• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 2017.06a
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• pp.104-104
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• 2017

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench.) is one of the most important crops for human and animal nutrition. Nonetheless, sorghum has a cyanogenic glucoside compound which can be degraded into hydrogen cyanide, toxic to humans and animals even with tiny amount. In consequence, breeding materials with a low cyanide level has been a top priority in sorghum breeding programs. To fulfill our long-term goal, we are screening sorghum accessions with low cyanide level, which would be an important breeding material for food safety. We collected seeds of various sorghum accessions and analyzed relevant metabolites to find useful breeding materials of sorghum accessions containing low cyanide. Fourteen wild relatives were obtained from the University of Georgia in US, a reference accession BTx623, and three local varieties from National Agrobiodiversity Center of Rural Development Administration in Korea, and one wild species from the Wild Plant Resources Seed Bank of Korea University in Korea. Sorghum plants were grown in plastic greenhouse under natural conditions. After growing, leaf samples were harvested at different developmental stages: seedling phase, vegetative phase (right before flowering), and reproductive phase (ripening). Using collected samples, quantification analysis were performed by an HPLC system for three metabolites (dhurrin, 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde, and 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid) in sorghum plants. Prior to metabolome analysis, specific experimental condition for HPLC system was set to be able to separate three metabolites simultaneously. Under this condition, these metabolites were quantified in each accession by HPLC system. We observed that the metabolite contents were changed differently by developmental stages and accessions. We clustered these results into five groups as patterns of their contents by developmental stages. Most of accessions showed that 4-hydroxybenzaldehyde content was very high at seedling stage and decreased rapidly at vegetative phase. Interestingly, the patterns of dhurrin content were very different among clusters. However, 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid content was maintained at low levels by developmental stages in most accessions. The results would demonstrate how dhurrin and alternative degradation pathways are differentiated in each accession.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.32 no.12
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• pp.929-937
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• 2022

To investigate the anti-inflammatory activity of the grains of sorghum, three Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench variants (Hwanggeumchal, Huinchal, and Chal) being cultivated in Korea, the 80% ethanol (EtOH) extracts of individual sorghum grains were compared for their inhibitory activity against nitric oxide (NO) production in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 murine macrophage cell line. Among them, the EtOH extract of sorghum Hwanggeumchal grains could exert the highest inhibitory effect on the LPS-induced NO production. However, under these conditions, the viability of RAW264.7 cells was not affected. When the EtOH extract of sorghum Hwanggeumchal grains was sequentially fractionated with n-hexane, methylene chloride (MC), ethyl acetate (EtOAc), and n-butanol, the anti-NO production activity was predominantly detected in both MC and EtOAc fractions. In particular, treatment with the MC fraction reduced dose-dependently the expression levels of iNOS, COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β, IL-6, and TNF-α) in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. Simultaneously, the MC fraction could prevent LPS-induced activating phosphorylation of p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK). HPLC analysis of the MC fraction showed gentisic acid and naringenin as the major phenolic components. Both gentisic acid and naringenin commonly exhibited a potent inhibitory activity against LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 cells. Together, these results provide the evidence of the inhibitory activity of Hwanggeumchal grains on LPS-induce inflammatory responses in RAW264.7 murine macrophage cells and also suggest that sorghum grains possess beneficial health effects which can be applicable in development of the grain-based functional foods.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.56 no.4
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• pp.361-374
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• 2011

The cereal grain crops have strong flexibility against adverse environment and they have various functional compounds. The objective of the present study was to screen phenolic compounds in sorghum [Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench], foxtail millet (Setaria italica), common millet (Panicum miliaceum L.) by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with photodiode array (PDA) detector. Sorghum contained the highest amount of phenolic compounds among three different crops (sorghum, foxtail millet, common millet). Especially Moktaksusu showed the highest amount of phenolic compounds concentrations and biggest regional differences. The comparison of average phenolic compounds in sorghums by regions showed order to Milyang ($963.3\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$), Yeongyang ($923.1\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$), Gijang ($831.3\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) and Bonghwa ($735.6\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$). Among the sorghum cultivars, Moktaksusu ($1407.9\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) had the highest concentration of phenolic compounds. The average phenolic compounds of foxtail millets showed similar amount among Milyang ($319.0\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$), Gijang ($288.1\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) and Bonghwa ($281.9\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) areas. The phenolic compounds of Yeongyang ($246.6\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) slightly low and that showed similar concentrations among three different regions. The concentration of phenolic compounds in foxtail millets, Chungchajo ($335.6\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) showed the highest concentrations. The average phenolic compounds of common millets showed the highest concentrations in Milyang ($305.5\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$), Bonghwa ($262.0\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$), Gijang ($195.1\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$), Yeongyang ($237.2\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) in decreasing order. The concentration of phenolic compounds of common millets was the highest in the Norangchalgijang ($337.0\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$), Hwanggumgijang ($250.0\;{\mu}g{\cdot}g^{-1}$) was also relatively higher than others. The results of this study will provide basic information for breeding sorghums, foxtail millets and common millets with higher phenolic compound concentrations.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.50 no.3
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• pp.260-266
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• 2018

