• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제19권2호
• /
• pp.144-152
• /
• 1995

This study was carried out in order to utilize ginseng marc (GM), a byproduct produced during the preparation of ginseng extract. For the utilization of GM as coffee-replacing beverage, GM was roasted at 140-23$0^{\circ}C$, for 10-30 min to generate coffee-like flavor and taste. The physicochemical changes in GM induced by roasting process was measured. Weight and moisture contents of GM abruptly decreased while roasting at various temperature and period of time, and the amount of water-extracted solid substances decorated beyond 23$0^{\circ}C$. Among the proximate components, total and free sugar decreased remarkably, while crude fat content increased. Crude protein content did not change by the roasting process. pH derides to pH 4.9 after 30 min at 20$0^{\circ}C$, but increased at higher temperatures. Hunter color L value of the GM powder decreased, whereas a and b values, increased up to 10 times as compared to that of the control. The brown color(O, D 490 nm) in 50% ethanol extract of the roasted GM was 46 times higher than that of the control.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제22권11호
• /
• pp.1504-1512
• /
• 2009

A feeding trial was conducted to examine the effect of high-temperature-micro-time (HTMT) processing of diets containing extruded soybean (ESB) in high quantity on milk fat production, metabolic responses, and the formation of conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and trans-vaccenic acid (TVA). Twenty-one multiparous Holstein cows in mid-lactation were blocked according to milk yield in the previous lactation. Cows within each block were randomly assigned to either normal concentrate or HTMT treated diets containing ESB (7.5% HTMT-ESB and 15% HTMT-ESB). It was hypothesized that the HTMT-ESB would affect the undegradable fatty acids in the rumen and, thus, would modify the fatty acid profile of milk fat. Both 7.5% and 15% HTMT-ESB did not affect milk yield, fat, protein, lactose and solid-not-fat (SNF), but the proportion of cis-9, trans-11 CLA in milk fat was significantly increased by these treatments. Content of TVA in milk fat was not affected by HTMT-ESB. The HTMT-ESB influenced the fatty acid profile in milk fat, but there was little difference between 7.5% and 15% of supplementation. HTMT-ESB feeding significantly decreased the concentration of plasma insulin and glucose, while plasma growth hormone (GH), triglyceride (TG), non-esterified fatty acid (NEFA) and HDLcholesterol were increased by 7.5% and 15% ESB-HTMT supplementation in comparison to the control group (p<0.05). However, no significant difference was observed in plasma LDL-cholesterol, insulin like growth factor (IGF)-1, T3, T4, and leptin concentrations among treatments (p>0.05). The present results showed that cis-9, trans-11 CLA production was increased by HTMT treatment of dietary ESB without reduction of milk fat, and the unchanged milk fat and yield was assumed to be associated with the constant level of thyroid hormones, leptin, and IGF-1.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제30권6호
• /
• pp.834-842
• /
• 2017

Objective: An experiment was to evaluate the interplay of dietary lipid sources and feeding regime in the transition from sow milk to solid food of abruptly weaned piglets. Methods: Soon after weaning, 144 piglets were selected and were trained over a 15 day period to experience gradually reducing dietary fat content from 12% to 6% for lard (L), soybean oil (S), and coconut oil (C) and their feeding behavior and diet preference then tested in a behavior observation experiment. Another 324 weaned piglets were used in three consecutive feeding experiments to measure the effect of different dietary fats on performance and feed choice in the four weeks after abrupt weaning. The lipid sources were used as supplements in a 3% crude fat corn/soya basal diet, with 6% of each being included to form diets 9C, 9S, and 9L respectively, and their effects on performance measured. Combinations of these diets were then further compared in fixed blends or free choice selection experiments. Results: Piglets pre-trained to experience reducing lipid inclusion showed different subsequent preferences according to lipid source, with a preference for lard at 9%, soybean oil at 3%, and coconut oil at 6% inclusion rate (p<0.001). Following abrupt weaning, whilst after 4 weeks those fed 9C had the heaviest body weights (18.13 kg, p = 0.006). Piglets fed a fixed 1:1 blend of 9C+9S had a poorer feed conversion ratio (FCR = 1.80) than those fed a blend of 9C+9L (FCR = 1.4). The 9C and 9L combination groups showed better performance in both fixed blend and free choice feeding regimes. Conclusion: After abrupt weaning, they still have dependence on high oleic acid lipids as found in sow milk. A feeding regime offering free choice combination of lipids might give the possibility for piglets to cope better with the transition at weaning, but further research is needed.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제32권1호
• /
• pp.75-81
• /
• 2003

