• 한국초등과학교육학회지:초등과학교육
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.1-8
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• 2005

This study was designed to compare the understanding of ordinary elementary school students and scientifically gifted students about scientists. 473 fourth, fifth, and sixth graders in ordinary elementary schools and 40 students attending scientific educational institutions for the gifted were studied with the help of questionnaires and interviews. The survey showed that there were no significant differences between the two subject groups in relation to the external images of scientists. The subjects turned out to have low fixed external images. The scientifically gifted students had a better understanding of the internal images of scientists than ordinary elementary school students. Both the subject groups fumed out to be influenced by the press media and off-campus education, thinking that scientists served as inventors producing something useful in daily lift rather than as researchers studying natural phenomena or laws. It was found out that both groups admired Edison. The ordinary students respected Einstein and Jang Yeong-Sil whereas the scientifically gifted students respected Curie, Jug Yeong-Sil, and Nobel. The subjects admired them because of their achievements instead of their backgrounds or individual characteristics.

• International Journal of Computer Science & Network Security
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• 제22권5호
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• pp.103-114
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• 2022

The Internet of Things (IoT) is one of the fastest technologies that are used in various applications and fields. The concept of IoT will not only be limited to the fields of scientific and technical life but will also gradually spread to become an essential part of our daily life and routine. Before, IoT was a complex term unknown to many, but soon it will become something common. IoT is a natural and indispensable routine in which smart devices and sensors are connected wirelessly or wired over the Internet to exchange and process data. With all the benefits and advantages offered by the IoT, it does not face many security and privacy challenges because the current traditional security protocols are not suitable for IoT technologies. In this paper, we presented a comprehensive survey of the latest studies from 2018 to 2021 related to the security of the IoT and the use of machine learning (ML) and deep learning and their applications in addressing security and privacy in the IoT. A description was initially presented, followed by a comprehensive overview of the IoT and its applications and the basic important safety requirements of confidentiality, integrity, and availability and its application in the IoT. Then we reviewed the attacks and challenges facing the IoT. We also focused on ML and its applications in addressing the security problem on the IoT.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• 제56권1호
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• pp.12-20
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• 2023

Quantitative and qualitative research explore various social phenomena using different methods. However, there has been a tendency to treat quantitative studies using complicated statistical techniques as more scientific and superior, whereas relatively few qualitative studies have been conducted in the medical and healthcare fields. This review aimed to provide a proper understanding of qualitative research. This review examined the characteristics of quantitative and qualitative research to help researchers select the appropriate qualitative research methodology. Qualitative research is applicable in following cases: (1) when an exploratory approach is required on a topic that is not well known, (2) when something cannot be explained fully with quantitative research, (3) when it is necessary to newly present a specific view on a research topic that is difficult to explain with existing views, (4) when it is inappropriate to present the rationale or theoretical proposition for designing hypotheses, as in quantitative research, and (5) when conducting research that requires detailed descriptive writing with literary expressions. Qualitative research is conducted in the following order: (1) selection of a research topic and question, (2) selection of a theoretical framework and methods, (3) literature analysis, (4) selection of the research participants and data collection methods, (5) data analysis and description of findings, and (6) research validation. This review can contribute to the more active use of qualitative research in healthcare, and the findings are expected to instill a proper understanding of qualitative research in researchers who review qualitative research reports and papers.

• 디자인학연구
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• 제18권4호
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• pp.185-194
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• 2005

