• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2000.02a
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• pp.1-11
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• 2000

The use of Compaction Grouting evolved in 1950's to correct structural settlement of buildings. Over the almost 50 years, the technology has been developed and is currently used in wide range of applications. Compaction Grouting, the injection of a very stiff, 'zero-slump' mortar grout under relatively high pressure, displaces and compacts soils. It can effectively repair natural or man-made soil strength deficiencies in variety of soil formations. Major applications of Compaction Grouting include densifying loose soils or fill voids caused by sinkholes, poorly compacted fills, broken utilities, improper dewatering, or soft ground tunneling excavation. Other applications include preventing liquefation, re-leveling settled structures, and using compaction grout bulbs as structural elements of minipiles or underpinning. In this paper, on the basis of the case history constructed in this year, a study has been performed to analyze the basic mechanism of the Compaction Grouting. Also, the effectiveness of the ground improvement and the bearing capacity of the Compaction Pile has been verified by the Cone Penetration Test(CPT) and Load Test. Relatively uniform Compaction grouting column could be maintained by planning the Quality Control in the course of grouting. And, the Quality Control Plan has been conceived using grout pressure, volume of grout and drilling depth.

• Proceedings of the KSR Conference
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• 1998.11a
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• pp.103-110
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• 1998

Several soil improvement methods are applied to stabilize soft ground. But their improvement effects are known to be reduced in view of strength under poor conditions such as marine clay. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the strength increase effects of super injection grouting on the marine clay, A series of laboratory tests and chemical analysis tests has been peformed. Through this study, the causes of strength inferiority of treated soil was analyzed and soil improvement effects of grouted soil was presented.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.3 no.4
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• pp.37-49
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• 2002

In this study, it is performed that mix design of grouting materials which high strength, durability and environmentally safe materials for 2 types of suspension, solution grouting. The laboratory model tests such as permeation, solidification tests are performed to find injection effects by the injection pressure, soil condition. And environmental effects of the grouting materials is analyzed through the heavy-metal leaching tests. From the results, micro cement of suspension grouting superior permeation, solidification injection to Portland cement, and phosphoric acid and sodium hydrogen carbonate in solution grouting were similar to micro cement of suspension grouting. When compare to strength of grouted soils, micro cement of suspension grouting showed high compression strength to Portland cement. While, solution grouting showed very low compression strength comparing suspension grouting. Also, in the heavy-metal leaching tests results were satisfied with the environmental regulation standard for raw grouting materials and grouted soil by 7, 14, 28days curing.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.19-27
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• 2013

Recently, the natural and man-made slope collapses occur frequently because of sudden heavy rains. So, a variety of slope reinforcement methods have been developed and applied to failure slopes. Soil nailing method usage has been increased because of its workability and economic aspects. This method has been applied in combination with other slope stability methods. Soil nailing method is a kind of combinational structure of steel bar and cement grouting. This method uses skin friction between adjacent ground and cement grouting to stabilize the slope. In this study, End-expanded soil nailing method was developed. This method consists of steel bar and anchor body attached at the tip of the nail. During construction, the anchor body at steel bar tip is settled to the ground through the expanding action. In this study, field pull-out tests were performed for un-grouting soil nailing and grouting soil nailing. From the test results, a wedge force of End-expanded soil nailing method was analyzed. And the behavior characteristics of End-expanded soil nailing were studied.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.115-126
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• 2019

The long-term settlement characteristics for the cast-in-place bored pile in the deep-thick soft soil are investigated by post-grouting field tests. Six cast-in-place bored engineering piles and three cast-in-place bored test piles are installed to study the long-term settlement characteristics. Three post-grouting methods (i.e., post-tip-grouting, post-side-grouting, and tip and side post-grouting) are designed and carried out by field tests. Results of the local test show that decreased settlements for the post-side-grouted pile, the post-tip-grouted pile and the tip and side post-grouted pile are 22.2%~25.8%, 30.10%~35.98% and 32.40%~35.50%, respectively, compared with non-grouted piles. The side friction resistance for non-grouted piles, post-side-grouted pile, post-tip-grouted pile and the tip and side post-grouted pile undertakes 89.6~91.3%, 94.6%, 92.4%~93.0%, 95.7% of the total loading, respectively. At last, the parameters back analysis method and numerical calculation are adopted to predict the long-term settlement characteristics of the cast-in-place bored pile in the deep-thick soft soil. Determined Bulk modulus (K) and a creep parameter (Ks) are used for the back analysis of the long-term settlement of the post-grouted pile. The settlement difference between the back analysis and the measurement data is about 1.11%-7.41%. Long-term settlement of the post-grouted piles are predicted by the back analysis method, and the predicted results show that the settlement of the post-grouted pile are less than 6 mm and will be stable in 30 days.

