• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제17권3호
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• pp.341-352
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• 2012

It is well established that excessive sodium intake is related to a higher incidence of chronic diseases such as hypertension, stroke, coronary heart disease, cardiovascular disease and gastric cancer. Although the upper limit of the current sodium intake guideline by WHO is set at 2,000 mg/day for adults, sodium intake of Koreans is well over 4,700 mg/capita/day implying an urgent need to develop and implement sodium intake reduction policy at the national level. This study investigated the cost-effectiveness of the sodium intake reduction policy, for the first time, in Korea. Analyses were performed using most recent and representative data on national health insurance statistics, healthcare utilization, employment information, disease morbidity/mortality, etc. The socioeconomic benefits of the policy, resulting from reduced morbidity of those relevant diseases, included lower medical expenditures, transportation costs, caregiver cost for inpatients and income losses. The socioeconomic benefits from diminished mortality included reductions in earning losses and welfare losses caused by early deaths. It is estimated that the amount of total benefits of reducing sodium intake from 4.7 g to 3.0 g is 12.6 trillion Korean Won; and the size of its cost is 149 billion Won. Assuming that the effect of sodium intake reduction would become gradually evident over a 5-year period, the implied rate of average return to the sodium reduction policy is 7,790% for the following 25 years, suggesting a very high cost-effectiveness. Accordingly, development and implementation of a mid-to-long term plan for a consistent sodium intake reduction policy is extremely beneficial and well warranted.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.8-17
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• 2016

Sodium is a component of salt and naturally taken in the process of taking in table salt. For food processing, salt is very important. In general, salt adds flavor and taste including a salty taste and rheologically, it plays an important role in forming tissues. Also, it helps in improving preservability of food by controling growth of microorganisms. But excessive intake of salt has been blamed for outbreak of high blood pressure, heart disease, stroke, osteoporosis, kidney stone, stomach cancer and others. For this reason, there are active efforts to reduce sodium of processed foods all around the world. In Korea, a guideline for sodium reduction in 27 items and 44 kinds of foods including confectionery was suggested as part of the 'processed food sodium reduction guideline development project', which has been conducted since 2012.

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.34-44
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• 2016

Given that fermented foods, such as kimchi and doenjang, are main food sources for high sodium intake in Korea, there have been needs to develop sodium-reduced kimchi and doenjang with the proper quality. However, small and medium sized business could not actively develop the sodium-reduced products due to lack of techniques and information as well as economical reasons. The most important aspects is to address food safety issues including microbial contaminations in sodium-reduced foods. Hurdle Technology, physical, biological, chemical control technique, would have to be preferentially considered to increase the hygiene safety standards in entire processing steps including raw materials, process water, manufacturing environments, and so on. Once the food hygiene level is stable, the next challenges are to improve the taste of the sodium reduced-products as well as to packaging and storage technologies. The development of a variety of sodium-reduced fermented foods would result in significant mitigation of sodium intake by Korean. This report provides the directions to develop sodium-reduced kimchi, doenjang or pickled food products for small and medium sized business, based on the technical consulting results of sodium reduction project supported by Ministry of Food and Drug Safety in 2015.

• 대한지역사회영양학회지
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• 제16권4호
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• pp.473-487
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• 2011

We attempted to define the sources of sodium intake for the Korean population at prepared dish level to provide a basis for developing sustainable nutrition policies and feasible programs for sodium intake reduction. Dietary intake data from 2008 and 2009 Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey was used in the analysis for sodium intake sources. Sodium intake from individual dish consumed by each subject was calculated and used in delineating major sodium sources at dish and dish group level for sub-populations of different sex and age. Also, sodium intake was compared between eaters and non-eaters of some specific dish groups with considerable contribution to total sodium intake. The number of subjects included in the analysis was 18,022 and mean sodium intake was 4,600 mg/capita/day. Major sources of sodium intake at dish group level were in the following order: kimchi (1125 mg, 24.5%), noodles (572 mg, 12.4%), soups (488 mg, 10.6%), stews (399 mg, 8.7%), and cooked rice (284 mg, 6.2%). The magnitude of contribution to total sodium intake by soups and stews was different by age group. Sodium intake difference between eaters and non-eaters was much larger for kimchi group (2,343 mg for male, 1,452 mg for female) than for soups or stews. Interaction between consumption of aforementioned specific dish groups and age was highly significant (p < 0.0005) for both sexes. This study revealed an importance of having not only the control over sodium content of foods/dishes, but also the customized approach for different groups of population to accomplish an appreciable reduction in sodium intake.

