• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.15 no.21
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• pp.9535-9541
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• 2014

Background: Identifying risk factors of breast cancer is a key point for preventive strategies to reduce the incidence. The aim of current study was to determine most important risk factors for breast cancer in the Eastern Mediterranean Region (EMR) using a systematic review. Materials and Methods: PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science till August 24, 2012 and the reference lists of all included studies were searched. Analytic studies which had reported odds ratios (OR), relative risk (RR) or required data to calculate them were included. A total of 343 studies were critically appraised and finally 30 studies were meta-analyzed. Heterogeneity between the studies was assessed by $I^2$ and Cochran's Q. Egger's test was used to assess publication bias. Results: Twenty five casecontrol studies, one nested case-control and four cohort studies were included. The largest ORs were obtained for history of no live birth (2.25; 95%CI: 1.58-3.18), body mass index (BMI) more than 30 (2.21; 95%CI: 1.71-2.36), age at first pregnancy more than 30 years old (1.52; 95%CI: 1.30-1.77) and meat consumption more than three times per week (1.39; 95%CI: 1.03-1.87). The other important predictors were higher education and smoking as risk factors, physical activity and ovulatory stimulating medication as protective factors. Conclusions: The most important predictors of breast cancer in EMR were history of no live birth, BMI more than 30, age at first pregnancy more than 30 years old, physical inactivity and smoking. Almost all these risk factors are consistent with known risk factors for this cancer in other parts of the world.

• Journal of Gastric Cancer
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.164-172
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• 2014

Purpose: To evaluate the incidence, clinicopathological characteristics, treatment outcomes, prognostic factors, and survival of gastric cancer patients with bone metastases. Materials and Methods: Of 4,617 gastric cancer patients who were treated between 2001 and 2013, 176 patients with bone metastases were analyzed. Results: The incidence of bone metastasis was 3.8%. The most common histopathological subtype was adenocarcinoma (79%) with poor differentiation (60.8%). The median interval from the diagnosis to bone metastasis was 11 months. The median survival time after bone metastasis was 5.4 months. Factors that were associated with longer median survival times included the following: isolated bone metastasis (P=0.004), well-differentiated tumors (P=0.002), palliative chemotherapy (P=0.003), zoledronic acid treatment (P<0.001), no smoking history (P=0.007), and no metastatic gastric cancer at the time of diagnosis (P=0.01). On the other hand, high levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.86; P=0.015), carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) (HR: 2.04; P=0.002), and carbohydrate antigen (CA) 19-9 (HR: 2.94; P<0.001) were associated with shorter survival times. In multivariate analysis, receiving zoledronic acid (P<0.001) and performance status (P=0.013) were independent prognostic factors. Conclusions: Smoking history, poor performance status, poorly differentiated adenocarcinoma, and high levels of LDH, CEA, and CA 19-9 were shown to be poor prognostic factors, while receiving chemotherapy and zoledronic acid were associated with prolonged survival in gastric cancer patients with bone metastases.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.2777-2782
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• 2013

The aim of the present study was to assess criterion validity and external reliability of a questionnaire on risk factors for breast cancer. Materials and Methods. Women with breast cancer diagnosis (the cases) (N=40) and matched individuals without cancer (the controls) (N=40) were asked to fill in a questionnaire twice: on a day of admission to hospital (Q1) and on a day before discharge (Q2), with a time interval of 4-6 days. The questionnaire included questions (N=150) on demographic and socioeconomic factors, diseases in the past, family history of cancer, woman's health, smoking, alcohol use, diet, physical activity, and work environment. Criterion validity of the questionnaire Q2 relative to reference questionnaire Q1 was assessed with the Spearman correlation coefficient (SCC); external reliability of the questionnaire was measured in terms of the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC). Statistical analysis was performed with SPSS 16. Results. The responses to most of the questions on socioeconomic factors, family history on cancer, female health, lifestyle risk factors (smoking, alcohol use, physical activity) correlated substantially in both the cases and the controls with SCC and ICC>0.7 (p<0.01). Statistically non significant relationships defined only between the responses on amount of beer the cases drank at the ages up to 25 years and 26-35 years as well as time of use of estrogen and estrogens-progestin during menopause by the cases. Moderate and substantial SCC and ICC were determined for different food items. Only the response of the cases on veal consumption did not correlate significantly. Conclusions. The questionnaire on breast cancer risk factors is valid and reliable for most of the questions included.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-4
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• 2002

