• 한국환경보건학회지
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• 제33권1호
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• pp.75-81
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• 2007

This research was conducted to estimate the effect of sonication and reducing agent addition on soil washing of heavy metals-contaminated soil. Sonication trained in soil washing did not significantly increased extraction efficiency of heavy metal compared to soil washing only. The extraction efficiency of sonication trained in soil washing was 12% increased for Pb in 0.01M EDTA leaching solution. Pb and Cd showed higher extraction efficiency in case of reducing agent treatment with mechanical shaking than that with sonication. However, the extraction efficiency of Cu and Zn in case of reducing agent treatment with sonication was over 2 times higher than that in with soil washing. Therefore, application of reducing agent addition with sonication or mechanical shaking should be decided differently for pretreatment of soil washing, according to the kind of heavy metal. It was estimated that sonication after adding reducing agent could increase removal efficiency of Zn or Cu-contaminated soil and shorten the treatment time.

• 한국식품영양학회지
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.504-510
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• 2019

The purpose of this study was to compare the effects of soaking and ultrasonic extraction by observing the change of contents with extraction time of physicochemical properties (solid content, colorness, caffeine, chlorogenic acid, total polyphenols, DPPH, and ABTS). As a result of the analysis, solid content increased with longer extraction time and the whiteness tended to decrease with longer extraction time. Conversely, the extraction of functional materials showed a tendency to increase as the extraction time increased. Caffeine reached the maximum value after two hours soaking, but showed the same result as one hour for sonication. Chlorogenic acid did not show difference from the content of coffee extracted for one hour soaking only by sonication extraction for 30 minutes. The total polyphenols eluted with approximately two hours of soaking even after 30 minutes of sonication. DPPH and ABTS were insignificant in their concentrations, but their antioxidative effect was more than two hours of soaking with only 30 minutes of sonication. Sonication has a short time extraction from a functional aspect (caffeine content, chlorogenic acid, polyphenol content, and antioxidant capacity) and this experiment can provide basic data for the development of innovative recipes.

• 한국광물학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.85-91
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• 2010

NIST 표준시료인 SRM 2710(Montana Soil)을 대상으로, 중금속의 지화학적 존재형태 연구에 일반적으로 적용되는 Tessier 연속추출법과 최근 소개된 초음파연속추출법을 적용 및 비교하여 오염 토양 내 중금속의 효율적 분석방법을 제시하고자 하였다. As, Cd, Cu, Pb, Zn의 총함량을 USEPA Method 3050B, KBSI Method, 초음파 추출법을 적용하여 분석한 결과, 모두 공인 분석값에 가까운 값으로 측정되었다. Tessier 연속추출법과 초음파 연속추출법의 비교 결과, 원소별 및 단계별 추출 양상과 추출효율이 두 방법 모두 거의 동일한 것으로 나타났다. 초음파 연속추출에는 총 3시간 정도 소요되었으며, 기존의 Tessier 연속추출법의 12시간 정도와 비교할 때 크게 단축되었다. 유기오염 시료의 전처리법으로 흔히 사용되는 초음파 추출법은 비교적 짧은 시간 내 추출이 이루어지고, 고온의 가열이 필요치 않으며, 시료에 직접 강한 파장을 주어 추출하기 때문에 비교적 높은 추출효율을 보이는 효과적인 방법이라 할 수 있다.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• 제21권11호
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• pp.1101-1105
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• 2000

A simultaneous determination method of BTEX (benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o,m.p-xylene) and TPH (kerosene, diesel, jet fuel and bunker C) in soil with gas chromatography/flame ionization detection (GC-FID) was described. The effects of extracti on method, extraction solvent, solvent volume and extraction time on the extraction performance were studied. A sonication method was simpler and more efficient than Soxhlet or shaking methods. Sonication with 10 mL of acetone/methylene chloride (1 : 1, v/v) for 10 min was found to be optimal extraction conditions for 20 g of soil. Peak shapes and quantification of BTEX and TPH were excellent, with linear calibration curves over a wide range of 1-500 mg/L for BTEX and 10-5000 mg/L for TPH. Good reproducibilities by sonication were obtained, with the RSD values below 10%. By using about 20 g of soil, detection limits were 0.8 mg/L for BTEX and 10 mg/L for TPH. The advantages of this procedure are the use of simple and common equipment, reduced volumes of organic solvents, rapid extraction periods of less than 20 min, and simultaneous analysis of volatile and semivolatile compounds.

• 분석과학
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.134-142
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• 2003

LC-ICP-MS를 이용한 어류중 비소의 종분화 분석을 위해 microwave-assisted extraction과 sonication extraction 방법을 비교하였다. Ultrasonic nebulizer와 cross flow nebulizer를 사용한 비소종들의 검출한계는 유사한 결과를 보였다. 분석된 비소 종들은 arsenobetaine (AsB), arsenite [As(III)], dimethylarsine acid (DMA), monomethylarsonic acid (MMA), arsenate [As(v)] 와 phenylarsonic acid (PAA) 이다. 두 가지 방법은 NRCC (National Research Council of Canada)의 표준물질인 DORM-2를 50% 메탄올로 추출하였다. arsenobetaine의 경우, 두 방법 모두 5% 이하의 상대표준편차와 82% 이상의 추출효율을 보였다. Arsenobetaine은 microwave assisted extraction 방법에서 $14.18{\pm}0.42mg\;kg^{-1}$을 보였고 sonication extraction 방법에서는 $13.54 {\pm}0.84mg\;kg^{-1}$을 보였다. dimethylarsine acid (DMA)의 경우 각각 $0.45{\pm}0.06mg\;kg^{-1}$과 $0.44{\pm}0.06mg\;kg^{-1}$를 보였다.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• 제14권11호
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• pp.6991-6995
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• 2013

