• 한국물환경학회지
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• 제24권1호
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• pp.99-106
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• 2008

With globally increasing interests in climate-soil-vegetation system, a new stochastic model of soil water and plant water stress is derived for better understanding of the soil water and plant water stress dynamics and their role in water-controlled ecosystem. The steady-state assumption is used for simplifying the equations. The derived model is simple yet realistic that it can account for the essential features of the system. The model represents the general characteristics of rainfall, soil, and vegetation; i.e. the soil moisture constitutes the decrease form of the steady-state and the plant water stress becomes increasing with the steady state when the rainfall is decreased. With this model, further deep study for the effects of soil water and plant water stress on the system will be accomplished.

• 한국지반공학회지:지반
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• 제2권1호
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• pp.7-14
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• 1986

The structure of the collapsible soils, such as decomposed granite soil and loess, were examined by the odeometer test, SEM & XES analysis and static & cyclic triaxial test, and hove this structure have influences upon the collapsible behaviour under static and cyclic load was investigated. The study results obtained are as follows; 1. The macropores space of decomposed granite soil (rd=1.50g/cm3) and loess (rd=1.43g/cm3) used in this test were well developed, and showed the behaviour of collapsible soil. 2. Collapsible soil has high resistance on the strain under natural moisture content, however, the resistance on the strain was sharply decreased by the absorption and increasing load since its special structure was destructed. 3. Under the static load, the strain of collapsible soil was high by the viscous flow of the cyclic bonds with time lapse, but Infer the cyclic load, the strain of collapsible soil was low since the tinge needed to destruct the bonding force of clay was not enough. 4. The understanding about the cyclic behaviour of collapsible soil may be helpful to predict the elastic & residual strain of the foundations by the earthquake together with the damage by the additional failure.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제28권6호
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• pp.545-552
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• 2019

Tropaeolum majus, with a high decorative and food demand for vertical greening systems, has been utilized to revitalize urban agriculture. The effects of number of non-woven fabrics in a non-water environment and the adaptability of T. majus to this system were investigated. Planting ground composition of the container-type wall vertical greening system was made using non-woven fabric in one, two, three, or four layers. The results showed that the soil water content remained the highest when the non-woven fabric comprised 4 sheets. The morphological properties showed more growth with the 4 sheets than with 1, 2, and 3 sheets. In terms of physiological characteristics, chlorophyll content was mostly high in the 4 sheets, while shoot fresh weight value was in the order of 3 > 4 > 2 > 1 sheet, and root fresh weight value was in the order of 4 > 2 > 1 > 3 sheets. The dry weight of the measured values in the shoot was in the order of 4 > 3 > 2 > 1 sheet while no clear difference was found in the root of each treatment. The difference in the flowring characteristics was not different, but in evaluating the characteristics as a whole, the growth in the three layers of non-waven fabric was the best. In addition, the soil moisture contents and the growth characteristics were statistically significant as a positive correlation between the groups. Thus, greater the non-woven fabric, the higher is the adaptability of T. majus to dry stress under soil water-free conditions by maintaining soil moisture content. This showed that it represented an effective alternative as a method of vertical greening system for lower maintenance urban agriculture.

• 한국농림기상학회지
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.297-306
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• 2019

기후변화 대응을 위한 토양수분 관리는 중요한 과제이며, 최적의 토양수분 함량을 예측할 수 있다면 대단위 토양수분 정보를 제공할 수 있다. 본 연구에서는 포장용수량 및 위조점의 실측값과 추정값에 대한 상관 관계를 분석하였으며, 토양특성 인자와 토양수분 간 상관성을 조사하였다. 선정된 토양수분관측망 지점은 76 개이며, 모래함량이 높은 사토, 양질사토, 사양토가 77%를 차지하였으며, 유기물은 0.03~3.50%, 용적밀도는 1.01~1.69 Mg m^-3 범위로 조사되었다. 포장용수량 및 위조점의 추정값은 실측값과 상관계수가 낮고 실측값보다 과소 평가되었으나 추정값과 실측값 간에는 고도로 유의한 정의상관관계(p<0.01)가 나타났다. 토양수분(포장용수량 및 위조점)은 미사, 점토, 유기물과는 고도로 유의한 정의상관(p<0.01)이었으며, 모래와는 고도로 유의한 부의상관(p<0.01)이었다. 하지만 본 연구에서 조사된 토양수분관측망 토양은 농업기상대 설치를 위하여 인위적으로 조성된 지점이 포함되어 있어 일반농경지 토양 특성을 그대로 반영하기 다소 어려움이 있다. 따라서 토양수분 측정 조사지점을 농경지까지 포함하여 표본수를 확대하고 토양 인자를 적절하게 활용할 경우 국내 실정에 맞는 토양수분 추정식을 도출할 수 있을 것으로 기대된다.

