• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.31 no.4 s.63
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• pp.708-718
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• 1998

To investigate the effect of smoking and drinking habit on the health status in lead using industries, 2,785 male workers in lead using industries (7 storage battery industries, 7 secondary smelting and related industries, and 4 primary metal and other manufacturing industries) were selected for this study. This study was carried out as a part of periodic health examination. Selected study variables were zinc protoporphyrin in whole blood (ZPP), SGOT and SGPT for laboratory test. Questionnaire for lead related symptoms and smoking and drinking habit was provided to all the workers and filled up by themselves and reconfirmed by physician. The results obtained were as follows; 1. The overall smoking and drinking rate of study population were 69.8% and 73.6%, respectively. While the smoking and drinking rate of storage battery workers were 68.8% and 72.3%, those of secondary smelting industries and other industries were 66.0% & 66.4% and 74.6 & 80.3% respectively. 2. While the mean values of blood ZPP of lead exposed workers were significantly higher than other group, those of SGOT of storage battery workers were significant higher than other worker. But there were no differences of mean values of other variables. 3. Smoking habit did not affect on the mean value of blood ZPP of workers in special health examination group, but there were significant differences of blood ZPP and SGOT between drinker and non-drinker. 4. Symptom prevalence of lead exposure were higher in drinking and smoking group than non-drinking and non-smoking group. 5. In multiple regression analysis of the total lead related symptoms, blood ZPP, SGOT, and SGPT as dependent variable, respectively, and age, work duration, blood ZPP, pack year and amount of alcohol drinking as independent variables, work duration, pack year, amount of alcohol drinking, age contributed to total symptoms; and age, work duration, pack year contributed to blood ZPP; and age, amount of alcohol drinking, work duration contributed to SGOT; and pack year contributed to SGPT.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.951-961
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• 2019

Objectives: This study aims to evaluate how the amount and duration of smoking effects the bleeding and pain of gingival among adolescents in Korea while also taking into consideration the impact of drinking. Methods: Data were utilized from a web-based survey of youth health behaviors conducted by the Korean Center for Disease Control and Prevention in 2016. The subjects of the study included 65,528 adolescents from middle and high schools. As dependent variables, bleeding and pain of gingival were used. Data were analyzed using the SPSS Version 20.0 program. Results: After adjusting for the general characteristics and oral health behaviors of the subjects, in the long-term, the ≥0.52 PY group (heavy smoker) experienced 1.28 times higher bleeding and pain of gingival than the <0.52 PY group (light smoker) among adolescents who smoke and drink at the same time. Adolescents who smoked without drinking did not show any difference on bleeding and pain of gingival according to the amount of smoking in the short- and long-term. However, the findings reveal that there was a difference on bleeding and pain of gingival according to tooth brushing frequency. Conclusions: In order to promote the periodontal health of adolescents, it is argued that programs and projects should be implemented to prevent, educate, and control simultaneous behaviors of smoking and drinking.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.45 no.2
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• pp.105-112
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• 2012

Objectives: Cigarette smoking is a modifiable risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Bilirubin is a potent antioxidant and its concentration decreases in smokers. However, studies about the association between cigarette smoking and bilirubin are scarce and most are limited to total bilirubin. Additionally, bilirubin is highly related to hemoglobin. Therefore, this study evaluates the association between bilirubin subtypes and cigarette smoking in healthy Korean men independently of hemoglobin. Methods: This study included 48 040 Korean men aged 30 to 87 years who visited the Korea Medical Institute for routine health examinations from January to December, 2007. The association of smoking with total, direct, and indirect bilirubin was assessed by logistic regression analysis taking into consideration differences in subjects and smoking characteristics. Results: Current smokers had lower bilirubin concentrations than never-smokers and ex-smokers. Smoking amount and duration were inversely significantly associated with total, direct, and indirect bilirubin. In a multivariable adjusted model, compared to never-smokers, the odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) of current smokers with the highest number of pack-years were 1.7 (1.6 to 1.9) for total, 1.5 (1.4 to 1.6) for direct, and 1.7 (1.6 to 1.9) for indirect bilirubin. After further adjustment for hemoglobin, this association became stronger (OR [95% CI], 2.1 [1.9 to 2.2] for total; 1.9 [1.8 to 2.0] for direct; 2.0 [1.9 to 2.2] for indirect bilirubin). Conclusions: In this study, bilirubin subtypes are inversely associated with smoking status, smoking amount, and smoking duration in healthy Korean men independently of hemoglobin. Further studies are needed to investigate this association in healthy Korean women.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.35 no.6
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• pp.249-254
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• 2021

