• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.290-296
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• 2015

This study was conducted to investigate the influence of the mixed application of chemical fertilizer (CF) with liquid swine manure (LSM) on the agronomic characteristics, dry matter yield, minerals, and free sugar in cultivating Sorghum ${\times}$ Sorghum Hybrid (SSH) on paddy soil. The field experiment was designed in a randomized block design with three replications and consisted of CF 100% (C), CF 70% + LSM 30% (T1), CF 50% + LSM 50% (T2), CF 30% + LSM 70% (T3), and LSM 100% treatment (T4). The application of LSM was based only on the nitrogen (150 kg/ha). Plant length, leaf length, leaf width and stem diameter were significantly the lower in T4 (p<0.05). Stem hardness increased significantly (p<0.05) as the LSM application rate decreased. Fresh yield was the highest in T2, whereas the lowest in T3 (p<0.05). However, dry matter yields and TDN yield did not show significant difference among treatments. Crude protein was the highest in T1 (p<0.05). Crude fat content did not significant differences between the T1, T2, T3 and T4, but C showed a significantly different (p<0.05). NDF and crude fiber were the highest in T3 and C, respectively (p<0.05). However, ADF did not show significant difference among treatments. Total mineral contents were higher in the order of T1> T2> T4> T3> C (p<0.05). Free sugar contents were significantly higher at T1 and C as compared to other treatments. The analysis of all the above results suggests that the application of liquid swine manure is very effective, considering the yield performance and the content of mineral and free sugar. In addition, liquid swine manure may be possible to grow SSH without chemical fertilizer.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.9-18
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• 1971

In order to obtain basic information on the production of single cell protein from petroleum, more than 400 yeast strains were isolated from various soil samples in Korea utilizing petroleum hydrocarbon as the sole carbon source. A yeast strain showing the highest cell yield among the isolated strains was selected and identified. The optimal culture condition was searched in the flasks shaken throughout the procedure. And the growing characteristics for the selected yeast strain and chemical analysis of the yeast cell component were carried out. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The selected yeast strain was identified as Candida curvata and we named it Candida curvata-SNU 70. 2. The composition of the medium proposed for the present yeast strain is: Light Gas Oil 30ml, Urea 400mg, Ammonium sulfate 100mg, Potasium phosphate (monobasic) 670mg, Sodium phosphate (dibasic) 330mg, Magnesium sulfate 500mg, Calcium carbonate 3g, Yeast extract 50mg, Tween 20 0.05ml, Tap water 1,000ml. 3. Other culture conditions employed for the yeast were pH 5.5-7.0, temp. $30^{\circ}C$ under an affluent aerobic state. 4. Addition of light gas oil in portions to the culture media as the growth proceeded was more effective, especially in the cultivation on the higher oil concentration media. 5. Studies on the propagation of the yeast cells in the light gas oil medium revealed that the yeast has the lag phase lasted 16 hours and the logarithmic growth phase covered 16 to 28 hours. The specific growth rate was about $0.22\;hr^{-1}$ and doubling time was 3.2 hrs. during the logarithmic growth phase. 6. Under the cultural condition employed, the cell yield against the amount of light gas oil (wt%) was 16.1% and the protein content of the dried yeast cells was 48.4%.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.65 no.1
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• pp.30-39
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• 2020

A new silicate coating technology was developed which reduces the impact of dust and loosening during seeding compared to existing silicate-coatings (Seed/Si/Zeolite), and therefore can lower the production costs of rice cultivation. In this method, 100 g of rice seed is coated with 18 mL of liquid silicic acid and then dressed with a mixture containing 80 g of dolomite and 5 g of iron. To determine the most effective method of application and ensure that seedlings developed healthily, a series of experiments were carried out. Infected seeds scattered in seedling boxes and pots (soil and hydroponic) were coated dry, without disinfection. In comparison to the seed which were not treated with the silicate-coating, the new seed (A) were 1.84 times heavier in weight, and were also improved in terms of coating strength and coating color. Compared to the seedlings grown from the non-coated seed, those grown from the new silicate-coated seed were of significantly higher quality (weight/length) and had erect, dark greenish leaves, which are ideal plant characteristics. This was most likely due to increased silicate uptake. The symptoms of bakanae disease in the non-coated seed peaked after 38 days to 54.2%, whereas the control value was 68.8% in the new silicate-coated seed (A). In the infected seedlings grown from the new silicate-coated rice seed, subnormal macro-conidia, namely, a sickle shape spore without a septum; a straight oblong shape spore without a septum and with a thick cell wall; and inter-septal necrosis of a normal spore were detected. It is believed that the strong alkalinity of silicic acid have acted as unfavorable conditions for pathogenicity. In seedlings grown from the new silicate coated rice seed under hydroponic conditions without nutrients, normal root activity and growth was maintained without leaf senescence. Therefore, it was possible to reduce the rate of fertilization. In the future, a new silicate-coated rice seed was required for the study of minimal nutrition for anti-aging of seedlings.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.1-10
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• 2017