하이브리드 관점에서 디자인은 혼돈스러운 형태와 형식을 갖는다. 따라서 문제의 핵심은 인간의 생존과 즐거움, 안녕에 '결정적으로 작용하는 것'이 무엇인가 하는 점이다. 이를 생태적 관점에서 해결하려는 과학적 생태론은 기능적 디자인이란 측면에서 그 논의의 중심에 있었으나 이제 인간의 환경적 적응 양상이 동물과 다르다는 관점에서 생태학적 논리를 넘어선다. 이러한 관점에서 디자인은 과잉하고, 초과되고, 엄밀한 물질적 기준을 초과하는 어떤 것으로 정의된다. 테리 이글턴이 '스스로 일탈하고 초월하는 창조적 능력이 바로 인간을 측정하는 기준이 된다'고 말했듯이 창조적 관점에서 제 영역을 하이브리드 시키고자 하는 탈장르화나 해체현상을 추구하는 경향을 환경디자인 분야에서도 찾아볼 수 있다. 이는 유기적 관점에서 자연환경과 건축공간을 창조적으로 일체화함으로써 인간의 문화적 행동에 의한 공간의 형성과 반응에 중점을 두고 있는 것으로 이해할 수 있다. 이와 같은 현상들은 디지털 기술이 발전에 따른 새로운 조형실험을 통해 새로운 기회와 가능성을 제공해 주고 있다. 디지털 기술을 활용한 환경디자인의 실험적 시도가 활발히 진행됨과 동시에 생태적 세계관과 문화적 세계관이 하이브리드 되어 보다 다양한 기능과 특징을 통합한 새로운 문화 공간이 디자인되고 있다. 환경 디자인 분야의 이러한 실험은 생태학적 세계관, 가치중심의 인식과 관계중심의 사고, 간학문적인 연계의 중시와 더불어 새로운 문화적 발전을 추구하는 도구로 가능하게 하였다. 본 연구는 이러한 디지털 하이브리드 디자인의 패러다임을 인식하고 이론적 고찰과 사례분석을 통해 환경디자인의 적용 양상과 구성원리를 고찰하여 그 체계를 세우는 것을 그 목적으로 한다. 그리고 문명사적 관점에서 환경티자인의 새로운 발전 가능성을 모색 하고자한다.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제15권2호
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• pp.173-184
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• 1995

The purpose of this study was to analyse the problems of 'Science Inquiry Experiment Contest(SIEC)' which was one of 8 programs of 'The 2nd Student Science Inquiry Olympic Meet(SSIOM)'. The results and conclusions of this study were as follows: 1. It needs to reconsider the role of practical work within science experiment because practical work skills form one of the mainstays in current science. But the assessment of students' laboratory skills in the contest was made little account of. It is necessary to remind of what it means to be 'good at science'. There are two aspects: knowing and doing. Both are important and, in certain respects, quite distinct. Doing science is more of a craft activity, relying more on craft skill and tacit knowledge than on the conscious application of explicit knowledge. Doing science is also divided into two aspects, 'process' and 'skill' by many science educators. 2. The report's and checklist's assessment items were overlapped. Therefore it was suggested that the checklist assessment items were set limit to the students' acts which can't be found in reports. It is important to identify those activities which produce a permanent assessable product, and those which do not. Skills connected with recording and reporting are likely to produce permanent evidence which can be evaluated after the experiment. Those connected with manipulative skills involving processes are more ephemeral and need to be assessed as they occur. The division of student's experimental skills will contribute to the accurate assess of student's scientific inquiry experimental ability. 3. There was a wide difference among the scores of one participant recorded by three evaluators. This means that there was no concrete discussion among the evaluators before the contest. Despite the items of the checklists were set by preparers of the contest experiments, the concrete discussions before the contest were necessary because students' experimental acts were very diverse. There is a variety of scientific skills. So it is necessary to assess the performance of individual students in a range of skills. But the most of the difficulties in the assessment of skills arise from the interaction between measurement and the use. To overcome the difficulties, not only must the mark needed for each skill be recorded, something which all examination groups obviously need, but also a description of the work that the student did when the skill was assessed must also be given, and not all groups need this. Fuller details must also be available for the purposes of moderation. This is a requirement for all students that there must be provision for samples of any end-product or other tangible form of evidence of candidates' work to be submitted for inspection. This is rather important if one is to be as fair as possible to students because, not only can this work be made available to moderators if necessary, but also it can be used to help in arriving at common standards among several evaluators, and in ensuring consistent standards from one evaluator over the assessment period. This need arises because there are problems associated with assessing different students on the same skill in different activities. 4. Most of the students' reports were assessed intuitively by the evaluators despite the assessment items were established concretely by preparers of the experiment. This result means that the evaluators were new to grasp the essence of the established assessment items of the experiment report and that the students' assessment scores were short of objectivity. Lastly, there are suggestions from the results and the conclusions. The students' experimental acts which were difficult to observe because they occur in a flash and which can be easily imitated should be excluded from the assessment items. Evaluators are likely to miss the time to observe the acts, and the students who are assessed later have more opportunity to practise the skill which is being assessed. It is necessary to be aware of these problems and try to reduce their influence or remove them. The skills and processes analysis has made a very useful checklist for scientific inquiry experiment assessment. But in itself it is of little value. It must be seen alongside the other vital attributes needed in the making of a good scientist, the affective aspects of commitment and confidence, the personal insights which come both through formal and informal learning, and the tacit knowledge that comes through experience, both structured and acquired in play. These four aspects must be continually interacting, in a flexible and individualistic way, throughout the scientific education of students. An increasing ability to be good at science, to be good at doing investigational practical work, will be gained through continually, successively, but often unpredictably, developing more experience, developing more insights, developing more skills, and producing more confidence and commitment.

