• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.61 no.1
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• pp.57-79
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• 2009

This study analyzes the effect of poverty on child development outcomes including academic achievement, self-esteem, depression/anxiety, attention problems, aggression, and delinquency. The poverty experiences among elementary school children are longitudinally observed during 3 years between the 4th grade and the 6th grade. When development outcomes are compared among persistently poor children, transitory poor children, and non-poor children, academic achievement is found to be significantly different. The analyses of the relationships between the poverty status and developmental trajectories show that academic achievement among non-poor children has improved over time, while the level of poor children's achievement has decreased. The result also shows that problematic behaviors such as attention problems, aggression, delinquency has improved over time among all the children. Yet, the gap between poor and non-poor children has not decreased. The multivariate analyses indicate that the effect of poverty remains statistically significant only for academic achievement after children's individual and familial characteristics are controlled. Past experiences of poverty in addition to the current poverty affect academic achievement and persistent poverty has a stronger effect than transitory poverty on academic achievement, although the findings are not consistent across all the estimated models.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.29 no.6
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• pp.1419-1433
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• 1999

Little is known about the impact of family caregiving for the demented elderly in Korea. The purpose of this study was to identify the current state of development of family caregiving research for the demented elderly in Korea and to identify correlates of caregiver or health problems and burdens within the socio-political contexts of Korea. A critical review of 17 family caregivers was carried out. The review revealed that various caregiving impacts and correlates of caregiver burden or health problems have been studied in relation to demented elderly family caregiving. Family caregiving for the demented elderly is a very complex phenomenon and various factors were related to caregiver burden, or their emotional and physical health. Findings from studies reviewed have shown inconsistent, inconclusive, and contradictory results. Furthermore, several conceptual and methodological problems were identified in the studies reviewed: restricted conceptualization, unrepresentative study samples, inadequate sample size, inappropriate study design, absence of comparison groups, inappropriate psychometric properties, and uncontrolled confounding factors. More research, as well as directions for further research, is recommended to identify family caregiving the impact of for the demented elderly, and to clarify the factors that explain results.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.41-63
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• 2006

The purpose of this study is to investigate the differences among mother's feeling expression, children's self-regulation, and children's peer competency by socio-demographic background and provide a basic material to develop the parents' education for mother's promosing emotional environment to help development of children by understanding the correlation among mother's feeling expression children's self-regulation, and children's peer competency. The research objects were 361 of 4 to 6-year-old children and their mothers. The tool adapted by Woo Sookyong(2002) was used for Mother's emotional expressivity, and the tool of Lee Jeongran(2003) for the of self regulation and the tool of park Joohee and Lee Eunhae for the children's peer competency. Data analysis was performed with population, percentage, t-test, Cronbach $\alpha$, F-test, and co-relation of LSD posteriori test. The summary of this study are as follows; First, the more negative expressivity was shown as mother's academic career was higher and the more positive one was appeared as family income was greater according to the background of socio-demography. Female children showed the higher self-regulation, and the self-decision and action control were greater as their age was higher. Children's peer competency was higher as they were social and friendly personality. Second, there was the strong relationship among the mother's feeling expressivity, children's self-regulation and peer competency one. Mother's positive expressivity had the relationship with children's self-regulation and peer competency one while weak expressivity had it with self-decision, regulation and children's peer competency. But the strong negative heartstrings' expressivity was an improper co-relation with action control and no relation with similar age competent ability. A definitive relation existed between all low level area except the emotion of self-regulation and children's peer competency. Form the above study, it was Known that there was the relationship among the mother's feeling expressivity, children's self-regulation and peer competency. In particular, there was strong relationship between positive and weak positive expressivity, and children's self-regulation and peer competency. These results could be reflected to parents' heartstrings education by knowing the impact of a positive emotional expressivity and weak-negative one.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.669-686
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• 2017

This study reinterpreted the value of traditional communities in rural areas and explored ways to revitalize sustainable communities. To do this, we surveyed the members' perceptions about the activities of the community organization as assessed through a questionnaire. The questionnaire items focused on the participation, satisfaction and contribution of the members of the community organization, with additional questions investigating the idea of the community vitalizations plan. A self-report questionnaire survey was administered to 321 members of the community, and the results were analyzed through technical data, t-test and ANOVA analysis by using the SPSS program. In the results, the perceptions of the members of the traditional village community differed significantly according to socio - demographic factors and member recognition characteristics. Especially, males were more voluntarily and positively compared to females, and the lower the age of satisfaction, the lower was the perceived individual satisfaction with community activities. In the case of perceived contributions to individuals and the community, the participants perceived positively in the emotional support for the individual's participation in the organization. On the other hand, the results confirmed that the contribution to the local community is important in realistic aspects such as regional vitalizations. It is confirmed by the decrease in the number of members in response to the difficulty of the organization. (Ed- 'the lack of the size of the membership' simply repeats 'the decrease in the number of members'; thus it's unnecessary).