The change in physicochemical characteristics of sorghum among different varieties and at different harvest stages after heading were evaluated. The proximate compositions and chromaticity of sorghum were significantly different, depending on their varieties and harvesting times. Water solubility was high in sorghum harvested on the $50^{th}$ day after heading; however, the swelling power was reversed. Total polyphenol content of Hwanggeumchal, Nampungchal, and Sodamchal was 17.60-24.62, 17.88-24.67, and 17.37-22.37 mg GAE/g, respectively, and the flavonoid content was 10.43-13.50, 9.68-13.85, and 9.52-12.46 mg CE/g, respectively. The DPPH radical-scavenging activities were 9.94-16.21, 11.42-16.54, and 10.12-15.16 mg TE/g, respectively, and the ABTS radical-scavenging activities were 8.85-19.99, 10.51-20.24, and 9.71-17.93 mg TE/g, respectively. Total polyphenol and flavonoid contents, and radical scavenging activities were high in sorghum harvested on the $40-50^{th}$ day after heading. As a result, it is considered that sorghum varieties such as Hwanggeumchal, Nampungchal, and Sodamchal should be harvested on the $40^{th}$ day after heading.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.11
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• pp.1512-1517
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• 2011

Effects of cultivated area on antioxidant compounds and antioxidant activities of sorghum were determined. The cultivated areas were Miryang (plain area of interior), Wonju (mountainous territory), and Sinan (coastal area), and the cultivated varieties were Hwanggeumchal-susu (HGCS), Daepung-susu (DPS), Whinchal-susu (WCS), Tojong-susu (TJS), and Mae-susu (MS). The highest total polyphenol contents of methanolic extracts were 19.64 and 19.32 mg gallic acid equivalent (GE)/g in un-hulled MS and DPS on the cultivated Wonju. The highest total flavonoid content was 7.54 mg catechin equivalent (CE)/g in un-hulled DPS on cultivated Wonju. Generally, antioxidant compound contents of sorghum on cultivated Wonju were higher than those of Miryang and Sinan. Further, un-hulled HGCS, DPS, and MS were higher than un-hulled WCS and TJS. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of the methanolic extracts of sorghum did not significantly change with the cultivated areas, whereas there were significant changes with cultivated varieties. The radical scavenging activities of un-hulled HGCS, DPS, and MS with red or dark brown seed coats were higher than those of un-hulled WCS and TJS with white seed coats.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.258-263
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• 1991

There are ten NLCF's recommended sorghum-sudangrass hybrids(Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench), but they have not been evaluated under same environmental conditions. Therefore, a field experiment was conducted to campare forage yield and quality of the NLCF's recommended cultivars of sorghum-sudangrass hybrids at the experimental forage field, College of Agriculture, SNU, Suweon over two years. Among the ten cultivars used, G83F and NC+855 were classified as early maturing cultivars. Pioneer 988 and Sordan 79 were more resistant to leaf blight than the other hybrids. Jumbo, Sordan 79 and SX-17 were susceptible to lodging. No significant differences in dry matter yield were found among the cultivars used, but the dry matter yields of Pioneer 988, TE-Haygrazer and G83F were slightly higher than the other hybrids in 1989 and those of NC+855 and Pioneer 988 were higher in 1990. There were no marked cultivar differences in CP, ADF, NDF and RFV at the first, second and third cuts in 1990, but the ADF, NDF and RFV of sorghum-sudangrass hybrids at the third cut showed more higher than those of the first and second cut forage. In conclusion, there are no forage yield differences among the ten NLCF's recommended sorghum-sudangrass hybrids.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.59 no.3
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• pp.307-311
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• 2014

