• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.323-336
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• 2015

This study explored the effect of Sociocultural attitudes toward appearance on appearance concerns, appearance management behavior, appearance complex, face satisfaction, and body satisfaction. The sample of the study was women aged between 20 and 40 who live in Seoul or Gyeonggi-do. We used 292 questionnaires for the final statistical analysis. Data were analyzed by common factor analysis, and multiple linear regression using SPSS 12.0 / Windows. The results of the study are summarized as follows. First, Sociocultural attitudes toward appearance were classified into internalization and awareness, appearance management into weight control, hair care, make-up, and skin care, and appearance complex into complex from other people and complex from self. Internalization showed significant positive effects on appearance concerns, hair care, weight control, face satisfaction, and body satisfaction; however, there were negative effects on make-up, skin care, and complex from other people. Awareness showed significant positive effects on make-up skin care, weight control, and complex from other people; however, there were negative effects on appearance concerns, hair care, face satisfaction, and body satisfaction.

• The Mathematical Education
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• v.56 no.2
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• pp.147-160
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• 2017

The purpose of this study was to examine (1) if sociocultural factors that are known to influence gender gap in mathematics achievement are gender equitable for Singaporean eighth grade students, (2) if there is a higher level of gender equitability in students' attitudes towards mathematics and (3) how sociocultural factors influence mathematics achievement for Singaporean eighth grade students. This study is based on 5,923 Singaporean eighth grade students who participated in TIMSS 2011 assessment. The study found that there were no statistically significant gender differences in 'parental involvement in education' and 'teacher efficacy.' There were no statistically significant gender differences in students' attitudes of 'like learning mathematics,' and 'value learning mathematics'. A significant gender difference was identified for the attitude of 'confident with mathematics.' The boys displayed a higher level of confidence in mathematics than the girls consistent with other study findings for Asian students. The degree of effect from 'parental involvement in education,' 'teacher efficacy,' and 'confident with mathematics' on mathematics achievement are found to be stronger for girls than boys. The finding implies that girls' mathematics achievement can benefit from having more positive encouragement and involvement of parents and teachers and strengthening confidence in mathematics.

• Korea Trade Review
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.167-188
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• 2021

This study was carried out to identify the key drivers behind the rapid growth of the cosmetic medical tourism industry in recent years and determine the future growth engines. Unlike previous studies that have focused on cosmetic medical tourism in the United States, Japan, and China, this paper examines the related trends in ASEAN countries, where the interest in cosmetic surgery has recently surged among young people, as part of the efforts to promote the expansion of the industry in this particular region. The results of the empirical study showed that those from the ASEAN region traveling abroad for cosmetic surgery found the medical professional's expertise in cosmetic surgery technology, medical care system, and administrative convenience in relation to communication and accessibility appealing, and this is what led to an intention to visit. As for another process that formed the intention to visit, it was the sociocultural attitudes towards appearance arising from the attractiveness of celebrities, and this had an impact on the intention to visit abroad for cosmetic surgery. Especially it was newly discovered, based on an empirical analysis, that sociocultural attitudes towards the appearance and attractiveness of celebrities could be a key influencing factor when it comes to the intention to visit another country for cosmetic surgery.

• Journal of the Korean Society of School Health
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• v.37 no.1
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• pp.22-32
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• 2024