• Proceedings of the Korean Geotechical Society Conference
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• 2008.03a
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• pp.405-411
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• 2008

The pressurized grouting soil nailing method using rubber membrane packer system was developed for recycling materials to minimize environmental pollution and reducing construction costs. For this purpose, field pull-out tests were performed to evaluate the characteristics of soil nailing by measuring tensile stresses and axial displacements.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.29 no.5
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• pp.509-522
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• 2022

Tail-grouting is an effective measure in shield engineering for filling the gap at the shield tail to reduce ground deformation. However, the gap-filling ratio affects the value of the gap parameters, leading to different surface settlements. It is impossible to adjust the fill ratio indiscriminately to study its effect, because the allowable adjustment range of the grouting quantity is limited to ensure construction site safety. In this study, taking the shield tunnel section between Chaoyanggang Station and Shilihe Station of Beijing Metro Line 17 as an example, the correlation between the tail-grouting parameter and the surface settlement is investigated and the optimal grouting quantity is evaluated. This site is suitable for conducting field tests to reduce the tail-grouting quantity of shield tunneling over a large range. In addition, the shield tunneling under different grouting parameters was simulated. Furthermore, we analyzed the evolution law of the surface settlement under different grouting parameters and obtained the difference in the settlement parameters for each construction stage. The results obtained indicate that the characteristics of the grout affect the development of the surface settlement. Therefore, reducing the setting time or increasing the initial strength of the grout could effectively suppress the development of surface subsidence. As the fill ratio decreases, the loose zone of the soil above the tunnel expands, and the soil deformation is easily transmitted to the surface. Meanwhile, owing to insufficient grout support, the lateral pressure on the tunnel segments is significantly reduced, and the segment moves considerably after being removed from the shield tail.

• Journal of the Korean GEO-environmental Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 2012

In Korea, grouting has been mostly designed and constructed by experiences without expert knowledge and theoretical study. So there are a lot of problems related to the quality and safty of grouting. Therefor, in this paper the quality management skills and method were discussed through out by using the auto-grouting method and field test of grouting for the construction. Through the limit water injection test of the soil, it make the optimum injection pressure and injection speed of grouting, and through the lugeon test of the rock, it make assess the permeability of before and after grouting. In order to prevent the hydraulic fracture of soil and break away from the grouts if it apply four kinds of mode of grouting stop criteria, injection effects can be improved. From the above characteristcs designers evalute the fitness values of injection pressure(p), injection speed(q) and grouting penetration time(t). So far, to record and manage pressure(p) and speed(q) of grouting autographic devices such as intergation flow-meter usually record data in a roll of paper. Intergration flow-meter can record grouting flow quantity exactly, but the recorded pressures differ from the any basis such as intitial, intermediate and final point. Therefore, it has been argued that is a need of reliable method to describe the connection between the pressure recorded by an intergration flow-meter and the special properties of the grouting target ground. auto-grouting method can describe the reliable connection between the grouting pressure and the special properties of the grouting target ground. So, in this paper by using auto-grouting method, it is expected that to secure basis of quality control techniques construction.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• v.19 no.3
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• pp.217-227
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• 2019

This study focuses on an improved prediction model to determine the limiting grouting pressure of compaction grouting considering the ground surface upheaval, which is caused by the three-dimensional conical shearing failure. The 2D-dimensional failure curve in Zou and Xia (2016) was improved to a three-dimensional conical shearing failure for compaction grouting through coordinate rotation. The process of compaction grouting was considered as the cavity expansion in infinite Mohr-Coulomb (M-C) soil mass. The prediction model of limiting grouting pressure of compaction grouting was proposed with limit equilibrium principle, which was validated by comparing the results in El-Kelesh et al. (2001) and numerical method. Furthermore, using the proposed prediction model, the vertical and horizontal grouting tube techniques were adopted to deal with the subgrade settlement in Shao-huai highway at Hunan Provence of China. The engineering applicability and effectiveness of the proposed model were verified by the field test. The research on the prediction model for the limiting grouting pressure of compaction grouting provides practical example to the rapid treatment technology of subgrade settlement.

• 한국터널공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2005.04a
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• pp.117-128
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• 2005

This Paper present design parameters of grouting by reviewing several published equations and the results of coupled analysis considering the difference of permeability between soil and grouted zone. Also, the feasibility of couped analysis in the design of grouting is studied for seeping water quantity into tunnel, displacement of tunnel face, drawing down of groud water table, settlement of ground and stress of tunnel supports.