• KSBB Journal
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.357-362
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• 2010

Green alga, Ulva pertusa kjelmann has been known to be one of the largest pollutants in Korea. Therefore, the efficient pretreatment processes have been required to improve the yields of fermentable sugar. The optimal pretreatment conditions were determined to be $195^{\circ}C$ for 15 min. The sugar yield of glucose and xylose were estimated as 20.5%, and 5.0% respectively, based on theoretical yields. However solid residues were estimated enzymatic digestibility of 90-95% with cellulase loading of 15 FPU/g glucan. This process was proved to generate the low concentration of Hydroxy-Methyl-Furfural (51 ppm), which resulted in ethanol production with 95% of the maximum conversion yield from glucose in the culture of Saccharomyces cerevisiae (ATCC, 24858). This study showed that Ulva pertusa kjellmann can be used as a bioetahnol resource using the high temperature liquefaction process.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.659-664
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• 2012

The present experiment aimed to evaluate the effect of HMBi on the production performance and metabolism in dairy cows. Thirty multiparous Holstein dairy cows under similar conditions were randomly assigned to three dietary treatments; i) Control, a basal diet; ii) T1, a basal diet plus HMBi (0 g prepartum and 18 g postpartum); and iii) T2, a basal diet plus HMBi (10 g prepartum and 18 g postpartum). Treatments were initiated 21 d before expected calving and continued through 91 d postpartum. HMBi was top-dressed onto the total mixed ration of each cow. Treatments did not affect dry matter intake, plasma urea nitrogen, peak milk yield, days to peak milk yield, nonesterified fatty acid, glutamate pyruvate transaminase, glutamic oxalaetic transaminase, milk fat content, milk protein content, milk lactose content, and milk solid non-fat content. The milk composition yields were increased by the HMBi-supplemented treatment. The T1 and T2 treatments increased the yields of 4% fat-corrected milk yield, milk fat, milk protein, and milk lactose compared with the control. Although there was no difference in the milk composition of the control and T2-treated cows, the T2-treated cows exhibited higher milk fat yield (increased by 74 g/d), lower milk urea nitrogen (reduced by 3.41%), and plasma ${\beta}$-hydroxy butyrate than the control cows. The results indicate that HMBi supplementation to diet has beneficial effects, and that there is no difference between supplementation at prepartum and starting only at parturition.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.175-182
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• 2011

Objectives : This study was performed to compare the differences between decoctions extracted by different extraction method and extraction time. Methods : Decoctions were prepared with pressed or non-pressed extraction conditions for 60, 120 and 180min. The yields of extracts, sugar contents, hydrogen ion concentrations(pH), the contents of reference compounds in Yukmijihwang-tang(Liuweidihuang-tang) were investigated. Results : The yields and the dissolved solid content containing sugar content of decoctions were more in pressed extraction method than unpressed extraction method, and they tended to be increased as extraction time increased. The pH values of decoctions methods did not show significant differences between pressed and unpressed extraction methods or extraction times. Most of reference compounds showed higher contents in pressed extraction method than unpressed extraction method and their contents were augmented according to increase of extraction time. The content of paeonol was decreased when extracted in more than 120min with pressed extraction method and tended to be decreased as extraction time increased in unpressed extraction method. Conclusions : The pressed extraction with long extraction time could be useful for decoction of Yukmijihwang-tang(Liuweidihuang-tang). However, another ingredients possible to decrease in such condition need to be considered to determine suitable extraction condition.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.1017-1023
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• 1999

Several extraction conditions of mussel were investigated for preparation of the extract as a natural shellfish seasoning. The conditions studied were extraction temperature and time, addition of sodium phosphates and citrate and hydrolysis with commercial proteolytic enzymes. The extracts were prepared by deshelling, grinding and aqueous extraction followed by centrifugation and filtration. Extraction at $90^{\circ}C$ for 40min showed the highest solids yield with less fishy and high umami taste. Among the several phosphates and citrate added, $Na_{3}PO_{4}$ and $Na_{4}P_{2}O_{7}$ at 1% level were most effective in terms of the yield and umami taste. The pH effects showed that pH 10 resulted the highest solids yield of 28% with less fishy taste. Even though the effect of enzymatic hydrolysis was not greatly different among the commercial enzymes tested, Protamex and Protease II were somewhat better than other enzymes in taste. When the mussel were extracted by the combined conditions, hydrolysis with Protamex followed by extraction at $90^{\circ}C$ for 40min with addition of $Na_{3}PO_{4}$ at pH 10, the solid yields increased up to 30% which was about 58% improvement and high intensity of umami taste and less fishy flavor.

• Journal of Life Science
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• v.18 no.8
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• pp.1049-1052
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• 2008

Microbial production of cellulolytic enzymes by Aspergillus niger in solid state fermentation (SSF) and submerged state fermentation (SF) in laboratory scale was compared. Czapek Dox liquid broth amended with cellulose (0.5%) was used for cultivation in SF, whereas rice bran was used as a solid support, moistened with cellulose, amended Czapek Dox broth for growth in SSF. The production of Carboxymethyl cellulase, Filter paperase and ${\beta}$-Glucosidase was monitored at regular intervals. The peak production of the enzymes occurred within 3 days of incubation in SSF as against $\geq$ 7 days in SF. SSF gave higher yields of enzymes in comparison to SF. Maximum titres of 0.40, 0.62 and 0.013 U/ml in respect of FPase, CMCase and ${\beta}$-glucosidase in SSF were recovered as against 0.13, 0.06 and 0.0013 U/ml in SF respectively, at their respective peak time intervals. Hence, SSF appeared to be a better choice for production of cellulolytic enzymes by Aspergillus niger.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.303-309
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to suggest indicators and proper standards to forecast the sensory quality of 'Hongisul' grape. Further, this study determines the optimum fruit load of 'Hongisul' grape reflecting consumer preference. Among several quality attributes, identified through instrumental and sensory evaluation, soluble solid-acid ratio was the most useful indicator of consumer preference for 'Hongisul' grapes. The ideal soluble solid-acid ratio for marketable grapes was found to be higher than 86.3. Analysis on the effects of fruit load control on fruit quality revealed a negative correlation where the latter increased as the former decreased. This trend is common for all grape species. The field with a fruit load of $1,400kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$ exhibited a soluble solid-acid ratio of less than 86.3, uneven coloring and slow softening texture at the mature stage. However, fruit quality proved excellent in the field with a fruit load of $1,200kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$ or less. It is therefore proposed that fruit load should be controlled to $1,200kg{\cdot}10a^{-1}$ or less when growing 'Hongisul' grapes to produce high quality grapes. We believe that this result can be used as a standard in judging harvest time and evaluating fruit quality.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.33-42
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• 2010