Objective : Hyperhomocysteinemia has been proven to be an independent risk factor for stroke. The genetic mutation of methylenetetrahydrofolate reductase(MTHFR) elevates serum homocysteine level, but it still remains controversial whether the MTHFR gene mutation could be a predictor of ischemic stroke. Therefore, we studied if this genetic defect could cause ischemic stroke independently. Methods : We gathered ischemic stroke subjects and age, sex-matched controls. Age, gender, past medical history, smoking habit, serum homocysteine level, and the MTHFR genotype were recorded. General characteristics of ischemic stroke subjects were compared to the controls. We classified the stroke according to the related vessels(small and large artery infarction) and single lesion and multiple infraction. Relevant risk of the MTHFR genotype was evaluated in each stroke subtype with multiple logistic regression analysis. Results : When the controls were compared to the whole ischemic stroke, there was no specific difference except some medical histories. However, further analysis based on stroke subtypes showed important results. The small artery infarction group, multiple infraction group had significant odds ratio of the MTHFR TT genotype adjusted for age, gender, medical history and smoking habit. Conclusions : The MTHFR TT genotype is an independent risk factor for certain types of ischemic stroke, small artery infarction and multiple infarction.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.53 no.5
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• pp.313-322
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• 2020

Objectives: This study was conducted to determine the incidence and risk factors of myocardial infarction (MI) and stroke in farmers compared to the general population and to establish 5-year prediction models. Methods: The farmer cohort and the control cohort were generated using the customized database of the National Health Insurance Service of Korea database and the National Sample Cohort, respectively. The participants were followed from the day of the index general health examination until the events of MI, stroke, or death (up to 5 years). Results: In total, 734 744 participants from the farmer cohort and 238 311 from the control cohort aged between 40 and 70 were included. The age-adjusted incidence of MI was 0.766 and 0.585 per 1000 person-years in the farmer and control cohorts, respectively. That of stroke was 0.559 and 0.321 per 1000 person-years in both cohorts, respectively. In farmers, the risk factors for MI included male sex, age, personal history of hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, creatinine, metabolic syndrome components (blood pressure, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). Those for stroke included male sex, age, personal history of hypertension, diabetes, current smoking, high γ-glutamyl transferase, and metabolic syndrome components (blood pressure, triglycerides, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol). The prediction model showed an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.735 and 0.760 for MI and stroke, respectively, in the farmer cohort. Conclusions: Farmers had a higher age-adjusted incidence of MI and stroke. They also showed distinct patterns in cardiovascular risk factors compared to the general population.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.392-399
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• 2016

This study examined the distribution of metabolic syndrome according to the age groups among the elderly people to reveal the sociodemographic and health related factors. The survey in 2011~2014 from the National Health Insurance Corporation under regular medical check-ups, which received a recognition survey targeted 1,756 people aged over 70. Multiple logistic regression was performed on the relation metabolic syndrome and its related factors. As a result, the risk ratio for metabolic syndrome increased significantly in females than in males, living with a family than living alone, high economic status than in the low group, obese than in the normal weight group, have a history of stroke group than the no history group, smoking group than the non-smoking group, and drinking group than the non-drinking group. The distribution of metabolic syndrome differed significantly according to the sociodemographic characteristics and health-related variables.

• Journal of East-West Nursing Research
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.14-23
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• 2008

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the relationship between health promoting lifestyle and general characteristics of the person undergoing health checkups in cancer prevention center. Method: A cross-sectional survey was used. This study has been done from February 1 to March 31, 2005 and the subjects of the study were 199 persons who had undergone health checkups in Cancer Prevention Center located in Seoul. Data were collected by using self reporting questionnaire on the health promoting lifestyle. The collected data were analyzed by using t-test, ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient. Result: The average score of performance in the health promoting lifestyle was 162.99(range of score is 60-240). There were significant differences in scores of health promoting lifestyle according of marital status, age, education and smoking. The score of health promoting lifestyle of the married group was higher than that of the single group. The score of health promoting lifestyle was higher in those aged 60-69 years than in those aged 20-29 years. As compared to college graduates the score of health promoting lifestyle was higher among those whose schooling is less than middle school and higher than a master`s program. The score of health promoting lifestyle was higher among non-smokers than among those who used a cigarette in their life time. There were no differences in scores of health promoting lifestyle according to sex, cancer family history, disease family history and drinking.There was positive relationship between age and health promoting lifestyle. Conclusion: Marital status, age, education and smoking affected Health Promoting Lifestyle of the person undergoing health checkups in Cancer Prevention Center.