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to compare sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, appearance satisfaction, and peer relationships between male and female middle school students, and to compare the effects of these variables on self-esteem in students of different genders. Methods: Data were collected in August and September of 2023 and analyzed using SPSS 24.0. Data were collected from 289 male and 240 female students through a survey, and descriptive statistics, x2 test, t-test, Scheffé test, and multiple regression analysis were conducted. Results: Female students showed significantly higher scores for sociocultural attitudes toward appearance (3.06±0.77 vs. 2.82±0.74), significantly lower scores for appearance satisfaction (2.55±0.46 vs. 2.71±0.40), and significantly higher scores for peer relationships (3.46±0.69 vs. 3.00±0.78) than male students. Additionally, self-esteem was significantly lower in female students (2.84±0.59) than in male students (2.95±0.51). As a result of adjusting for weekly allowance, subjective academic achievement, family economic status, stress, and experience of sadness or despair, which were significant in the univariate analysis, self-esteem increased as appearance satisfaction (p for all <.001) and peer relationships increased in both male (p=.009) and female (p<.001) students. In addition, sociocultural attitudes toward appearance did not have a significant impact on self-esteem in both male and female students. Among general characteristics, weekly allowance, subjective academic achievement, and stress were found to have a significant effect on self-esteem in both genders. Relationships with parents had a significant effect on self-esteem only in male students, and experience of sadness or despair had a significant effect only in female students. Conclusion: In order to improve self-esteem in both boys and girls, appearance satisfaction and peer relationships should be improved. As boys with poor relationships with their parents and girls with high levels of sadness or despair are particularly likely to have low self-esteem, they are to be considered as a high-risk group.

• Journal of the Korea Fashion and Costume Design Association
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.63-77
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of sociocultural attitudes toward appearance and objectified body consciousness on male consumer' appearance management behavior. The subjects were 648 males aged from 20 to 59 years old, and the questionnaire consisted of sociocultural attitude toward appearance, objectified body consciousness, appearance management behavior, and subject' demographic characteristics. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, factor analysis, and regression analysis. The results were as follows. Three dimensions(appearance importance awareness, slimness importance awareness, and internalization) were emerged on sociocultural attitude toward appearance. Three dimensions(body shame, body surveillance, and control belief) were emerged on objectified body consciousness. Five dimensions(skin, hair, body, fashion, and plastic surgery management) were emerged on appearance management behavior. In sociocultural attitude toward appearance dimensions, appearance importance awareness and internalization had important effects on appearance management behavior. In objectified body consciousness dimensions, body shame and control belief had important effects on appearance management behavior. This results concluded that sociocultural attitude toward appearance and objectified body consciousness are important variables to understand on male consumer' appearance management behavior.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Costume
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• v.58 no.6
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• pp.85-95
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• 2008

The purpose of this study is to research appearance management behaviors through their interests in appearance and the degree of their management among the undergraduates to research the effects of sociocultural attitudes toward appearance, self-esteem, and perceptive physical attractiveness on their face and hair management behaviors and to provide the effective data to form the marketing strategies for the beauty and fashion markets for the undergraduates. Total 900 questionnaires were distributed to the female/male undergraduates students in Daegu and Gyungbuk. 873 questionnaires out of 900 were collected and 825 questionnaires were selected as the final objects of this study. Frequency analysis, factor analysis, and Cronbach a were used to analyze the data using SPSS 12.0 statistics program. To examine the effects among variables, univariate analysis of variance and multiple regression analysis were conducted. The followings are the findings of analyzing and considering the research results through statistically processing each variable and those of the existing researches. 1. In terms of face management behaviors, internalization and awareness as sociocultural attitudes and social physical attractiveness among physical attractiveness perceptive showed positive effects. 2. In hair management behaviors, social physical and personal physical attractiveness out of physical attractiveness perceptive seemed to have positive effects.

• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.107-124
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• 2012