The main objective of this study was to offer informations about the current conditions of stream sediments and to evaluate biochemical methane potentials of stream sediments from the urban streams in Busan city using conventional BMP tests. First we select total 5 urban streams and collect sediment samples. Then, COD, proximate analysis, volatile solid, organic carbon content and elemental analysis were conducted to determine characteristics of the sediments. Results show that COD, volatile solid and organic carbon content are determined in the range of $15.20{\sim}75.07mg\;g^{-1}$, 2.34~11.54% and 1.28~34.21%, respectively. Also, several biochemical methane potential tests were performed in a laboratory. As a result, pH values of the reactors generally increased and then stabilized at 7.11~7.35. In addition, C/N ratio, ultimate methane and carbon dioxide yield (mL/g VS) and biodegradability (%) were determined to 1.05~10.27, 10.1~179.4, 10.3~34.4 and 4.0~30.1, respectively. For the determination of the correlations between ultimate methane yield and ultimate carbon dioxide yield, C/N ratio, COD, volatile solid and organic carbon content, a linear model was fitted to the data using a least-squares algorithm. As a result, except for COD ($r^2=0.7586$) and volatile solid ($r^2=0.7876$), Linear model was well fitted to each data with good values of the correlation coefficient ($r^2=0.9795{\sim}0.9858$). Finally, we propose empirical equations, which contain C/N ratio or TOC, for the prediction of ultimate methane yield for the urban streams in Busan city.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.248-255
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• 1999

Catalytic cracking of pyrolysed waste lubricating oil over solid acid catalysts (HY zeolite, ${\beta}$-zeolite, HZSM-5) has been carried out in a micro-fixed bed system. The feed oil for catalytic activity tests has been prepared by thermal cracking of waste lubricating oil under the reaction conditions of 480$^{\circ}C$, 60 min. Optimum reaction conditions for the maximum light oil yields($\_$21/) were WHSV(weight hourly space velocity)=1 at 375$^{\circ}C$. The amounts of total and strong acid sites appeared to be the largest in ${\beta}$-zeolite as determined by NH$_3$, TPD. It is seen that the catalytic activity order, in terms of the light fuel oil ($\_$21/) production, were HY zeolite)${\beta}$-zeolite>HZSM-5. Also, coke formation followed the same order. The highest activity in HY zeolite may be attributed from the fact that it has supercages facilitating the easy diffusion of larger molecules and also the effectiveness of the acid sites for cracking within the pore. This fact could be confirmed by the coke formation characteristics.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.272-276
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• 1994

The dried cinnamon was extracted with enzymes, salts, sugars and additives in order to find the most effective extraction material. Enzymatic hydrolysis of cinnamon suspension with cellulase, hemicellulase, pectinase, ${\beta}-1.4-glucosidase$, tannase and lipase showed a little increase of their cinnamic aldehyde contents. Solid yield, antioxidant activity and degree of browning were increased in hemicellulase treatment. Acid and alkali extraction of cinnamon showed a some increase in solid yields and antioxidant activity was increased by addition of glucose and Na-ascorbate. Cinnamic aldehyde contents and degree of browning were increased in extraction with Na-citrate addition.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.24 no.10
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• pp.1427-1437
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• 2014

Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic biomass into fermentable sugars is a key step in the conversion of agricultural by-products to biofuels and value-added chemicals. Utilization of a robust microorganism for on-site production of biomass-degrading enzymes has gained increasing interest as an economical approach for supplying enzymes to biorefinery processes. In this study, production of multi-polysaccharide-degrading enzymes from Aspergillus aculeatus BCC199 by solid-state fermentation was improved through the statistical design approach. Among the operational parameters, yeast extract and soybean meal as well as the nonionic surfactant Tween 20 and initial pH were found as key parameters for maximizing production of cellulolytic and hemicellulolytic enzymes. Under the optimized condition, the production of FPase, endoglucanase, ${\beta}$-glucosidase, xylanase, and ${\beta}$-xylosidase was achieved at 23, 663, 88, 1,633, and 90 units/g of dry substrate, respectively. The multi-enzyme extract was highly efficient in the saccharification of alkaline-pretreated rice straw, corn cob, and corn stover. In comparison with commercial cellulase preparations, the BCC199 enzyme mixture was able to produce remarkable yields of glucose and xylose, as it contained higher relative activities of ${\beta}$-glucosidase and core hemicellulases (xylanase and ${\beta}$-xylosidase). These results suggested that the crude enzyme extract from A. aculeatus BCC199 possesses balanced cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities required for the efficient saccharification of lignocellulosic biomass feedstocks, and supplementation of external ${\beta}$-glucosidase or xylanase was dispensable. The work thus demonstrates the high potential of A. aculeatus BCC199 as a promising producer of lignocellulose-degrading enzymes for the biomass conversion industry.