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.173-181
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• 2013

This study used survey data to identify the use of salimeters and the prevalence of sodium reduction education in the Gyeonggi region. A survey with 211 dietitians working in school foodservice (106 in elementary schools, 69 in middle schools, and 36 in high schools) was conducted from August 6 to August 17, 2012. The data were analyzed using the SPSS program. Though 86.6% of school kitchens had salimeters, the rate for checking the sodium content of soup or stew was just 62.7% and the rate for checking the sodium content of kimchi and solid food was very low. Since salimeters are mostly used to measure sodium in liquid foods, it is urgent to provide an education and manual on using salimeters and to promote salimetry for kimchi and side dishes. It is also important to provide students with nutritional information by clearly posting the sodium content of food on menus and compelling students to notice them. Sodium reduction education for cooks was conducted in the 70.3% of the kitchens; however, the dietitians perceived that the cooks did not understand the importance of the education. Also, sodium reduction education for students was mostly provided through indirect methods, rather than face-to-face education, resulting in poor educational data (only 36.4% comprehending). By providing detailed guidelines for sodium reduction and labelling accurate content of sodium of the menus, we will be able to enforce practices for sodium reduction in school lunches.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제53권6호
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• pp.648-662
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• 2020

국내 나트륨 평균 섭취량은 2017년 3,477 mg으로 2010년 4,876 mg 대비 71.3% 수준으로 감소하였다. 나트륨 섭취량 감소 추이에서 생산 및 조리 주체별 구분에 따른 기여도에서는 산업체에서 생산된 식품과 가정에서 조리한 식품으로부터의 나트륨 섭취량 감소 비율이 단체급식과 외식업체에서 조리하여 제공하는 식품으로부터의 나트륨 섭취량 감소 비율보다 컸다. 식품군과 음식군으로부터 나트륨에 가장 많이 기여하는 요인은 생산 및 조리 주체별로 다르게 나타났는데, 산업체 생산에서는 김치류에서, 가정과 단체급식에서는 조리한 국/탕/찌개/전골류에서, 외식업체에서는 조리한 면/만두류였고, 나트륨 기여도가 가장 높았던 이들 식품 및 음식들은 연도에 따른 나트륨 섭취량 감소 폭도 가장 큰 것으로 나타났다. 특히 가정에서 조리한 국/탕/찌개/전골류와 면/만두류의 나트륨 함량 감소 폭은 외식업체 및 단체급식에서 조리한 음식보다 더 큰 것으로 나타났다. 나트륨 섭취량에 주로 기여하는 주요 식품군과 음식군의 종류는 연도가 증가함에 따라 나트륨 급원 식품이 특정 식품 위주에서 다양한 식품으로 확대되는 경향을 보여, 향후 나트륨 저감 대상 품목에 대한 다양한 접근이 요구됨을 시시하였다. 국내 나트륨 섭취에 기여하는 식품은 가공식품을 완제품 형태로 섭취하는 것 외에도 조리 단계에서 식재료로 다양하게 사용하는 비율이 높으므로 본 연구에서 제안한 생산 및 조리 주체별로 식품군 또는 음식군을 분류하여 나트륨 섭취 주요 급원 및 감소 요인을 파악한 결과는 저염 식품의 개발 및 생산, 저염 섭취와 관련된 식생활 교육 등과 같은 분야의 기초 자료로 활용될 것으로 기대된다. 향후 식문화를 고려한 다양한 식품 분류체계 방법을 마련하여 나트륨 섭취량 분석 및 저감 전략 수립에 활용하는 것이 필요할 것으로 생각된다.

• 식품산업과 영양
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• 제20권2호
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• pp.6-7
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• 2015

• 식품과학과 산업
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• 제49권2호
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• pp.2-7
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• 2016

• 대한영양사협회학술지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.174-182
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• 2014

This study compared total sodium amounts in 'Healthy Restaurant for Sodium Reduction' menu items located in Seoul, Chungcheong, and Gyeongsang in 2011 and 2012. In addition, this study explored reduced sodium cooking methods in 'Healthy Restaurant for Sodium Reduction'. This study monitored and collected menu samples from a total of 103 restaurants participating in 'Healthy Restaurant for Sodium Reduction' in 2011 and 2012. We also surveyed restaurant employees to identify reduced sodium cooking methods in 2012. The results showed significant reductions in total amounts of sodium in menu items of restaurants located in Seoul, Chungcheong, and Gyeongsang between 2011 ($310.8{\pm}156.8mg/100g$) and 2012 ($211.6{\pm}110.3mg/100g$). Amounts of sodium in all seven foodgroups showed significant reductions between 2011 and 2012: 'Gook/Tang' (from $226.6{\pm}127.7mg/100g$ to $168.5{\pm}74.3mg/100g$), 'Jjigae/Jeongol' (from $385.8{\pm}111.7mg/100g$ to $257.1{\pm}82.53mg/100g$), 'Noodle/Dumpling' (from $263.8{\pm}116.9mg/100g$ to $194.1{\pm}55.6mg/100g$), 'Gui' (from $390.3{\pm}120.6mg/100g$ to $258.8{\pm}92.7mg/100g$), 'Steamed dish' (from $305.3{\pm}124.3mg/100g$ to $175.6{\pm}76.6mg/100g$), 'Bob' (from $273.7{\pm}162.5mg/100g$ to $167.1{\pm}93.1mg/100g$), and 'Stir-fried dish' (from $368.6{\pm}116.6mg/100g$ to $219.0{\pm}72.4mg/100g$). The survey results showed that responses for 'Reducing salt amount' were 75.7%, responses for 'Using enchovy stock, shrimp, radish, or fruit soup' were 64.1%, and responses for 'Liking the taste because it is bland' were 50%. This study indicates that 'Healthy Restaurant for Sodium Reduction' nutrition policy was successful for reducing sodium contents of restaurant menu items, and also consumers were satisfied with the tastes.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제50권6호
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• pp.664-678
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• 2017