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare
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• v.61 no.3
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• pp.283-305
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to develop a scale for the social network of college students in Korea. The social network scale for college students in this paper was developed through 1) literature review and item development 2) focus-group meeting 3) depth-interview with college students 4) pilot-studies and 5) study. The scale of 23 items has been constructed with three features : The first is 'relational feature' with 2 items; the second 'structural feature' with 7 items; and the third 'functional feature' with 14 items. The functional feature in this social network scale has consisted of emotional, economic, spiritual, and socio-relational aspects and has been revealed to the validity and the reliability of Cronbach's ${\alpha}$ 0.716. This study would contribute for college students to solve the many problems in their own lives through the social networks.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.31 no.5
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• pp.19-32
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• 2013

The purpose of this study was to identify the influences of psychological independence(functional independence and emotional independence) and career decision-making self-efficacy(self-estimation, career goal, occupational-knowledge, and problem solving) on career maturity(preparation, objective, decisiveness, and certainty) among adolescents. The subjects were 447 students in the second grade of middle school and high school in D. The questionnaire consist of measures of psychological independence, career decision-making self-efficacy, and career maturity. The data were analysed with factor analysis, Cronbach's ${\alpha}$, t-test, ANOVA, correlation and multiple regression by using the SPSS(SPSS/WIN 19.0) program. The major results were as follows. First, adolescents' the career maturity was significantly different depending on the socio-demographic variables. Second, it was shown that middle and high school students have a statically relation, in a relation among psychological independence, career decision-making self-efficacy, and career maturity. Third, it was found that psychological independence and career decision-making self-efficacy gave statistically meaningful influence on the career maturity of adolescents. This study is significant in that it suggests a plan for improving career maturity, and provides a basic material to improve one's active role in their parents. In addition, the results of this study can be used as a fundamental reference in career development programs and career-counseling centers at schools for enhancing adolescents' career development and success.

• Anxiety and mood
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.46-52
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• 2017

Objective : The purpose of the present study was to examine the effectiveness of a school-based character education program on the character development of elementary school students. Methods : A total of 1,325 elementary school students participated in the study. Pre-post changes in eight character virtues (self-esteem, self-regulation, honesty, sincerity, communication & caring, citizenship, justice, responsibility/cooperation) and student satisfaction were assessed. A paired t-test was performed to determine the effects of the program. Results : Of the students who participated in the program, the 4th and 5th grade students showed significantly increased scores on all eight character virtues ; whereas, the 6th grade students showed significantly increased scores on five character virtues. Conclusion : Despite the differences in effect based on the grade levels, the study results supported the effectiveness of a school-based socio-emotional character education program. This study could provide a basis for future research on the development of effective character education programs.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.18 no.11
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• pp.188-204
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• 2018

This study examined how early maternal language use was associated with school readiness at kindergarten entry among children of Asian or Hispanic immigrant mothers in the United States. Using a nationally representative sample from the Early Childhood Longitudinal Study-Birth Cohort (ECLS-B; $N{\approx}1,500$), this study estimates multivariate regression models to address each research question. This study finds generally advantages of maternal use of English and bilingualism for children's expressive language in both Asian and Hispanic groups and for children's pro-social behavior in the Asian group. It also finds that longer residency in the U.S. is associated with higher levels of approaches to learning for children of bilingual Asian mothers and lower levels of behavior problems for children of bilingual Hispanic mothers. Based on the findings, social work implications for the healthy development of young children of immigrants were discussed.

• The Korean Journal of Quaternary Research
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.85-99
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• 2003

Since the experience of major landscape change during last half of the century due to war and rapid urbanization, the traditional character has been weakened, and it is necessary for a reconsideration to improve the landscape for the future. To review these relationships, the importance of a comprehensive understanding of nature has been suggested. Therefore identification of a new concept based on the 'socio-cultural influence of landscape' and 'sense of place' which are related to peoples' previous experience, is required. Furthermore more practical definitions and criteria to reveal the relationship are necessary. Among the terms suggested to describe sense of place such as 'home', 'place identity', 'place-based meaning' and 'settlement identity' etc., the 'home' is selected to represent our surrounding landscape. For more practical classification of home landscape, additional terms are suggested and defined based on both the relationships between human beings and nature, and between memory derived from previous experience and shared values with in the community. The additional terms which are the most important in the role of landscape character related to humans' are; ⅰ) Personal Landscape: Landscape of an individual human, which derives from previous personal experience; involves distinguishable character for a given person, and it is emotional and flexible depending on circumstances. ⅱ) Ordinary Landscape： Landscape of the 'common interest' between members of a community, which is acceptable as a surrounding for everyday daily life, it produces the richness and variety of landscape. ⅲ) Kernel Landscape： Landscape of the 'common ground' which is acceptable to the majority members of the community, and it provides variety and stability for periods of time, and it could strongly represent community attitudes toward nature. ⅳ) Prototype Landscape: Landscape as the 'common denominator' of overall community from past to present and towards the future, which encompasses all the kernel landscape throughout history. It provides a sense of place, balances the homogeneity of character throughout overall communities. Some part of this can be shared throughout history to shape an overall sense of place. It can also represent short terms fashions. For a prototype landscape to reveal sense of place, there are a couple of points which we should underline the commencing point. Firstly, understanding the relationship between humans and nature should be based on a given character of surroundings. Secondly, reoccurring landscape elements which have sustained in history can lead to sense of place, and should be reviewed the influences between nature and humans.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.221-231
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the toilet training status (TTS) of Korean toddlers and their mothers' level of knowledge of toilet training (TT) and to identify the relationship between toddlers' TTS and mothers' level of knowledge of TT. Method: The participants in this study were 315 12-29 month old infants and their mothers recruited from outpatient clinics of hospitals and day care centers. T-test, ANOVA and Pearson correlation coefficients were used to analyze the data. Results: TTS of Korean toddlers showed was more advanced compared with previous research samples except for independent hand washing after toileting and this improved with age. The mothers showed higher understanding of the importance of a positive experience and a different pace for each child in the appropriate period for toilet training but less appreciation of the readiness of child to initiate TT. There was a significant correlation between TTS and mothers' level of knowledge of TT. Conclusion: Using the above findings, health professionals who work with children and their families need to develop parent education programs on TT that will promote toddlers' physical and socio-emotional development.