전지활성 생대두미세분말(micronized full-fat soyflour, MFS)로부터 제조된 두유는 의가소성 의 비뉴턴성 유체로서, 고형분 증가와 응고제의 첨가 및 가열에 따라 점도가 증가하였다. MFS용액은 열처리에 따른 점도가 급격하게 증가되는 시점의 온도는 응고제의 첨가 및 단백질의 함량이 증가함에따라 낮아졌다 충진형 전두부제조에 적합한 응고제는 가열된 MFS용액에 응고제 첨가 후 MFS용액의 점도를 완만하게 변화시키는 GDL, MgSO$_4$가 적 합한 것으로 나타났으며 전두부용 응고제는 0.1% salt, 0.1% GDL, 0.2% MgSO$_4$ㆍ7$H_2O$로 조제되었다. 고형분과 물의 비율이 1 : 6.0인 MFS60용액을 121$^{\circ}C$에서 3분간 가열하여 응고제를 첨가하여 제조된 전두부는 견고성과 깨짐성이 양호한 조직감을 나타내었으며, 여기에 SPI를 첨가하여 총단백질이 7.1%인 MFSS60용액으로 제조된 전두부의 경도와 깨짐성(brittleness)은 각각 120 g, 176 g으로 조직감이 개선되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제29권8호
• /
• pp.1207-1213
• /
• 2016

Heat stress negatively affects milk quality altering its nutritive value and cheese making properties. This study aimed at assessing the impact of seasonal microclimatic conditions on milk quality of Friesian cows. The study was carried out in a dairy farm from June 2013 to May 2014 at Beni-Suef province, Egypt. Inside the barn daily ambient temperature and relative humidity were recorded and used to calculate the daily maximum temperature-humidity index (mxTHI), which was used as indicator of the degree of heat stress. The study was carried out in three periods according to the temperature-humidity index (THI) recorded: from June 2013 to September 2013 (mxTHI>78), from October 2013 to November 2013 (mxTHI 72-78) and from December 2013 to April 2014 (mxTHI<72). Eighty Friesian lactating dairy cows were monitored in each period. The three groups of cows were balanced for days in milk and parity. Milk quality data referred to somatic cell count, total coliform count (TCC), faecal coliform count (FCC), Escherichia coli count, percentage of E. coli, and Staphylococcus aureus, percentage of fat, protein, lactose, total solid and solid non-fat. Increasing THI was associated with a significant decrease in all milk main components. An increase of TCC, FCC, and E. coli count from mxTHI<72 to mxTHI>78 was observed. In addition, the isolation rate of both S. aureus and E. coli increased when the mxTHI increased. The results of this study show the seriousness of the negative effects of hot conditions on milk composition and mammary gland pathogens. These facts warrant the importance of adopting mitigation strategies to alleviate negative consequences of heat stress in dairy cows and for limiting related economic losses.

• 한국축산식품학회지
• /
• 제32권6호
• /
• pp.783-788
• /
• 2012

The aim of this study was to optimize the manufacturing condition of spreadable modified butter by RSM. Based on the central composite design, the degree of optimization was expressed as a SFC as a dependent variable (Y, %) determined by NMR with 23 experimental groups. Three independent variables were the contents of butter ($X_1$, 35-75%), the contents of grape seed oil ($X_2$, 15-35%), and the contents of hydrogenated soybean oil ($X_3$, 0-4%). As the result, SFC at $10^{\circ}C$ was ranged from 32.37 to 42.76%. In addition, the regression coefficients were calculated for SFC at $10^{\circ}C$ by RSREG. The regression model equation for the SFC was $Y=39.18-0.04X_1X_3$. Consequently, the optimal contents for manufacturing spreadable modified butter were determined as 55.18% for butter, 40.78% for grape seed oil, and 4.08% for hydrogenated soybean oil, respectively. The predicted response value for SFC at $10^{\circ}C$ was 30.20%, comparable to the actual experimental SFC value as 29.85%. Finally hardness and spreadability in reference butter and spreadable modified butter produced under the optimal conditions was measured. The hardness in spreadable modified butter was 31.80 N as compared to 69.92 N in reference butter. The spreadability in spreadable modified butter was 5.6 point as compared to reference butter. This difference may be due to the contents of solid fat by butter and hydrogenated soybean oil. This study showed that the SFC value at $10^{\circ}C$ could be a suitable indicator for the manufacturing spreadable modified butter to predict important attributes such as mouth feel, hardness and spreadability.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.204-213
• /
• 2008

