• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
• /
• v.32 no.6
• /
• pp.676-685
• /
• 2018

This study is to compare carbon budget between serpentine sites and non-serpentine sites dominated by Pinus densiflora forest in the Andong serpentine area where has high values of magnesium and low values of calcium, and are usually deficient in nitrogen and phosphorus, but rich in heavy metals such as nickel, chrome, cobalt, etc. and to measure soil $CO_2$ efflux and environmental factors between January 2017 and December 2017. Soil $CO_2$ efflux was measured with LI-6400 once a month; the soil temperature at 10 cm depth, air temperature, soil moisture contents, and solar radiation were measured in continuum. Soil $CO_2$ efflux in the serpentine area and non-serpentine were $151.71{\pm}75.09g\;CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}month^{-1}$(42.48 ~ 262.61 g $CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}month^{-1}$) and $165.09{\pm}118.96g\;CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}month^{-1}$(20.94 ~ 449.24 g $CO_2{\cdot}m^{-2}month^{-1}$), respectively. Carbon storage in the serpentine area and non-serpentine area were 91.90, $222.85ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}$, respectively. Carbon absorption in the serpentine area and non-serpentine area were 7.99, $17.41ton{\cdot}ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Carbon budget in the serpentine area and non-serpentine area were absorbs 5.3, $14.49ton{\cdot}Cha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.38 no.3
• /
• pp.281-291
• /
• 2015

To clarify the effects of forest fire on the carbon budget of a forest ecosystem, this study compared the seasonal variation of soil respiration, net primary production and net ecosystem production (NEP) over the year in unburned and burned Pinus densiflora forest areas. The annual net carbon storage (i.e., NPP) was $5.75t\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in the unburned site and $2.14t\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in the burned site in 2012. The temperature sensitivity of soil respiration (i.e., $Q_{10}$ value) was higher in the unburned site than in the burned site. The annual soil respiration rate was estimated by the exponential regression equation with the soil temperatures continuously measured at the soil depth of 10 cm. The estimated annual soil respiration and heterotrophic respiration (HR) rates were 8.66 and $4.50t\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in the unburned site and 4.08 and $2.12t\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$ in the burned site, respectively. The estimated annual NEP in the unburned and burned forest areas was found to be 1.25 and $0.02t\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$, respectively. Our results indicate that the differences of carbon budget and cycling between both study sites are considerably correlated with the losses of living plant biomass, insufficient nutrients and low organic materials in the forest soil due to severe damages caused by the forest fire. The burned Pinus densiflora forest area requires at least 50 years to attain the natural conditions of the forest ecosystem prior to the forest fire.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.48 no.5
• /
• pp.340-350
• /
• 2015

This experiment was carried out to find out the mitigation of greenhouse gases (GHGs) emission and changes of soil carbon contents in the cropland. In order to minimize the soil disturbance, this study was conducted without crop cultivation at the pots treated with different biomass. Different biomass was buried in the soil for 12 months. Decomposition rates of expander rice hull, pig manure compost and carbonized rice hull were 18%, 11~11.5% and 0.5~1.2%, respectively. It was appeared that carbonized rice hull was slightly decomposed. No difference was shown between chemical fertilizer treatment plot and non-application plot. It was appeared that soil carbon content in the non chemical fertilizer application plot was high when compared to its chemical fertilizer. Its content at soil depth of 20 cm more decreased than the upper layer of soil. Accumulative emission of $CO_2$ with different treatments of biomass was highest of 829.0~876.6 g $CO_2m^{-2}$ in the application plot of PMC (Pig Manure Compost) regardless of chemical fertilizer treatment during 16 months of experiment. However, the emission for expander rice hull treatment plot was lowest of 672.3~808.1 g $CO_2m^{-2}$. For application plot of the carbonized rice hull, it was shown that non chemical fertilizer plot, 304.1 mg $N_2Om^{-2}$, was higher than the chemical fertilizer treatment, 271.6 mg $N_2Om^{-2}$. Greenhouse gas emissions in the PMC treatment were highest of 0.94 ton $CO_2eqha^{-1}yr^{-1}$. However, it was estimated to be the lowest in the expander rice hull treatment.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
• /
• v.24 no.2
• /
• pp.253-260
• /
• 2015

Enlargement of street tree planting area is the proper and effective solution to reduce carbon dioxide. This solution bases on the ability of carbon storage and uptake by tree metabolism. However, the circumstance of road side has fatal disadvantages in tree metabolism such as growth and maturity because cutting and filling of roadsides cause unnatural soil composition. In this point, early rootage of street tree is the main factor of reducing carbon dioxide. This study aimed to find a appropriate transplantation planting method for sound and rapid rootage of street tree. For the study, Korean Mountain Ash(Sorbus alnifolia) were used for experimental groups. The groups were categorized by three groups such as trees produced on container with mulching treatment, trees produced in outdoor with mulching treatment, trees produced on container with weeding treatment. Each group consisted 10 trees with same size and transplanted in experimental site. Five months after transplanting, each group was estimated the biomass and carbon storage through a direct harvesting method. According to results of the study, the carbon storage of trees produced on container with mulching treatment is 42% more than trees produced in outdoor with mulching treatment. And the carbon storage of trees produced on container with mulching treatment is 19.5% more than trees produced on container with weeding treatment. These results may imply that transplantation of container produced tree with mulching treatment is the most rapid rootage among other groups. The weeding treatment is more effective than mulching treatment for rapid rootage of street trees.