Antioxidant activity, total phenolic, total flavonoid compounds and cytotoxicity to cancer cell lines of propolis extracts from two extraction methods were investigated in this study. Propolis was collected from Phayao province and extracted with 70% ethanol using maceration and sonication techniques. The antioxidant activity was evaluated by DPPH assay. Total phenolic and flavonoid compounds were also determined. Moreover, the cytotoxicity of propolis was evaluated using MTT assay. The percentage propolis yield after extraction using maceration (18.1%) was higher than using sonication (15.7%). Nevertheless, antioxidant and flavonoid compounds of the sonication propolis extract were significant greater than using maceration. Propolis extract from sonication showed antioxidant activity by $3.30{\pm}0.15$ mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract. Total phenolic compound was $18.3{\pm}3.30$ mg gallic acid equivalents/g extract and flavonoid compound was $20.49{\pm}0.62$ mg quercetin/g extract. Additionally, propolis extracts from two extraction methods demonstrated the inhibitory effect on proliferation of A549 and HeLa cancer cell lines at 24, 48 and 72 hours in a dose-dependent manner. These results are of interest for the selection of the most appropriate method for preparation of propolis extracts as potential antioxidant and anticancer agents.

• Journal of Biosystems Engineering
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• 제32권2호
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• pp.121-129
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• 2007

This study was conducted to elucidate extraction efficiency by microwave technique in comparison with sonication technique for extraction of insecticide residue in pear. In the analysis of the extraction efficiency of microwave for a pear spiked with imidacloprid, the extraction efficiency by microwave power of 300 W with extraction temperature of $80^{\circ}C$, heating time of 1 to 3 minute was shown to be similar with the extraction time 20 minutes by sonication. The optimal condition. in consideration of economical condition and treatment time, for microwave extraction of imidacloprid in the pear were 300 watts of power supply, $100^{\circ}C$ of extraction temperature, 1 minute of heating time and 10 mL of acetone volume. A new microwave vessel was developed to rapidly process the sample of the insecticide imidacloprid residues in the pear. This vessel was designed to include a reaction chamber and a filtration equipment, and a gathering chamber. The system could curtail a pretreatment time to 21 minutes than sonication and 7.9 minutes than the previous microwave vessel.

• 분석과학
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• 제8권3호
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• pp.237-248
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• 1995

미국 환경청이 지정한 129종의 priority pollutants 중 16종의 유기살충제를 포함한 토양시료를 제조하여 표준분석방법인 기체크로마토그래프-전자포획법과 기체크로마토그래프/질량분석기-SIM (selected ion monitoring)법을 이용하여 동시분석의 효율성을 실험하였다. 토양시료의 추출 및 농축방법으로는 EPA의 SW-846 방법을 조금 수정한 초음파추출법(sonication extraction)과 Soxhlet 추출법(Soxhlet extraction)을 비교 연구하였다. 각 화합물의 회수율, 상대표준편차 및 method detection limit를 측정하여 그 결과들을 보고하였다.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제37권6호
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• pp.955-961
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• 2017

Edible insects are attracting growing interest as a sustainable source of protein for addition to processed meat and dairy products. The current study investigated the optimal method for protein extraction from mealworm larvae (Tenebrio molitor), cricket adults (Gryllus bimaculatus), and silkworm pupae (Bombyx mori), for use in further applications. After defatting with n-hexane for up to 48 h, sonication was applied for 1-20 min and the protein yield was measured. All samples showed a total residual fat percentage below 1.36%, and a 35% to 94% improvement in protein yield (%). In conclusion, defatting with n-hexane combined with sonication improves the protein yield from insect samples.

• 한국산업보건학회지
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.307-316
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• 2016

Objectives: In general, NIOSH method 5506 is most widely used for the occupational exposure measurement of PAHs, but 2-4 ring PAHs have poor desorption efficiency, especially for a filter. The purpose of this study was to determine a method to increase the desorption efficiency of 16-PAHs using an ultrasonic extraction procedure. Methods: Test samples prepared spiked XAD-2 tubes and PTFE filters in the range of $0.01-1.0{\mu}g/mL$ for desorption efficiency study. Four different extraction solvents, acetonitrile, acetone, tetrahydrofuran and dichloromethane, were tested in order to select the most suitable solvent for the extraction of the 16 PAHs. The addition of dimethyl sulfoxide and sonication time were considered in order to determine the method with the highest extraction efficiency. All samples were made in three sets and analysis was replicated seven times by HPLC. Results: Acetonitrile and acetone were the optimized as an extraction solvent and desorption efficiency of 2-ring PAHs such as naphthalene, acenaphthylene were increased 3~19% with dimethyl sulfoxide for XAD-2. Acetone was the best extraction solvent for PTFE filter and the desorption efficiency was increased 3~13% for 2- to 4-ring PAHs. The optimum sonication time was 60 minutes and desorption efficiency increased with extraction time. Conclusions: As a result, the best extraction solvent was acetone with dimethyl sulfoxide for ultrasonic extraction procedure and the desorption efficiency of this method was better than NIOSH 5506's. This study could be applied as a method for occupational exposure measurement of PAHs.