We investigated growth, clove development, and photosystem II activity in garlic (Allium sativum L.) grown under different day/night temperature regimes using Soil-Plant-Atmosphere - Research (SPAR) chambers to determine the optimum cultivation temperature and to assess the impact of temperature stress on garlic. In the early stages of growth, plant growth increased markedly with temperature. At harvest time, however, the pseudostem diameter decreased significantly under a relatively low day/night temperature range ($14/10-17/12^{\circ}C$), suggesting that these temperature conditions favor regular bulb growth. At harvest time, the bulb diameter and height were great at $14/10-23/18^{\circ}C$, whereas the bulb fresh weight and number of cloves per bulb were greatest at $17/12-20/15^{\circ}C$. However, the number of regularly developed cloves per bulb was highest at the relatively low temperature range of $14/10-17/12^{\circ}C$, as were the clove length and fresh weight. The photochemical efficiency ($F_v/F_m$) and potential photochemical efficiency ($F_v/F_o$) of photosystem II in the leaves of garlic plants were higher at $14/10-20/15^{\circ}C$ and lower at temperatures below $14/10^{\circ}C$ or above $20/15^{\circ}C$, implying that the $14/10-20/15^{\circ}C$ temperature range is favorable, whereas temperatures outside this range are stressful for garlic growth. Furthermore, at temperatures above $20/15^{\circ}C$, secondary growth of garlic, defined as lateral bud differentiation into secondary plants, continuous growth of the cloves of the primary plants, or the growth of bulbil buds into secondary plants, was enhanced. Therefore, to achieve commercial production of fresh scapes and bulbs of garlic, it may be better to grow garlic at relatively low temperature ranges of $14/10-17/12^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.411-418
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• 2012

This study was conducted to develop the technique for cultivation of forage crops using swine slurry in fallow paddy land located in the mid-mountain area (FPL). The field experiments were carried out from 2007 to 2009 on FPL at Kumsan, Chungbuk province in Korea. Swine slurry was prepared which decayed for 6 months. The experimental plots were consisted of seven treatments; tall fescue-based mixed pasture applied with chemical fertilizer (Control), mono-tall fescue pasture (MTF), tall fescue-based mixed pasture (TFBM), mono-Perennial ryegrass (MPR), mono-Italian ryegrass (MIR), mono-Red clover (MRC and mono), Reed canarygrass (MRCG) applied with swine slurry. The field of tall fescue-based pasture had been sown with a grasses mixture containing 'Fawn' tall fescue, 'potomac' orchardgrass, 'Reveille' Perennial ryegrass, and 'kenblue' Kentuky bluegrass, 'Kenland' Red clover. Seeding rates were 16, 6, 4, 2 and 2 (kg) per ha, respectively. DM yields of forages and rates of grass coverage were higher in MTF, TFBM and MRCG as compared with control treatment. This result means that FPL has contained with favorable conditions for growing grass, because forage productivity is more than 14.5 tons per ha per year in fallow paddy land. In addition, the farmer can save the trouble of repeated plowing and sowing every year, with the introduction of perennial grasses. The farmer must conduct the re-seeding and induce the improvement of management methods for the elevation of the persistence of red clover and perennial ryegrass, because both red clover and perennial ryegrass having high nutritive value and palatability was less persistent. Therefore, we suggest that FPL may be the good land for forage production utilizing swine slurry and swine slurry can be applied on FPL without any negative effects on DM production and the property of soil. FPL of Korea can be better utilized by applying swine slurry to the mono and/or mixed swards.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.597-603
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• 1997

Orostachys japonicus, Wasong as herb medicine, has been artificially cultivated as an anti-tumor medicinal. The experiment was carried out to examine the effect of natural daylength as control or night-break treatment (NB) imposed at June 20, July 18 or Aug. 15 on its growth, dry weights of leaf and bract, stem, floret and root, and morphological characters including bolting and floret flowering. After a plant was grown in a 15cm plastic pot containing a 2 : 1 soil : peat moss mixture on May 23, three treatments with above differing night-break had been imposed around midnight up to Nov. 7. The plants were sampled 3 times at the same day forced to night-break and then done 6 times by 2-week interval after the final NB. Plant height and inflorescence length of all the NB increased with delayed NB but declined in comparison with the natural daylength. No. of leaves including bracts showed similar response to plant height although NB given before July 18 showed less leaves and bracts. Stem diameters of NB were continuously increased to middle Sept. to middle Oct. while that of natural daylength decreased after middle Oct. Natural daylength or NB given on Aug. 15 had greater fraction, shoot and total dry weights resulting from increment of leaf and bract up to Aug. or of floret, stem and root after Sept. The earlier NB, the later formation of florets and the less number of flowering florets whereas in natural daylength florets on inflorescence begun to be formed from middle Sept. were sharply increased up to middle Oct. when all the plants were flowered. Bolting was not formed in the plant of the earliest NB of June 20, and thereby no anthesis of florets up to early Nov. It was concluded that year-round cultivation of Orostachys japonicus plants was possible through controlling the NB timing because its bolting and flowering of florets separately occurred.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.29 no.3
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• pp.247-254
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• 2011