• Journal of Forest and Environmental Science
• /
• v.32 no.3
• /
• pp.302-310
• /
• 2016

The loss and degradation in tropical forest region are some of the current global concern. Hence, these issues elevated the role of rehabilitated forests in providing ecological products and services. The information on the carbon stock is important in relation to global carbon and biomass use, but lacking from the tropical region. This paper reports the assessment of tree and soil carbon stock in a chronosequence rehabilitated tropical forest stands in Malaysia. The study site was at the UPM-Mitsubishi Forest Rehabilitation Project, UPMKB. $20{\times}20m$ plot was established each and assessed in 2009 at 1-, 10- and 19-year-old sites while an adjacent ${\pm}23-year-old$ natural regenerating secondary forest plot was established for comparison. The overall total carbon stock was in the order of 19-year-old>${\pm}23-year-old$>10-year-old>1-year-old. When forest carbon stock is low, the soil component plays an important role in the carbon storage. The forest carbon recovery is crucial to increase soil carbon stock. The variations in the carbon stock showed the different stages of the forest recovery. Species survived after 19-years of planting are potential species for carbon sequestration activities in rehabilitated forest. Human intervention in rehabilitating degraded forest areas through tree planting initiatives is crucial towards recovering the forest ecological role especially in forest carbon stock capacity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
• /
• v.16 no.3
• /
• pp.107-117
• /
• 2013

Problems in regard of ecological stability of urban ecosystem ensue from climate change and urbanization. Particularly, urban ecological conditions are deteriorating both quantitatively and qualitatively to a great extent. The present study aims to assess the current condition of selected sites (i. e. urban green zones and parks) in terms of preset assessment components; to find out problems and relevant solutions to improve the quality and quantity of parks and green zones; and ultimately to suggest some measures applicable to coping with climate change as well as to securing the ecological attributes of urban green zones and parks. According to the findings of this study, from quantitative perspectives, ecological attributes and responsiveness to climate change are high on account of the large natural-soil area(80%). By contrast, from qualitative perspectives including the planting structure (1 layer: 47%), the percentage of bush area(17%), the connectivity with surrounding green zones (independent types: 44%), the wind paths considered (5.6%), the tree species with high carbon absorption rates (20%), water cycles (17%), energy (8%) and carbon storage capacities(61%), ecological attributes and responsiveness to climate change were found very low. These findings suggest that the ecological values of urban parks and green zones should be improved in the future by conserving their original forms, securing natural-soil grounds and employing multi-layered planting structures and water bodies, and that responsiveness to climate change should be enhanced by planting tree species with high carbon storage capacities and obtaining detention ponds. In sum, robust efforts should be exerted in the initial planning stages, and sustained, to apply the methodology of green-zone development along with securing ecological attributes and responsiveness to climate change.

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
• /
• v.42 no.2
• /
• pp.60-69
• /
• 2018

Background: This study was conducted from March 2011 to February 2013 in order to evaluate the ecosystem value by examining the organic carbon distribution and cycling in the Quercus glauca forest, evergreen oak community at Seonheul-Gotjawal, Jeju Island. Results: The amount of organic carbon distribution was $124.5ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and $132.63ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2012 for aboveground biomass. And it was $31.13ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and $33.16ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2012 for belowground biomass. In total, the amount of organic carbon distribution in plants was 155.63 and $165.79ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and 2012, respectively. In 2011 and 2012 respectively, the amount of organic carbon distribution was 3.61 and $6.39ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in the forest floor and it was 78.89 and $100.71ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in the soil. As shown, most carbon was distributed in plants. Overall, the amount of organic carbon distribution of the Q. glauca forest was $238.13ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and $272.89ton\;C\;ha^{-1}$ in 2012. In 2011, the amount of organic carbon fixed in plants through photosynthesis (NPP) was $14.22ton\;C\;ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$ and the amount of carbon emission of soil respiration was $16.77ton\;C\;ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$. The net ecosystem production (NEP) absorbed by the Q. glauca forest from the atmosphere was $5ton\;C\;ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$. Conclusions: The carbon storage value based on such organic carbon distribution was estimated about $23.81mil\;won\;ha^{-1}$ in 2011 and $27.29mil\;won\;ha^{-1}$ in 2012, showing an annual increment of carbon storage value by $3.48mil\;won\;ha^{-1}$. The carbon absorption value based on such NEP was estimated about $500,000won\;ha^{-1}\;year^{-1}$.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.45 no.3
• /
• pp.435-443
• /
• 2012