• Journal of Periodontal and Implant Science
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.135-143
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• 2021

Purpose: To investigate factors affecting the antagonistic and adjacent teeth in patients after implant restoration and prosthetic rehabilitation. Methods: In total, 160 patients who visited Kyungpook National University Dental Hospital for implant surgery, prosthesis placement, and supportive periodontal therapy (SPT) were included in this study. The average follow-up period was 88.06 months, and the maximum was 175 months. Patients' history of smoking, diabetes, hypertension, and osteoporosis was investigated, and panoramic radiographs were taken after surgery and prosthetic treatment. During the follow-up period, extraction and prosthetic/endodontic treatments of the antagonistic and adjacent teeth were analyzed. The statistical analyses were performed using descriptive statistics, the chi-square test, the Fisher exact test, and multiple logistic regression analyses. Results: Treatment was performed on 29.4% of the studied antagonistic teeth with extraction performed in 20.0% and prosthetic treatment in 10.0%. Furthermore, 19.4% of the studied adjacent teeth underwent treatment, of which extraction was performed in 12.5% and prosthetic treatment in 7.5%. The treatment rate for adjacent teeth was 25.3% in smokers, which was higher than that of non-smokers (12.3%) (P=0.039). Patients who were non-adherent to SPT showed a significantly higher rate (19.6%) of antagonistic prosthetic treatment than did those who were adherent (5.5%) (P=0.006). Conclusions: Implant restoration can affect the adjacent and antagonistic teeth. Smoking, osteoporosis history, and absence of SPT may be risk factors for the treatment of the adjacent and antagonistic teeth.

• Tuberculosis and Respiratory Diseases
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.321-328
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• 1997

Background : we have evaluated the association of age, smoking, type of anesthesia, type of operation, duration of surgery, previous history of chronic pulmonary diseases with postoperative pulmonary complications and identified which parameter of preoperative spirometry was a predictor of postoperative pulmonary complications. Method : In 270 patients older than 60 years, the postoperative pulmonary complications were evaluated according to age, smoking, type of anesthesia, type of operation, duration of surgery, previous history of chronic pulmonary diseases and the parameters of preoperative spirometry were analyzed. Results : The postoperative pulmonary complications rates were significant higher among patients older than 70 years, and among those with previous chronic pulmonary diseases or their smoking history. The pulmonary complications were increased among patients with general anesthesia or duration of surgery more than 2 hours. The pulmonary complications rates did not differ according to sex, type of operation. The patients with hypercarbia($PaCO_2$ > 45mmHg) have more increased postoperative complications. The preoperative FEV1 less than $1\;{\ell}$, FVC, MMEFR & MVV less than 50% of predicted respectively were predictive of complications. Conclusion : Age $\geq$ 70, history of smoking,duration of operation more than 2 hours, general anesthesia, previous chronic pulmonary disease and hypercarbia ($\geq$45mmHg) on preoperative arterial blood gas analysis were predictive of pulmonary complications. Among the parameters of spirometry, FEV1, FVC, MMEFR and MVV were indicator of predicting postoperative pulmonary complications.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.57-61
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• 2010

Objective: Second primary malignancy (SPM) that occur in various period and region are important factors that deteriorate long-term survival rate in patients who recovered from oral cancer. Researches such as chemoprevention are being tried to reduce occurrence of SPMs. Only if analysis of clinical features of patients who develop SPM such as period, region and factors precedes, adequate prevention and treatment of SPM is possible. But, there are few researches about clinical features of SPMs that have primary lesion in oral cavity. In this study, we analysis that occurrence rates, regions that happen, risk factors and effect to survival rates of 2nd primary malignancies in oral cancer patients. From this survey, we willing to collect basic data for prevention and early diagnosis of SPMs. Methods: The medical records of 139 patients of oral oncology clinic of National Cancer Center who had up to 2-years follow up records after surgical or radiological treatment due to squamus cell carcinoma of oral cavity were reviewed. In these patients, survey of occurrence rate of SPMs, duration, survival rate and risk factors about occurrence of SPMs such as history of smoking, body mass index, age, sex, stage of primary lesion and history of radiologic treatment were achieved. Results: There are 15 patients who developed SPM in 139 cases. The actual occurrence rate of SPM was 10.79% and SPM were more likely to occur in male patients with 11 male Vs 4 female patients. Median age of these patient is 61.47 within 32 to 74 range. The regions that develop SPM are oral cavities (2 cases), stomach (4 cases), esophagus (2 cases), lung (2 cases) and others (1 case each breast, larynx, cervix, liver and kidney). In addition, metachronous cancers were 11 cases which happened more common than 4cases of synchronous cancers. Surveys of risk factors that relate to development of SPMs, such as sex, age, history of radiologic treatment, body mass index, history of smoking and stage of primary disease were done. Among them, factor of sex is only appear statistically significant (P=0.001), but rest are not significant in statistically. Conclusion: Occurrence rates of SPMs were reported from 10% to 20% by precede study. In this study, occurrence rate of SPMs is 10.79% that is similar to results of precede research. In comparison of 5-yr survival rates of groups that develop SPMs or not, there is statistically significance between two groups. Present treatment modalities of SPMs are surgical operation, radiotherapy, chemotherapy and combination of these modalities. In choosing the treatment modality, we must consider the first treatment modality, region of primary disease, region of SPMs and general conditions of patient. Because development of SPMs have big effect on prognosis, prevention of SPMs must regard to important objective of treatments in patients of SCCa in oral cavity.