Four ruminally cannulated Holstein cows averaging 43 days in milk (DIM) were used in a $4{\times}4$ Latin square to determine the effect of feeding extruded soybean, ground canola seed and whole cottonseed on ruminal fermentation and milk fatty acid profile. One hundred and twenty lactating Holstein cows, 58 (${\pm}31$) DIM, were assigned to four treatments in a completely randomized block design to study the effects of the three types of oilseeds on production parameters and milk fatty acid profile. The four diets were a control diet (CON) and three diets in which 10% extruded soybean (ESB), 5% ground canola seed (GCS) and 10% whole cottonseed (WCS) were included, respectively. Diets consisted of concentrate mix, corn silage and Chinese wild rye and were balanced to similar concentrations of CP, NDF and ADF. Ruminal fermentation results showed that ruminal fermentation parameters, dry matter intake and milk yield were not significantly affected by treatments. However, compared with the control, feeding cows with the three oilseed diets reduced C14:0 and C16:0 and elevated C18:0 and C18:1 concentrations in milk, and feeding ESB increased C18:2 and cis9, trans11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA). Production results showed that feeding ESB tended to increase actual milk yield (30.85 kg/d vs. 29.29 kg/d) and significantly decreased milk fat percentage (3.53% vs. 4.06%) compared with CON. Milk protein (3.41%) and solid non-fat (13.27%) from cows fed WCS were significantly higher than from cows fed CON (3.24% and 12.63%, respectively). Milk urea N concentrations from cows fed the ESB (164.12 mg/L) and GCS (169.91 mg/L) were higher than cows fed CON (132.31 mg/L). However, intake of DM, 4% fat corrected milk, energy corrected milk, milk fat and protein yields, milk lactose percentage and yield, somatic cell count and body condition score were not affected by different treatments. The proportion of medium-chain fatty acid with 14 to 16 C units in milk was greatly decreased in cows fed ESB, GCS and WCS. Feeding ESB increased the concentration in milk of C18:1, C18:2, C18:3 and cis9, trans11-CLA content by 16.67%, 37.36%, 95.24%, 72.22%, respectively, feeding GCS improved C18:0 and C18:1 by 17.41% and 33.28%, respectively, and feeding WCS increased C18:0 by 31.01% compared with feeding CON. Both ruminal fermentation and production trial results indicated that supplementation of extruded soybean, ground canola seed and whole cottonseed could elevate the desirable poly- and monounsaturated fatty acid and decrease the medium chain fatty acid and saturated fatty acid content of milk fat without negative effects on ruminal fermentation and lactation performance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• 제15권3호
• /
• pp.382-389
• /
• 2002

The aims of this study is to evaluate the effect of Aspergillus oryzae Fermentation Extract (AFE) on the performance of lactating cows in summer (May to July) and winter (December to February). The experiment was a completely randomized design (CRD) and dietary treatments were 1) basal diet without AFE, 2) basal plus 3 g/d AFE into the basal total mixed ration (TMR), 3) basal plus 45.4 mg AFE/kg the ensiling corn silage and 4) AFE inclusion in silage and TMR. Twenty-eight cows from each trial were selected and randomly allocated into the four treatment groups, confined in individual pens, and fed ad libitum for 8 weeks in both seasons of feeding trials. Results showed that AFE inclusion in corn silage significantly improved DM intake by 4.4% and milk yield by 3.1% (p<0.05) during summer. In the winter season, AFE inclusion in the diet significantly improved milk yield by 10%. Direct addition of AFE to the TMR even further significantly improved milk yield over the addition through corn silage by 7.4% in winter (p<0.05). An additive effect of AFE inclusion into TMR and through corn silage was also demonstrated in the winter-feeding. AFE inclusion however, did not improve DM intake during the winter trial. In the summer trial, inclusion of AFE showed an adverse effect on the percentage of milk fat, but did not impact on the milk fat yield. Adding AFE through corn silage showed a trend towards alleviating the negative effects of milk fat from direct AFE inclusion in TMR. The similar trend occurred in the winter trial. The inclusion of AFE through corn silage significantly lowered the milk protein content over direct AFE addition, but did not significantly impacted the milk protein yield in summer. AFE supplementation during the winter season significantly increased milk protein content. Adding AFE to the corn silage significantly increased milk protein content over direct AFE addition in winter although inclusion of AFE significantly decreased total milk solid content in the summer (p<0.005). During the winter season, inclusion of AFE required less DM to produce a unit of milk. Inclusion of AFE into corn silage required less DM, energy and protein to produce a unit of milk. But inclusion of AFE did not alleviate heat stress on the lactating cows.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제41권3호
• /
• pp.231-237
• /
• 2009

