• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.234-238
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• 1990

The effects of salt concentration immersion time in a salt solution prior to air dehydration and heating of air temperature during dehydration upon the browning reaction and pyruvic acid content of air dried garlics to a 6.5% moisture content(wet basis) were analyzed by a response surface methodology(RSM), Those values were also predicted by using a second degree polynomial regression model. Heating of air temperature was the most significant factor affecting the both browning reaction and pyruvic acid content. Salt concentration had more influence to browning reaction than immersion time whereas immersion time was more impor-tant factor than salt concentration on a retention of pyruvic acid sugested different processing conditions. While the processing conditions to minimize the browning reaction(O.D=0.009) were 0.3% of salt solution 9 min of immersion time and 5$0^{\circ}C$ of air temperature compared to control(O.D=0.022) of air dehydration at 5$0^{\circ}C$ Pyruvic acid contents were maximized(174 $\mu$mole/g garlic solid) at the 0.1% of salt solution 3 min of immersion time and 5$0^{\circ}C$ of air temperature compared to control(147 $\mu$mole/g garlic solid) of air dehydration at 5$0^{\circ}C$

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.24 no.4
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• pp.335-340
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• 1992

The amounts of salt diffused into radish after immersing in various concentrations of salt solution at different temperatures were measured and the changes of radish texture by the salt diffusion were estimated with the viscoelastic constants of a 3 element solid model determined by a stress relaxation test. The amount of salt diffused through radish was increased with increasing the salt concentration and soaking temperature. While the instantaneous stress, equilibrium elastic solid content and viscoelastic constants of radish were decreased as salt concentration and soaking temperature increased, the stress relaxed fast. Viscoelastic constants as well as the diffusivity were influenced by salt concentration more than by soaking temperature. The rheological equations for the predictable stress changes of radish after immersed in the salt solution at various conditions (temperature, salt concentration and impure salt) were suggested as a function of time.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2017.10a
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• pp.74-74
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• 2017

Electrorefining is a key step in pyroprocessing. The electrorefining process is generally composed of two recovery steps - the deposit of uranium onto a solid cathode and the recovery of the remaining uranium and TRU elements simultaneously by a liquid cadmium cathode. Uranium deposit recovered from the solid cathode is a dendritic powder. It is necessary to separate the adhered salt from the deposits prior to the consolidation of uranium deposit. The adhered salt is composed of lithium, potassium, uranium, and rare earth chlorides. Distillation process was employed for the cathode processing. One of the operation methods is distillation of the salt at low temperature ($900^{\circ}C$), and then melting of the deposit at high temperature to avoid a backward reaction. For the development of the salt distiller, the distillation behavior of the low vapor pressure chlorides should be studied. Rare earth chlorides in the adhered salt of uranium deposits have relatively low vapor pressures compared to the process salt (LiCl-KCl). In this study, the evaporation rates of the lanthanum and neodymium chlorides were measured for the salt separation from electrorefiner uranium deposits in the temperature range of $825{\sim}910^{\circ}C$. The evaporation rate of both chlorides increased with an increasing templerature. The evaporation rate of lanthanum chloride varied from 0.12 to $1.68g/cm^2/h$. Neodymium chloride was more volatile than lanthanum chloride. The evaporation rate of neodymium chloride varied from 0.20 to $4.55g/cm^2/h$. The evaporation rate of both chlorides are more than $1g/cm^2/h$ at $900^{\circ}C$. Even though the evaporation rates of both chlorides were less than that of the process salt, the contents of the lanthanide chlorides were small in the adhered salt. Therefore it can be concluded that $900^{\circ}C$ is suitable for the operation temperature of the salt distiller.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.17 no.5
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• pp.503-509
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• 2001

The effects of salting methods on textural properties of Kakdugi were evaluated during fermentation at 1$0^{\circ}C$ for up to 52 days. Kakdugi samples were prepared by 4 different salting methods at final salt concentration of 1.5%, which is appropriate for organoleptic quality. The salting methods for radish cubes(2 cm size) of Kakdugi were as follows; 1) Treatment S-1: spraying dry salt uniformly on to the radish cubes at 1.5%(w/w) and holding for 1 hr, 2) Treatment S-5: spraying dry salt uniformly on to the radish cubes at 1.2%(w/w) and holding for 5 hr, 3) Treatment B-1: brining radish cubes in a 8.5%(w/v) salt solution for 1 hr, 4) Treatment B-5: brining radish cubes in a 4.0%(w/v) salt solution for 5 hr. The contents of water soluble pectin, total soluble solid and PG activity were increased as the fermentation periods increased. A majority of total dietary fiber(TDF) consisted of soluble dietary fiber(SDF), and the amount of insoluble dietary fiber(IDF) was relatively small in Kakdugi during fermentation. Furthermore, an increase in SDF and a consequent decrease in IDF contents were observed with the fermentation time increased.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.341-348
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• 2010

Sodium sulfate is commonly added in reactive dyebath in order to increase substantivity of the reactive dye to cellulose fiber by reducing repulsion between anionic dye and fiber. While sodium sulfate is mostly used in solid form, it is inconvenient to dissolve a large amount of powder sodium sulfate. Furthermore, if there is undissolved salt in dyebath it might cause unlevel dyeing. In this study, sodium sulfate in liquid or solid form was used in dyeing of cellulose fabric with reactive dyes of three primary color and the effect of type or amount of sodium sulfate on dyeing and fastness properties was investigated. When the amount of sodium sulfate rose to 30-50 g/l, K/S value of the dyed fabric markedly increased; further rise in sodium sulfate concentration resulted in slow increase in K/S value. For light color, optimum amount was about 30 g/l in solid form and 50-100 g/l in liquid form while, for medium to deep color, it was 50 g/l and 100-150 g/l in solid and liquid form, respectively. When using each optimum amount of salt in solid or liquid form for medium color, shape of dyeing curve as well as exhaustion was similar to each other. On the whole, similar color fastness results were obtained regardless of type or amount of sodium sulfate.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
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• v.17 no.6
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• pp.645-654
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• 1989