• 한국과학교육학회지
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.45-61
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• 2016

본 연구는 탐구 과제에서 드러나는 학생들의 인식적 목표와 인식적 이해의 전환을 확인하고, 이러한 전환이 논변활동에 어떠한 영향을 미치는지를 알아보고자 하였다. 중학교 1학년 37명의 학생들이 연구에 참여하였고, 학생들의 인식론이 맥락에 따라 변한 1개 소집단을 선정하여 광합성 실험설계를 구성하는 논의 과정을 분석하였다. 학생들의 발화 및 행동을 통해 그들의 인식적 목표와 인식적 이해를 확인하였고 학생들의 실험설계 과정 및 결과를 분석하였다. 연구 결과, 학생들은 실험설계를 구성할 때 '과학적 의미 형성'이라는 인식적 목표에 초점을 두어 '이 실험이 어떻게 광합성에 이산화탄소가 필요한지를 알아볼 수 있는지'를 '과학 이론, 자료에 대한 자신의 해석에 기반을 두어 정당화'하였으며, 자기 자신을 '지식의 구성자'로 바라봄으로써 능동적으로 실험을 구성하였다. 그러나 다른 실험에 대해서는 '권위에 기반한 반박'을 보였으며 상대방 실험을 인정하지 않고 반박만을 제기하는 '평가자'로서의 태도를 보임으로써, 반박 과정에서 제기된 의견을 고려한 수정은 없었다. 하나의 실험을 선정하는 과정에서 인식적 목표는 '이기는 것'으로 전환되었고, '이런 실험이 좋다'라는 지식의 본성, '상대방을 이해시키기 위한 정당화를 할 필요가 없다' 혹은 '권위에 기반하여 정당화하는 것'이라는 정당화, '경쟁자'라는 청중에 대한 인식을 보였다. 이에 따라 학생들은 서로의 실험설계가 갖는 의미를 깊이 있게 탐색하지 못하였고 상대방 주장의 제한점만을 공격하여 인지적, 정서적 갈등 상황이 지속되었다. 시간 제한으로 인해 선택된 A의 실험설계를 정교화하는 과정에서 인식적 목표는 '과학적 의미 형성'으로 다시 전환되었고, '어떻게 그 실험이 과학적으로 타당한지'를 되짚어 보고 '납득할 만한 정당화가 이루어져야 한다'는 필요성을 바탕으로 과학적으로 옳은 정당화를 보였으며 학생들은 '협력자'의 관계에 놓였다. 이에 따라 구성원 모두가 의견을 제안하고 정당화하고 평가를 하는 생산적인 논변활동을 통해 발전된 소집단결과를 완성시켰다. 본 연구는 과학 수업에서 생산적인 논변활동을 지원하는 인식적 목표와 인식적 이해에 대한 기초 정보를 제공할 것으로 기대된다.