The purpose of this study was to classify types in sense of gender role identity and to figure out the difference among sociocultural attitude, benefits of clothing pursuit, and appearance management behaviors by sense of gender role identity types. Questionnaires were administered to 455 people in their twenties and thirties living in Daegu and Kyoungbuk area. Data were analyzed by using frequency, factor analysis, credibility, $X^2$-test, ANOVA, Duncan-test, and t-test. The findings are as follows. First, Men of androgyny group showed the highest rate of 38.5% followed by undifferentiation(22.9%), masculineness(21.0%), and feminineness(17.6%). Women of undifferentiation group showed the highest rate of 33.2% followed by feminineness (25.2%), androgyny(22.0%), and masculineness(19.6%). Second, factors of sociocultural attitude were internalization and recognition. Benefits of clothing pursuit consists of the factors such as consciousness of others, personality, and vogue pursuit. Factors of appearance management behaviors were dressing, skin management, plastic surgery management, weight management, health management, and hair management. Third, the result from the difference between sociocultural attitude and benefits of clothing pursuit by sense of gender role identity types, men of androgyny and feminineness showed highest in recognition while women of androgyny showed highest in internalization and recognition. The result of the difference in benefits of clothing pursuit by sense of gender role identity shows that both men and women of androgyny group have high tendency for being conscious of others, personality pursuit, and vogue pursuit while men of undifferentiation and masculineness have low interest in dressing in relationship with others. Fourth, the examination of the difference in appearance management behavior by sense of gender role identity types found men of androgyny group managed dressing, skin, weight, health and hair most while women dress and health most. Men of undifferentiation group managed dressing and weight least, while men of masculineness health, and men of feminineness hair least.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.563-578
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• 2022

Society's emphasis on a thin body ideal may intensify an individual's negative perceptions of fatness. The purpose of the present study was to examine the relationship between sociocultural attitudes toward appearance (awareness and internalization of the female ideal) and anti-fat attitudes among middle-aged Korean women. In addition, the aim was to examine whether the body internalization of female ideals was a mediator in the proposed model. Participants included a sample of 264 middle-aged Korean women who completed a series of measures online. The following information was collected through online questionnaires: awareness and internalization of the female ideal, attitudes toward fat, body weight perception, and demographics. Data were analyzed using correlation analysis, descriptive analysis, factor analysis, and structural equation modeling. The measurement model and the structural model testing provided an acceptable fit to the data, and all proposed pathways in the research model were statistically significant. Awareness of the female ideal was significantly and positively associated with internalization, and it significantly and positively predicted both constructs of anti-fat attitudes. Additionally, awareness of the female ideal was significantly and positively indirectly associated with attitudes toward fat people-dislike and willpower mediated by internalization. Overall, these findings suggest that society's emphasis on female appearance and a thin body can ultimately result in significant stigmatization of overweight/obese individuals. This study emphasizes the importance of establishing a healthy appearance standard to reduce anti-fat prejudice.

• Asia Pacific Journal of Business Review
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.45-60
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• 2019

Proposing that the main barriers to mini-packaging success in China, in contrast to India and the Philippines, is Chinese consumers' sociocultural values and attitudes toward products in mini packages, this study investigates the factors that potentially make the China market relatively not conducive to buying products in mini packages via a survey of 468 Chinese adults in Shanghai (first-tier city) and Zhuhai (second-tier city). Results show that respondents agree that products in mini packages are difficult to store once opened, are more expensive than are larger-sized products, do not provide good value for money, entail frequent shopping, are harmful to the environment, are not advertised, and are mainly for trying new products and for traveling. They disagree with many possible reasons for the unpopularity of products in mini packages. This study's contributions are (1) providing in-depth quantitative analysis of the possible reasons mini-packaging is not popular in China, (2) offering managerial advice for using mini-packaging to increase brand competitiveness, (3) developing a scale to measure attitudes toward products in mini packages; and (4) being empirical as opposed to merely anecdotal/speculative like some studies in this area.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.425-436
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• 2022

The purpose of this study was to examine the factors affecting subjective body shape perception among female university students. This research conducted a survey targeting 121 female university students. The collected data were analyzed by Pearson's Correlation, Multiple Regression using SPSS/Win 23.0. were identified as factors influencing on subjective body shape perception in female university students. As the results of regression analysis, sociocultural attitudes towards appearance, body cathexis, self-esteem, BMI demonstrated significant effects on subjective body shape perception. and these are significantly predicted 46.8% of subjective body shape perception. The factor of the greatest impact on subjective body shape perception is sociocultural attitudes towards appearance. In order to positively change body shape perception, it is necessary to help them perceive their body shape as it is, accept the actual body shape, and have a specific way to be satisfied with their body shape.