The agronomic characteristics, nutritional contents, and insect response of the potato clones transformed with a glufosinate ammonium resistance gene were evaluated. Among the 4 transgenic potato clones, the Bar 3 clone was selected as a promising one for commercialization. The Bar 3 clone showed similar tuber yield capacity but higher herbicide resistance as compared with the non-transgenic potato cv. Dejima. The herbicide resistance of the Bar 3 clone was more than 5 times higher when tested with the herbicide concentration recommended by the producer. The major agronomic characteristics of the Bar 3 clone were not different from those of the non-transgenic Dejima. The annual variation in yields and agronomic characteristics showed similar tendency for 2 years from the third to fourth generation after transformation. The tubers of the Bar 3 clone also showed low occurrence in common scab and physiological disorders such as cracking and secondary growth. But the reasons for such results are yet to be studied. Also, it was considered that the Bar 3 clone have a potential of reducing not only common scab occurrence but also soil erosion during potato cultivation in field. The nutritional contents (mineral compound, vitamin C and amino acid) and response to Spodoptera exigua of the transgenic potato clones were not significantly different.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.463-470
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• 2012

As the advanced seeding technology through use of plug tray for good cultivation of seeds was propagated along with the expansion and development of horticultural industry, the use of bed soils as growing medium has recently been increased. In this study, the effects of the four clay minerals such as illite, phyllite, zeolite, and bentonite on the early growth of red pepper in the bed soil were investigated. Furthermore, proteome analysis for the leaf and stem samples of red pepper treated with only illite was performed. Of the seedling cultured, the healthy and regular size seeds were selected and cultivated in the pots, after they were treated with four clay minerals. The experiment was performed during the whole six weeks in the glasshouse of the Chungbuk National University. The growth lengths, fresh and dry weights of red pepper were significantly higher in the treatments of illite, phyllite, zeolite, and bentonite than in the control. In addition, the uptake of $K^+$, $Ca^{2+}$, and $Mg^{2+}$ were higher in the treatment of illite, phyllite, zeolite, and bentonite than in the control. The 2-DE patterns for the red pepper by the applications of illite, phyllite, zeolite, and bentonite were similar to each other. Therefore, compared to the samples of control, the proteome analysis for the samples of red pepper treated by only illite were performed. Proteome analysis for red pepper showed that plastid fructose-1, 6-bisphosphate aldolase class 1, aldolase, and glyceraldehydes 3-phosphate dehydrogenase, all of which were involved in the energy metabolism, were highly expressed in leaf tissue by illite treatment. In stem tissue, NAD-dependent formate dehydrogenase involved in energy metabolism, potassium transport protein, and GIA/RGA-like gibberellins response modulator were highly expressed. Based on the results obtained from the proteome analysis, it appears that the proteins specifically and differentially expressed on the illite treatment may be involved in the enhanced growth of red pepper. The identification of some proteins involved in the response of vegetable crops to the treatment of clay mineral can provide new insights that can lead to a better elucidation and understanding of mechanism on their molecular basis.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.295-300
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to analyze microbiological hazards for plants, cultivation environments and personal hygiene of perilla leaf farms at the harvesting stage. Samples were collected from three perilla leaf farms(A, B, C) located in Gyeongnam, Korea and tested for sanitary indications, fungi and pathogenic bacteria(Escherichia coli O157:H7, Listeria monocytogens, Salmonella spp., Staphylococcus aureus and Bacillus cereus). As a result, total bacteria and coliform in perilla leaf were detected at the levels of 4.4~5.2 and 3.4~4.3 log CFU/g, respectively, but E. coli was not detected in all samples. Among the pathogenic bacteria, B. cereus(perilla leaf: 2.0~2.4 log CFU/g, stem: 1.4~2.1 log CFU/g, water: 0.7 log CFU/ml, soil: 4.2~5.0 log CFU/g, hands: 3.0 log CFU/ hand, gloves: 2.1~2.4 log CFU/100 $cm^2$, glothes: 1.5~2.8 log CFU/100 $cm^2$) and S. aureus(3.4 log CFU/hand) were detected in all samples and worker's hand from farm A, respectively. However, other pathogenic bacteria were not detected. This study demonstrates that perilla leaf at the harvesting stage was significantly contaminated with microbial hazards.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.125-130
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• 1975

This investigation was carried out to define the cultivation state of Ginseng seedling and to study the growth of important characters by location and correlations between characters, the results obtained are summarized as follows; 1. Most of farmers culitvating ginseng seedling had not any special consideration for the improvement of soil, and they applied green manure only as basic fertilizer but they did not apply chemical fertilizer. 2. Any efforts on the improvement of ginseng seed were not found. Seed was harvested from 3 years old ginseng plant. Seedling density was 1.8 cm by 2 cm. 3. Growth of all characters showed significant differences among farms. Coefficients of variation among individual seedling plants was largest at root diameter and smallest at root length. 4. Gromth of all characters without root diameter by planted location under the shadow was poor at front row, however root diameter was shortest at back row. 5. Significant high correlatons were rocognized between root diameter and stem diameter, between leaf blade and stem diameter and between leaf blade and leaf length, but stem length were not correlated with any characters. It is noticable that negative correlations were found between stem length and root diameter, between stem length and root length and between stem length and stem diameter.