• 대한한방내과학회지
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• 제31권4호
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• pp.792-812
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• 2010

In the 18th century, Xu Lingtai (徐靈胎) and Yoshimasu Todo (吉益東洞) were famous doctors advocating ancient medicine, though they lived in different countries, China and Japan. We compared their major books, analyzed their academic thoughts and then took conclusions as below. 1. The first, for instance "Classified Prescriptions of Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases, 傷寒論類方" and "Classified Assemblage of Prescriptions, 類聚方". Based on essential thought that a prescription and a syndrome should correspond, these books arranged and classified the Zhang Zhongjing (張仲景)'s texts."Classified Prescriptions of Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases", based on the thought that principles, methods, formulas and medicinals (理法方藥) were integrated in prescriptions, tried to find out the implicit treatment rules in prescriptions and syndromes through analyzing "Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases, 傷寒論". On the other hand, because Classified Assemblage of Prescriptions focused on the syndromes of ancient prescriptions (古方), it classified and collected the related texts of Treatise on Cold Damage Diseases and "Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber, 금궤요략", and then suggested only simple instructions on how to prescribe medicine. So in this book, the trend of experience was clear. 2. The second, there is "100 Kinds Records from Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, 神農本草經百種錄" and "Description work of herbal pharmacology comprised of excerpts from Shanhanlun and medical experiences, 藥徵". Though both of these books are professional oriental pharmacology publications that advocate reactionism, there were remarkable differences in writing style between them. "Description work of herbal pharmacology comprised of excerpts from Shanhanlun and medical experiences" was based on "Treat on Cold Damage Diseases" and "Synopsis of Prescriptions of the Golden Chamber", just explained the effects of medications and discussed 'matter of course (所當然)', but not discussed 'the reason why (所以然)'. In explaining style of syndromes, it confirmed through research, and emphasized the inductive method. On the other hand, "100 Kinds Records from Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica based on "Shennong's Classic of Materia Medica, 神農本草經", explained the nature of medications and discussed 'the reason why (所以然)'. In explaining style of syndromes, it annotated and explained, and emphasized the process of reasoning. 3. The third, there is "Discuss the Headwaters of Medicine, 醫學源流論" and Severance of Medical evils, 醫斷". Aiming the then medical theories fallen in confused state, these books brought order out of chaos, clarified the categories of medical research, and emphasized the scientific method that could put theories into practice and verify them. The difference is that "Severance of Medical Evils" researched only macroscopic viewable clinical phenomena, and even denied the existence of names of diseases and etiological causes. Thus, it emphasized the accumulation of experiences, laid emphasis on "watching and realizing (目認)", and "understand and taking in (解悟)". Discuss the Headwaters of Medicine extremely emphasized the research of 'something not occuring (未然)', that is to say, induced notions of a disease from observing clinical phenomena, furthermore based on these, predicted the 'something not occuring (未然)' and emphasized researching 'the reason why (所以然)'. As regards how they deal with the traditional theories and post-Zhang Zhongjing's medicines, "Severance of Medical evils" took completely denying attitudes. In case of "Discuss the Headwaters of Medicine", it could be used reasonably through specific situation and detailed analysis. Collectively speaking, there were some differences between medical theories of Xu Lingtai and Yoshimasu Todo. Actually, these differences were whether he tried to research the essence of disease, whether he tried to consider it rationally, and how he treated various opinions occurring in the theories of traditional medicine and clinical experience.

