엔진을 가진 승용차의 차실 내부 소음을 측정하고, 이 소음에 적응형 디지털 필터(adaptive digital filter)를 적용하여 차수레벨을 가감하는 방법으로 수정한다. 쌍비교법을 이용한 청음실험을 통하여 원음 및 편집음의 음질 정도를 평가하고, 음질 향상을 위한 차수스펙트럼 변화 방향을 제시한다. 결과적으로 반-차수(half-order) 성분의 차수레벨 감소가 차실내부 소음의 쾌적감 향상에 영향을 주는 반면, 점화차수 레벨의 감소가 항상 음질에 긍정적인 영향을 주는 것은 아님을 파악하였다.

• 말소리와 음성과학
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• 제8권4호
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• pp.39-47
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• 2016

While acoustic studies in the past decade documented a raised /o/ by showing their lowered first formants (F1) almost overlapped with those of high back vowel /u/, no consensus has been made in terms of how this /o/-raising affects the vowels as a system in Seoul Korean. The current study aimed to investigate the age- and gender-related differences of the relative distance among the vowels to better understand the influence of this on-going sound change on the vowel system. We measured the static and dynamic spectral characteristics (F1 and F2) of the seven Korean monophthong vowels /e a ʌ o u ɨ i/ in the spontaneous speech of Seoul Corpus, and depicted the patterns of 30 individual speakers (10 speakers in each group of teens, 20s and 40s) as a function of age and gender. The static spectral examination showed low F1 values of /o/ in the spontaneous speech corpus confirming the vowel /o/ raising, and also revealed greater F2 values of /u, ɨ/ suggesting their anterior articulations. The tendencies were stronger when the speakers were younger and female. The spectral trajectories further showed that the F1 and F2 between /o/ and /u/ were differentiated throughout the vowel mid-point although the trajectories gradually merged near the vowel mid point in the older male speakers' productions. The acoustic evidence of contrast among /o, u, ɨ/ supports that the raised /o/ is not indicative of a merger with /u/ but rather implying a chain-like vowel shift in the Seoul Korean.

• 대한물리치료과학회지
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• 제1권1호
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• pp.175-185
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• 1994

The purpose of this study was to evaluate and compare the biceps muscles activity at the different angle and direction of the base of support on sitting position in hemiplegic patients. The biceps muscles activity was measured at the $0^{\circ},\;10^{\circ}$ of posterior tilt, $10^{\circ}$ of anterior tilt, $10^{\circ}$ of affected side tilt and $10^{\circ}$ of sound side tilt of the base of support by EMG biofeedback (MYOMED 432. ENLAF NONIUS CO.) In this study, 24 out-patients were evaluated who were treated at Yonsei University Medical College Rhabilitation Hospital. This study was carried out from December 5. 1993 to March 30. 1994. In order to determine the statistical significance of result, the ANOVA, and t-test were applied at the 0.05 level of significance. The results were as follows : 1. The biceps muscles activity of the sound side was no significantly difference at the different angle and direction of the base of support on sitting position(p>0.05). 2. The biceps muscles activity of the affected side was significantly increased at the 100 of sound side tilt and $10^{\circ}$ of posterior tilt of the base of support on sitting position(p<0.05). 3. There was no significantly difference in the change of the biceps muscles activity of the affected side between the affected group and the intact group of propriocetive sense(p>0.05). 4. The change of the biceps muscles activity of the affected side was significantly higer in the group of G 2 spasticity compared to that of G 1, G 1+ spasticity(p<0.05). These results showed that the biceps muscles activity of affected side was significantly increased when the base of support was tilted toward the sounde side and posterior direction on sitting position. In order to prevent the increment of biceps muscle activity, the patients must avoid to sit toward sound side and posterior tilt.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2006년도 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.661-665
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• 2006

This study investigates objective and subjective evaluations of refrigerator noise. To describe the fluctuations like a click, a rapid increase of sound level, a change of pitch, a transition into the stationary and ending phase, the psychoacoustical and autocorrelation function(ACF) parameters have been employed. First, subjective evaluation of the noisiness of 24 kinds of refrigerators was conducted. Then, the relationship between objective measures of the refrigerator noise on perceived noisiness was examined with multiple regression analyses. Sound Quality Indices using the psychoacoustical and ACF parameters were also developed. The important psychoacoustical parameters for evaluating noisiness are loudness and roughness of stationary phase. The relationship between the noisiness and the ACF parameters shows that sound energy ${\Phi}(0)$ and its fluctuations are important. Also, refrigerator sounds that had a fluctuation of pitch were rated as more annoying. The fluctuation of pitch is expressed by ${\tau}_1\;and\;{\Phi}_1$ defined by the delay time and the amplitude of the first peak of the ACF.

• KIEAE Journal
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.23-28
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• 2009

Standard sound source currently used in heavy-weight floor impact sounds that cause many social problems has excessive low-frequency energy within a range from 63 Hz to 125 Hz, and is difficult to evaluate and measure. To solve these problems, studies are widely performed using a new impact source, the impact ball. In this study, the sound fields in a receiving room were compared and analyzed according to the current impact source, the bang machine, and the impact ball. And deviation of sound pressure level according to the impact source positions were compared. In case of impact ball, the sound pressure level was lower at 63 Hz and below and higher at 125 Hz and above. The same trend was observed at the low-frequency range on the horizontal and vertical planes, regardless of the type of the impact source, which showed the influence of the room mode. There was a problem with the variations in the sound pressure level according to the size or shape of the receiving room. And it also shows that change of source positions may effect the single number rating scheme.

• 대한기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한기계학회 2003년도 춘계학술대회
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• pp.2066-2070
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• 2003

This experimental study describes the propagation characteristics and suppression of the impulse noise emitted from the exit of a perforated pipe attached to the open end of a simple shock tube. The experiment is performed through the systematic change of the shock wave Mach number and the geometrical parameters such as the porosity, hole diameter and length of the perforated pipe. The experimental results for the near and far sound field are presented and explained in comparison with those for a straight pipe. The results obtained show that for the near sound field the impulse noise strongly propagates toward to the pipe axis, but for the far sound field the impulse noise uniformly propagates toward to the all directions, indicating that the directivity pattern is almost same regardless of the pipe type. Moreover, the noise reduction performance of perforated pipe depends upon the condition of sound field. For the near sound field the perforated pipe has a little performance to suppress the impulse noise, but for the far sound field the perforated pipe has little performance to suppress the impulse noise.