문헌 고찰을 통한 국내외 나트륨 정책 현황 및 나트륨 섭취량, 서울시에서 진행되고 있는 나트륨 섭취 감소 프로그램의 분석, 국민건강영양조사에서의 서울 시민을 대상으로 한 나트륨 섭취 추이, 인구학 사회경제적 특성 및 나트륨 섭취와 관련된 식행동에 따른 나트륨 섭취량 자료분석, 전문가 안면 타당도 평가 결과를 통한 서울시 나트륨 섭취 저감화 계획 목표 재설정 및 프로그램 우선 순위와 대상자 선정은 다음과 같다. 나트륨 저감화 전략에 따른 각 국가의 나트륨 섭취 감소율을 분석한 결과 전년도 대비 약 1.0 ~ 2.0%씩 감소하였고 우리나라의 경우 5.3%의 감소율을 보였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 제시하는 서울시 나트륨 섭취 저감화 정책 목표는 연간 나트륨 섭취량 감소율 2.7%와 서울시 나트륨 저감화 사업의 확대 계획을 고려하여 2.0%로 연간 감소율을 적용하는 것으로 하여 2020년에는 약 3,600 mg의 나트륨 섭취량을 목표로 재설정하였다. 서울시에서 수행하고 있는 나트륨 감소를 위한 프로그램을 생태학적 프레임에 적용하여 분석한 결과, 전반적으로 생태학적 프레임에서 제안하고 있는 개인적, 사회적 환경, 물리적 환경, 거시적 환경 수준들이 프로그램에 포함되고 있었으나 각 프로그램들은 대상자에 따라 수준별로 연계가 되어 있지 못하였고, 주로 단편적이고 산발적으로 진행되고 있었다. 또한 각 자치구별로 공통되고 표준화된 프로그램은 없었다. 따라서 선택과 집중을 기반으로 하여 대상자별로 각 수준들이 연계되어 표준화된 프로그램이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 프로그램 우선순위 대상자는 성별에서는 여자보다 남자에서, 연령대에서는 30 ~ 50대 성인, 소득수준에서는 저소득층이었고, 나트륨 섭취와 관련된 식행동 중에서는 과일 섭취량이 적은 군이 전반적으로 나트륨 섭취량이 높은 특성을 가져 과일 섭취에 대한 식행동 변화가 중요한 것으로 나타났다. 나트륨 섭취 감소를 위한 프로그램 분석, 서울시 나트륨 섭취 현황 및 고 나트륨 섭취 대상자 특성 분석, 전문가 대상 안면 타당도 평가 결과를 바탕으로 서울시 나트륨 감소를 위한 프로그램 우선순위 대상자는 성인 남성으로서 프로그램의 전략 방향은 생태학적 프레임을 적용하여 이들이 주로 생활하는 생활 터인 직장, 가정, 음식점에서의 나트륨 섭취 환경 개선을 위한 프로그램들을 수준별로 연계하여 진행하는 것으로 제안하였다. 따라서 가정과 음식점에서는 성인 남성의 나트륨 섭취에 영향을 줄 수 있는 주부와 조리 종사자도 프로그램 주요 대상자로 선정 되었다. 본 연구에서는 제안된 나트륨 섭취량의 목표치와 중재 프로그램에 대한 우선순위는 지속적인 모니터링과 효과평가를 통하여 업데이트가 되어야 할 것이다. 향후 생태학적 프레임에 적용된 나트륨 섭취 감소 프로그램의 효과에 대한 전반적인 평가가 필요할 것으로 사료되며 나트륨 섭취 저감화 정책 및 프로그램의 지속성과 효과적인 수행을 위해서는 타 기관 및 부서에서 수행되고 있는 관련 프로그램과의 연계와 협의 체계가 마련되어야 할 것이다.