팜유와 아보카도유를 이용하여 효소적 방법을 통해 trans free margarine stock(TFMS)을 제조하였다. 회분식 반응기(stirred batch type reactor)를 통한 본 반응은 sn-1,3 위치 특이성을 가진 lipozyme RM IM(from Rhizomucor miehei)을 사용하였다. 반응기질 대두극도경화유와 아보카도유 및 팜유는 30:150:120(g)의 비율로 230 rpm, $65^{\circ}C$에서 합성하였으며 이를 통해 이화학적 특성을 분석하였다. 재구성 지질의 DSC 분석 결과 TFMS의 solid fat content(SFC)는 $5^{\circ}C$에서 58.6%, $35^{\circ}C$에서의 약 8.5%로 확인 되었으며 7.3, 23.6, $35.3^{\circ}C$의 DSC 상의 melting point 특성을 나타내었다. TFMS는 C16:0(약 29%)과 C18:1(약 45%)이 주요 지방산으로 확인되었고 ${\Sigma}SFA$는 40.7%이었으며 trans 지방산은 검출되지 않았다. Sn-2 위치에는 주요적으로 C16:0(21.6%)과 C18:1(50.2%)의 지방산 조성이 확인되었다. RP-HPLC를 통해 TFMS를 이루고 있는 TAG의 PN을 확인 하였다. 주요적으로 PN=48이 대부분을 차지하였고 PN=46, PN=50으로 분리되었으며 TFMS의 반응 전과 비교 시 차별적인 TAG peak를 확인할 수 있었다. 한편, ${\alpha}-$, ${\gamma}-$ 및 ${\delta}$-tocopherol이 각각 5.7, 2.1, 1.7 mg/100 g을 나타냈으며 산가, 요오드가, 비누화가를 통해 TFMS의 이화학적 특성을 확인 할 수 있었다. TFMS를 통해 마가린 제조 시 물성 변화를 고려하여 마가린의 적합한 물성을 지닐 수 있을 것이라 사료된다.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.173-178
• /
• 2009

연속식 효소적 에스테르 교환반응을 이용하여 무-트랜스 유지를 제조하기 위한 체계적이고 입체적인 최적조건을 확립하기 위하여 3가지 독립변수($X_1$: 원료유지 중 FHCO 함량(%), $X_2$: 반응온도($^{\circ}C$), $X_3$: 기질의 흐름속도(mL/min))를 선정하여 RSM을 통해 각각의 독립변수에 대한 종속변수인 TS 전환율(Y)을 표현한 회귀방정식은 Y = 93.1146$(X_3)^2$+ 3.2387($X_1$) ($X_3$) + 2.6038($X_2$) ($X_3$)으로 나타났다. 이 방정식을 이용하여 정준분석을 이행한 결과 35%(w/w)의 FHCO를 함유한 원료유지를 사용하고 PBEB 내에서 68.67$^{\circ}C$의 온도 하에서 원료유지와 효소가 충분히 접촉할 수 있도록 0.63 mL/min의 흐름속도로 연속식 공정을 수행하면 TS 전환율이 극대화 되는 것으로 나타났다. 한편, 트랜스 지방의 함량이 높은 유지를 대체하되 실제 산업체 현장에서 생산되는 기존의 유지를 대체하기 위해서는 TS 전환율 뿐만 아니라 효소적으로 생산된 에스테르 교환 유지의 SFC 경향을 기존 유지의 결과와 비교하는 작업이 필요한데, 이때 비교대상의 기존 유지로는 트랜스 지방 함량 및 이화학적 물성 측면에서의 예비실험 결과 대체 가능성이 가장 높은 크림용 마가린(margarine)을 선정하였으며, 이러한 기존의 유지를 대체할 수 있는 무-트랜스 유지를 제조하기 위하여 SFC 경향 및 TS 전환율을 동시에 고려한 연속식 효소적 에스테르 교환반응의 최적조건을 확립하였으며, 최적조건은 42.83%(w/w)의 FHCO와 57.17%(w/w)의 SO가 혼합된 원료유지를 기질로 사용하며 PBEB 내에서의 반응온도는 64.72$^{\circ}C$이고, 효소와 원료유지가 극대로 접촉하여 효소적 에스테르 교환이 이루어질 수 있도록 기질의 흐름속도를 0.40 mL/min으로 각각 유지하는 것으로 판명되었다. 이상의 최적조건 하에서 연속식 효소적 에스테르 교환반응에 의해 제조된 유지의 SFC 경향을 분석하되 기존의 크림용 마가린의 경우와 비교한 결과 유의적으로 유사함을 확인하였으며, 이로써 본 논문에 의해 생산된 유지는 크림용 마가린을 성공적으로 대체할 수 있는 것으로 판단하였다. 또한, 반응온도를 60$^{\circ}C$ 및 55$^{\circ}C$로 각각 설정하여 2 단계로 분리한 PBEB에서의 TS전환율 변화를 측정한 결과, 반응 30일 경과시점까지 66%이상의 TS전환율을 유지하였으며(효소활성 반감기=약 30일 이상), 단일단계의 반응온도 실험(효소활성 반감기=약 15일)과 비교 시 반감기를 두 배 이상 연장할 수 있음을 확인하였다.