• 한국식생활문화학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.193-205
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• 1990

It is not known that when and by whom 'The Lee's UmsikBup' was written. This cookbook is written purely in Korean and has not been published yet. There is another book named 'UmsikBup' in the cookbooks of the Chosun Dynasty and there are many books with similar names. So this book is tentatively named 'The Lee's UmsikBup'. This book comprises fifty three items, among which there are fifteen items of rice alcoholics, three items of Gook-Su (noodles), sixteen items of side dishes, seventeen items of Tuck (rice cakes) and Guaja(kookies), and two items of fruit punch and tea. Three items were illegible because the lines were erased or the letters were not clear. The cereals needed for making rice alcoholics were sixty four percent regular rice and thirty six percent sticky rice. As for the processes, the process using Jee-ae-bop took up fifty five percent. As for side dishes, pheasants, which are seldom used for food these days, were then popular for food. And the entrails of domestic animals were much used for food. Seeing that red pepper paste mixed with vinegar was used for steamed breams (Jim) and that red pepper was used for Yeolgooja Tang, we can estimate that this book was written after red pepper was introduced. Inferring that Chohong Chang (red pepper paste mixed with vinegar and honey) is found Jinchan Ye Que, we can estimate this book was written in the late 1800's. The cereals used for making rice cakes were ninety two percent sticky rice and eight percent regular rice. Sticky rice was much more used and pepper was used for making Tuck (rice cakes) as Hun Chal Byung, So Ham Byung and Dootum Tuck. The analysis of the terms used in this book revealed that 117 items were used for cooking processes. And it also showed us that there were six kinds of cutting and thirteen kinds of heating procedure. The shapes and sizes of foods were revealed on the basis of real things. The measuring units are hard to revive since the measurements were taken by the container then in use. Thirty four kinds of containers and cookers, twenty more of which are now in use, were used for preparing foods. The use of ‘twigs stretched for the east’ had no scientific base but said something of Korean folkways at that time.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제8권2호
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• pp.26-41
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• 2004

This study aims to compare and analyze somatotype characteristics in clothing ergonomics as well as Sasang (Oriental physical constitution type classification into 4 kinds: taeyang, taeeum, soyang, soeum) medicine. The subjects were women collegians in their 20s. As a result, a new approach was made in somatotype classification. The following are conclusions: 1. The results of body measurement of the subjects belonged to 1 in most items when they were compared with the average records of female adults in their 20s in the national standard physique report. Thus, the subjects belonged to the average somatotype. 2. According to Sasang physical constitution classification, no subjects belonged to taeyang-type. Taeeum type (28.4%), had lower-body development greatest height and even development in width, thickness and girth. Soeum-type(37.8%) had the smallest physique. Soyang-type(33.8%) showed small values in height but great values in width, thickness and girth. 3. The factor analysis revealed 5 factors of somatotype characteristics: lower body factors including body weight, upper body factors, height factors including stature, belly width factors including waist and belly, and other factors comprising ankle and head size. 4. A cluster analysis by way of factor scores resulted in 3 types: cluster 1 44.6%, biggest values, largest somatotypes; cluster 2 17.6%, average somatotypes; cluster 3 tiniest somatotypes in most items. 5. In the crosstabs analysis, taeeum-type (57.6%) appeared a lot in cluster 1, soyang-type (76.9%) appeared most in cluster 2, and soeum-type (69.9%) was mostly seen in cluster 3. To sum up, the somatotype analysis of clothing ergonomics had something to do with constitution classification suggested in Sasang medicine. For clear justification, more systematic and scientific research should be followed with even more diverse subjects in sex and age.

• 대한지리학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.329-345
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• 1996

응용지리학은 실제세계에서 일어나는 사회, 경제, 환경적 문제들을 해결하기 위해 지리적 지식과 기술을 응용하는 지리학의 한 분야이다. 우리나라의 경우 아직 응용지리학 분야가 중요한 위치를 차지하고 있는 편은 아니며, 또 실제 문제를 해결하는 데 필요한 이 론이 잘 구축된 편도 아니다. 주로 토지이용 및 관리, 지역격차 분석과 그 해소방안, 지역개 발전략과 지역정책, 국토개발과 계획, 그리고 관광 분야에 관한 연구가 수행되고 있다. 오늘 날 지리적 차원에서 야기되고 있는 다양한 문제들과 세계화를 지향하고 국토통일을 내다보 고 있는 현시점에서 응용지리학 분야에 대한 연구는 그 어느때보다 절실하다고 볼 수 있다.