• 한국환경복원기술학회지
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.43-53
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• 2024

This study attempted to elucidate the ecological niches and influencing environmental factors of Quercus variabilis and Quercus acutissima, which are representative deciduous broad-leaved trees in Korean forests, taxonomically close and genetically similar, under climate change conditions. Under climate change conditions induced by increased CO₂ and temperature, soil moisture and nutrient environments were manipulated in four gradients. At the end of the growing, plants were harvested to measure growth responses, calculate ecological niches, and compare them with those of the control. Eperimental plants were grown for 180 days in a glass greenhouse designed with four gradients each for soil moisture and nutrient environments under climate change conditions induced by increased CO₂ and temperature. After harvesting, growth responses of leaf traits were measured, ecological niches were calculated, and these were compared with those of the control groups. Furthermore, the responses of the two species' populations were interpreted using principal component analysis(PCA) based on leaf trait measurements. As a result, under climate change conditions, the ecological niche breadth for moisture environment was broader for Quercus variabilis than Quercus acutissima, whereas for the nutrient environment, Quercus acutissima exhibited a broader niche breadth than Quercus variabilis. And the rate of change in ecological niche breadth due to climate change decreased for Quercus variabilis in both moisture and nutrient environments, while for Quercus acutissima, it increased in the moisture environment but decreased in the nutrient environment. Additionally, in terms of group responses, both Quercus variabilis and Quercus acutissima expanded their ecological niches under climate change conditions in both soil moisture and nutrient conditions, with Quercus acutissima exhibiting a broader niche than Quercus variabilis under nutrient conditions. These results indicate that the changes in leaf morphological characteristics and the responses of individuals reflecting them vary not only under climate change conditions but also depending on environmental factors.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.31-40
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• 2022

Background: Plant vegetation appears in heterogeneous and patchy forms in arid and semi-arid regions. In these regions, underneath the plant patches and the empty spaces between them are covered by biological soil crusts (moss, lichen, cyanobacteria, and fungi). Biological soil crusts lead to the formation and development of fertile islands in between vegetation patches via nitrogen and carbon fixation and the permeation of runoff water and nutrients in the soil. Results: The present study has investigated the association of biological soil crusts, the development of fertile islands, and the formation of plant patches in part of the Takht-e Soltan protected area, located in Khorasan Razavi Province, Iran. Three sites were randomly selected as the working units and differentiated based on their geomorphological characteristics to the alluvial fan, hillslope, and fluvial terrace landforms. Two-step systematic random sampling was conducted along a 100-meter transect using a 5 m² plot at a 0-5 cm depth in three repetitions. Fifteen samplings were carried out at each site with a total of 45 samples taken. The results showed that the difference in altitude has a significant relationship with species diversity and decreases with decreasing altitude. Results have revealed that the moisture content of the site, with biocrust has had a considerable increase compared to the other sites, helping to form vegetation patterns and fertile islands. Conclusions: The findings indicated that biological crusts had impacted the allocation of soil parameters. They affect the formation of plant patches by increasing the soil's organic carbon, nitrogen, moisture and nutrient content provide a suitable space for plant growth by increasing the soil fertility in the inter-patch space.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.217-231
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• 2018

Clayey soils with swelling and shrinkage characteristics have been major causes for many problems in roads, buildings and other civil engineering infrastructure in various areas of Pakistan, particularly where there are several patches of such soils on either side of Indus River. As the consistency characteristics are directly related with the variation of moisture content; therefore, this study was explicitly focused to investigate the effect of lime and wheat straw on the consistency characteristics of clayey soils with relatively high swelling and shrinkage characteristics. The consistency test results indicate that by the increase in lime content there is a decrease in the plasticity index of soil; for instance, 10% lime content resulted to 59% decrease in the plasticity index value. On the other hand; the addition of wheat straw resulted in a significant increase in the plasticity index; for instance, 10% wheat straw content resulted to a 120% increase in the plasticity index. This study has further shown that the shrinkage and swelling of clayey soils which resulting to several problems in the civil engineering infrastructures may adequately be managed through mixing an appropriate amount of lime and wheat straw as soil stabilizing agent for both immediate and long-term effects.