This study was conducted to evaluate effect of plants number per hill (PNH) on growth and yield of sorghum in drained paddy field for 2 years. Crop growth and development and yield in the field was examined to know the efficiency of proposed cropping system. At seeding after 40 days, leaf number and stem diameter were highest at 1 PNH plot, on the other hands, plant height was at 5 PNH plot the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$, respectively. The harvest stage, 5 PNH plot was highest culm length of 183, 188 cm the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$, however, culm diameter was lowest. Culm length of sorghum was highest by 183, 188 cm at 5 PNH plot also, culm diameter was thickest by 19.18, 20.13 mm at 1 PNH, respectively. Yield components of ear length, seed number per ear and 1000-seed weight were highest at 1 PNH the $1^{st}$ and $2^{nd}$, respectively. As yield of sorghum was highest at 2 PNH plot $344kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$, $382kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$ yearly, respectively that it were in order of 1 PNH plot > 3 PNH plot > 4 PNH plot > 5 PNH plot.

• Weed & Turfgrass Science
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• v.4 no.3
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• pp.243-248
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the ability for weed control of the shoot extract of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) and developing a sustainable weed management in organic farming. When the dried shoot powder was mixed with soil and treated with 2 cm above the soil surface, the germination for Echinochloa crus-galli, Digitaria cilialis, Abutilon theophrasti and Amaranthus retroflexus was inhibited maxium 40%. The growth inhibition of germinated seedlings in the A. theophrasti and A. retroflexus was maxium 30% while it was less than 30% in the E. crus-galli and D. cilialis. Shoot extracts at rates above $25mg\;ml^{-1}$ was effective to inhibit germination of D. cilialis, A. theophrasti and A. retroflexus. The shoot extract concentration required for 50% of germination inhibition was $60mg\;ml^{-1}$ in the E. crus-galli, while it was less than $10mg\;ml^{-1}$ in the D. cilialis, A. theophrasti and A. retroflexus. For the foliar application, 11 adjuvants were tested at 0.5% and DOS70, TM15 and TDE7 were most effective adjuvants for the shoot extracts. DOS70 was most effective and provided up to 60% of weed control efficacy for the tested four weed species. Though herbicidal efficacy of sorghum shoot was not enough to give a proper weed control, it can be expected that long term use of sorghum shoots can provide gradual decrease in weed seeds and weed density.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.123-130
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• 2002

A field experiment was carried out to determine the effect of application level of animal manure on the nitrate nitrogen concentration, sugar content and animal intake of forage sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench, cv. Pionee. 988) in 1995. The application amount of animal manure were 50, 100 and 150MT in cattle manure, 20, 40 and 80MT in swine manure, and 10, 20 and 40MT/ha in poultry manure. Non-application plot(control) was involved. The nitrate nitrogen concentration was increased with increasing of application level of animal manure(P<0.05). Average nitrate nitrogen concentration was 397, 512, and 609mg/kg at low, medium and high application level of animal manure. The nitrate nitrogen concentration by plant height was 438mg/kg at 50~60m of plant height, 454mg at 100~120cm, and 418mg at 200~220cm. The nitrate nitrogen concentration of stems was 376mg, and significantly higher than that(135mg) of leaves(P<0.05) regardless of animal manure type, and lower parts of stems and leaves were significantly higher than those of upper parts of plants(P<0.05). Average nitrate nitrogen concentration of leaves was 151mg at lower, and 58mg at upper parts of plants, and the concentration of stems was 357mg at lower, 511mg at middle, and 610mg at upper parts of plants. The sugar contents of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid was decreased with increasing of application level of animal manure(P<0.05). Average sugar content was 4.9, 4.4, and 4.3。 at low, medium and high application level of animal manure. The sugar content by plant height was 3.9。 at 50~60 and 100~120cm of plant height, and 6.1。 at 200~220cm of plant height. Animal intake of sorghum $\times$ sudangrass hybrid was decreased greatly with increasing of application level of animal manure. Average intake was 73.9, 55.7, and 52.3% at low, medium and high application level of animal manure. The intake by animal manure type was 73.7% in cattle, 59.7% in swine and 62.5% in poultry manure.

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2011.04a
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• pp.212-213
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• 2011