This study investigated soil carbon storage and microbial activities influenced by different management practices in rice paddies and pastures. Soils under a single-crop farming of rice (CON) and rice-Italian ryegrass rotation farming (IRG) were compared in Jangheung, Jeollanam-do, Seocheon and Cheonan, Chungcheongnam-do. Soils from pastures were analyzed to investigate the effect of duration period (P1, P2, P3) in Namwon, Jeollabuk-do and Seosan, Chungcheongnam-do. In rice paddy, total and particulate carbon (PC) concentrations in the IRG soils were significantly higher than those in the CON soils both in Jangheung and Seocheon where the IRG has been established for three years, whereas carbon concentrations were not significantly different in Cheonan where IRG planting history is only one year. In rice paddy soils, PC was suggested as an early indicator to monitor changes in soil carbon storage followed by adopting different management practices. In pasture, total and PC concentrations increased with duration period especially in the 0-5 cm soils. Contrary to the rice paddy soils, the magnitude of change in PC concentration is not as great as that in total carbon concentration, implying that there is a need to develop a new early indicator other than PC using different fractionation scheme. The soil carbon storage in pasture also increased with years since establishment and the increasing rate was significantly greater in the early stage (0-5 yrs) than the later one (> 5 yrs). Microbial activities measured from fluorescein diacetate (FDA) hydrolysis analysis were significantly lower in the IRG soils than CON soils, whereas no difference was observed in the pastures of different ages. This shows that FDA activity is not a sensitive indicator to differentiate soil qualities influenced by management practices if it is used by itself.

• Korean Journal of Soil Science and Fertilizer
• /
• v.40 no.4
• /
• pp.292-297
• /
• 2007

Global warming and climate changes have been major issues for decades andvarious researches have reported their impact on our environment. According to recent researches, increased carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) concentration in the atmosphere is considered as a dominant contributor to global climate changes and thus numerous researches were conducted to control $CO_2$ concentration in the atmosphere. Soil management practices, such as reducing tillage intensity, returning plant residues, and enhancing cropping system have recommended for restoring organic carbon into the soils effectively. However, few studies on soil carbon sequestration have reported for Korean paddy soils. Therefore, evaluation of soil organic carbon (SOC) dynamics in the long-term single rice cropping system is essential in order to find out potential capacity of paddy field as a carbon sink source. The objective of this research was to evaluate SOC dynamics on the long-term single rice cropping system. Research was conducted in the research farm at National Institute of Agricultural Science and Technology, Rural Development Administration, Suwon. Long-term phosphorus and potassium fertilization and lime application didn't significantly affect on SOC compared to controls. We found that SOC contents were increased continually at the long-term composting plots with enhanced rate of carbon storage. In conclusion, continuous incorporation of plant residues (i.e., composting) is recommended to effectively sequester soil carbon for Korean paddy soils. This result implies that continuous composting in a paddy field may contributenot only for increasing SOC in the soils but also for mitigating global warming through reducing carbon dioxide emission into atmosphere. Therefore, we recommend that a strategy or policy measures to encourage farmers to return plant residues continuously for mitigation of global warming as well as soil fertility is being developed.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
• /
• v.47 no.4
• /
• pp.12-23
• /
• 2019

This study was carried out to investigate and analyze the environmental characteristics of restoration areas in the riparian zones of the Han River, and to quantify the amount of topsoil organic carbon storage. As a result of investigation and analysis of 21 survey sites, the total number of species planted was found to be 17, and the mean number of species was $2.86{\pm}0.13$ species per site. At least one species and a maximum of 7 species were planted at each site. The mean diameter at breast height was $9.1{\pm}0.6cm$, the mean height was $6.2{\pm}0.3m$ and the root content in soil was $0.13{\pm}0.18g/cm^2$. As a result of the analysis of the soil characteristics, 6 out of 21 items, such as the bulk density, solid ratio, gravel ratio, soil hardness, sand content, and pH increased as the soil layer deepened. The topsoil organic carbon storage by layer was $11.54{\pm}1.08ton/ha$ at 0-10cm, $8.69{\pm}0.81ton/ha$ at 10-20cm, $7.97{\pm}0.79ton/ha$ at 20-30cm, and the total from 0 to 30cm was $28.21{\pm}7.31ton/ha$. The highest amount of topsoil organic carbon storage by land use in the past was $35.17{\pm}5.31ton/ha$ in agricultural lands, followed by $28.16{\pm}8.31ton/ha$ in residential areas, $21.87{\pm}9.05ton/ha$ in commercial areas, $19.23{\pm}12.48ton/ha$ in industrial areas, and $17.07{\pm}11.33ton/ha$ in the barren areas. The highest amount of topsoil organic carbon storage in the restored areas was $38.46{\pm}3.14ton/ha$ in 2006, followed by $28.57{\pm}7.84ton/ha$ in 2016, and $16.78{\pm}6.06ton/ha$ in 2011. The results of this study are expected to provide a basic database and evaluation criteria for enhancing the carbon abatement effects of the restoration sites in riparian zones in the future.