The historical background of fish fermentation in Asia and other regions of the world is reviewed. The classification of fermented fish products in different regions is attempted with respect to the technology involved. The fermented fish products are largely divided into three groups; (1) high-salt, (2) low-salt, and (3) non-salt fermented. High-salt fermented products contain over 20％ of salt and are represented by fish sauce, cured fish and fish paste. Low-salt fermented products contain 6-18％ salt and are subdivided into lactic fermented products with added carbohydrate and acid pickling associated with low temperature. Non-salt fermented products are represented by the solid state bonito fermentation and some alkaline fermentation of flat fishes. The local names of the products in different regions are compared and classified accordingly. The microbial and biochemical changes during fish fermentation are considered in relation to the quality of the products, and their wholesomeness is reviewed.

• Proceedings of the Korean Radioactive Waste Society Conference
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• 2003.11a
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• pp.368-372
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• 2003

The present study focused on obtaining the optimum conditions for depositing pure uranium onto a solid cathode. As for the results of the experiments, it was conformed that when the concentration of $UCl_3$ in the molten salt(LiCl-KCl) is more than 2wt%, pure uranium could be deposited onto a solid cathode, In addition. the effect of both the current density and the U contents in the molten salt or th ratio of uranium to salt was examined and the uranium morphology was also investigated.

• Journal of the Korea Organic Resources Recycling Association
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.61-70
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• 2005

In order to reduce salt(as NaCl) contents in food waste and to improve the quality of discharged wastewater produced during the recycling process of food waste for the purpose of compost and feed stuff, a salt reduction process by added water into food waste was developed. The pilot plant with a rotary type salt reduction equipment to manage continuously 0.5 ton food waste per hour was constructed and the efficiency was tested. The amount of added water was calculated by the water content and the efficiency of dewatering process of food waste. Approximately 0.8 liter water per a kilogram of food waste was injected into the reactor in which food waste was pouring simultaneously, then diluted/mixed in a rotary reactor. About 1.1 liter of leachate including added water was generated, but the leachate contained a very high content of organic particles, so most particles were recovered by two step solid-liquid separation process. The first step was a gravitational filtering process using screens with a pore diameter of 1mm, and the second separation process was centrifugal process. Organic quality of food waste which had been desalted was maintained by inputting the entirely recovered organic particles. The efficiency of salt reduction of food waste was estimated by measuring a chloride anion by titration and salinity by a probe. The results by the two different measuring methods were always over 50%, and the quality of final wastewater was improved up to $200mg/{\ell}$ as TS(total solid) by an additional settling process after the two step solid-liquid separation process.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
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• v.51 no.7
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• pp.1866-1870
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• 2019

Residual salt separation is an essential step in pyroprocessing because its reaction products, as prepared by electrochemical unit processes, contain frozen residual electrolyte species, which are generally composed of alkali-metal chloride salts (e.g., LiCl, KCl). In this study, a simple technique that utilizes high-temperature gas flux as a driving force to melt and push out the residual salt in the reaction products was developed. This technique is simple as it only requires the use of a heating gun in combination with a gas injection system. Consequently, $LiNO_3-ZrO_2$ and $LiCl-ZrO_2$ mixtures were successfully separated by the high-temperature gas injection (separation efficiency > 93%), thereby demonstrating the viability of this simple technique for residual salt separation.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.56 no.3
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• pp.164-172
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• 2012

This study was aimed to increase the solubility, dissolution and permeation rates of atorvastatin calcium (ATC) using bile salt and/or 2-hydroxypropyl-${\beta}$-cyclodextrin ($HP{\beta}CD$). From solubility studies, sodium deoxycholate (SDC) among bile salts studied was found to have the highest solubilizing effect on ATC ($4.4{\pm}0.4$ mg/ml), and the order of increasing solubility was SDC>sod. cholate>sod. glycocholate>sod. taurodeoxycholate>sod. taurocholate>conjugated bile acid. ATC solid dispersions were prepared at various ratios of drug to SDC and/or $HP{\beta}CD$, and evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dissolution studies and dissolution-permeation studies. DSC curves showed amorphous state of ATC in the physical mixture and solid dispersion. Dissolution rates of ATC-SDC solid dispersions and physical mixture were markedly increased at pH 6.8, but decreased at pH 1.2 with greater proportions of SDC due to the precipitation of SDC, compared with that of drug alone. On the other hand, dissolution rates of ATC-$HP{\beta}CD$ solid dispersion and physical mixture at pH 1.2 were varied with the ratio of drug to carriers. From duodenal permeation studies, it was found that fluxes of ATC (donor dose: 0.5 mg/3.5 ml) in the presence of 25 mM sodium glycocholate, SDC, sod. cholate and sod. taurocholate $(5.7{\pm}0.9$, $5.6{\pm}0.9$, $4.8{\pm}0.7$ and $4.6{\pm}0.9\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$, respectively) were enhanced, compared with drug alone ($3.4{\pm}0.9\;{\mu}g/cm^2/hr$). In the dissolution-permeation studies, 1 : 9 : 10 (w/w) ATC-SDC-$HP{\beta}CD$ solid dispersion increased the flux 2.2 times, compared with 1 : 5 : 4 (w/w) ATC-lactose-corn starch mixture as control. In conclusion, solid dispersions with bile salt and $HP{\beta}CD$ were found to be an effective means for increasing the dissolution and permeation rates of ATC.