• 한국환경생태학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.236-241
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• 1998

본 연구는 한반도 냉온대 낙엽수림을 특징짓는 신갈나무림에 대한 군집별 토양특성의 차이를 조사하기 위해 실시되었다. 본 연구에서 식생조사 및 토양조사는 1991년 4월부터 1994년 10월까지 오대산과 중왕산 전역에서 신갈나무가 우점하는 임분을 대상으로 실시하였다. 조사지역내의 신갈나무 우점림을 Braun-Blanquet 법으로 분석한 결과, 조사지역은 신갈나무-분비나무, 신갈나무-당단풍, 신갈나무-생강나무, 신갈나무-복장나무, 그리고 신갈나무-까치박달나무의 5개 군집으로 구분되었다. 신갈나무-분비나무군집은 A층의 토심이 약 5cm로서 다른 군집에 비해서 가장 얕게 발달되어 있었으며 식물뿌리는 주로 토심 l0cm까지 발달되어 있었고 건조한 토양수분 상태를 유지하고 있었다. 신갈나무-당단풍군집과 신갈나무-생강나무군집은 매우 유사한 토양의 형태학적인 특성을 가지고 있었으며 A층의 토심이 약 20cm였다. 식물뿌리는 주로 토심 20cm까지 발달되어 있고 약간 건조한 토양수분 상태를 유지하고 있었다. 신갈나무-복장나무군집과 신갈나무-까치박달나무군집의 두 군집 또한 유사한 토양특성을 보여주었는데 A층의 토심은 약 35cm로서 다른 군집에 비해 가장 깊은 A층을 유지하고 있었다. 식물뿌리는 주로 토심 40cm이상까지 발달되어 있었고 비교적 습윤한 토양수분 상태를 유지하고 있었다. 신갈나무-복장나무군집 그리고 신갈나무-까치박달나무군집은 0~100m 그리고 10~20cm의 토양깊이에서 가장 많은 유기물. 전질소, 치환성 Ca. Mg. 그리고 K 함량과 CEC를 가지고 있었으며, 신갈나무-분비나무군집에서 가장 적은 유기물, 전질소, 그리고 CEC를 가지고 있었다. 본 연구 결과 신갈나무림의 군집별 토양특성은 큰 차이가 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 이러한 결과는 존재하는 식생들에 의한 차이보다는 우선적으로 군집간 주요 분포지의 입지조건이 다르기 때문으로 사료된다.

• 한국안전학회지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.116-121
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• 1999

When plate anchors are embedded in soft clay, they may undergo a deformation under the pressure of sustained load. The critical depth at which the transition from a shallow to a deep anchor takes place depends on the properties of soil. Laboratory model tests were performed for the short-term net ultimate uplift capacity of a circular anchors with respect to various embedment depths and moisture content in saturated kaolinite. The tests have been conducted with the anchor at two different moisture contents. Based on the model test results, empirical relationships between the net load, rate of strain, and time have been developed. In creep tests of kaolinite for load versus ultimate uplift capacity, the displacement of plate anchors rapidly increases during the primary stage but thereafter becomes constant over a period of time.

• 한국농업기계학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농업기계학회 1993년도 Proceedings of International Conference for Agricultural Machinery and Process Engineering
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• pp.373-382
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• 1993

A non-contact sensor for detecting distance from field surface to a predetermined location of a tractor will be useful to control precise height of implements such as tillage machinery, mowers etc.. An optical and an ultrasonic sensors were designed and fabricated . The indoor and outdoor experiments were conducted to obtain the static and dynamic characteristics of the two sensors at several moisture levels of four soils and on the soil surface with a designed shape. The results revealed that the optical sensor is unsuitable for soils with high moisture content but showed better detecting accuracy on the irregularity of soil surface.