The aim of this study was to raise awareness about smoking and to facilitate the induction of smoking cessation. The participants were 49 patients who showed intention to participate in the test. The participants who had done a questionnaire, were asked to quit smoking for about an hour. After taking the breath deeply, they stopped for 20 seconds and measured breathing slowly. Carbon monoxide in the exhalation was higher when the daily smoking amount was higher and the smoking duration was longer, but not significant. In the case of smoking after meal and smoking in bed in the morning, the carbon monoxide level was significantly higher than that in the case of not smoking. It was significantly associated with skin allergic symptoms. The usual exercise habits, drinking and the respiratory disease were not correlated with carbon monoxide levels.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.117-131
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• 2004

Purpose: This study was conducted to evaluate the health behaviors and to find out risk factors of blood pressure of adult women in a rural area. Method: The convenient sample consisted of 159 adult women who lived in G-gun. The data was collected using a self-report questionnaire for health behaviors and mercury type sphygmomanometer for BP, between Jun I and August 15, 2003. Health behaviors measured smoking, alcohol, salt, lipid, stress, exercise, coffee, BMI and medication. To accomplish the goal of study, descriptive statistics, t-test, $x^2$-test, ANOVA and multiple regression analysis were. performed with SPSS 10.0. Results: The average age of subjects was 49.2(SD7.34)years old. The average SBP and DBP of subjects were 126.22mmHg(SDl6.73) and 8 1.25mmHg(SDl 0.31). There were significant differences in smoking(p=.000), cigarette consumption(p=.001), smoking duration(p=.000), BMI(p=.033), medication (p=.001), family history(p=.000) between normotensive and hypertensive. The main risk factors on SBP were medication, age, BMI, family history and smoking duration by 35.7% of the total variance these variables explained SBP. The main risk factors on DBP were BMI, education and medication by 17.60% of the total variance these variables explained DBP. Conclusion: These results suggest that health professional have to emphasize prevention of obesity, lasting medication and no smoking for prevention and management of hypertension in community health promotion program.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.39 no.3
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• pp.376-385
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• 2009

Purpose: The purposes of this study were(a) to identify smoking behavior by following a cohort representative of the population of 4th grade elementary schoolers in South Korea over a four-year period(2004-2007), and(b) to explore predictors of smoking initiation among non-smokers in Wave 1. Methods: Secondary data, the Korea Youth Panel Study, was analyzed in this study. First, frequencies or percentages were calculated to identify smoking behavior(i.e., smoking initiation, smoking intensity, and smoking duration). Second, binary logistic regression analysis was performed to examine significant factors related to smoking initiation. Results: Smoking initiation and daily smoking were more pronounced when the participants entered middle school. In bivariate analysis, statistically significant predictors of smoking initiation were loneliness at school, self-control, delinquent behavior, depressive symptoms, and stress. However, after controlling for other factors, only a high level of risk-taking tendency and a greater number of delinquent behaviors remained statistically significant. Conclusion: Based on greater involvement in smoking among first-year middle schoolers, smoking prevention strategies should be provided to elementary schoolers rather than middle schoolers. A risk-taking tendency and delinquent behaviors should be considered as proxy measures to detect the high-risk group for smoking initiation.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.33-40
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• 2021

Purpose: Oral candidiasis is the most common fungal infection in the oral cavity which is usually diagnosed from clinical findings. A retrospective study was conducted to identify risk factors for oral candidiasis and to characterize the demographic and clinical features of affected patients. Methods: From January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019, it consisted of 90 oral candidiasis patients diagnosed based on clinical finding and treated with antifungal drugs. As a retrospective study of those people, surveys were conducted on sex, age, systemic disease, a use of dentures, complaints of dry mouth, smoking and alcohol consumption, culture on potato dextrose agar (PDA) medium, culture on chromogenic agar (CA) medium and a duration of antifungal treatment. Results: Among 90 selected patients, the male and female ratio was 41:49. Overall, female had a higher infection rate than male in all age groups. In this study, oral candidiasis was not clearly susceptible to dry mouth, smoking or drinking, wearing dentures and association with systemic disease. Among 90 patients with oral candidiasis, 83 had colonies formed on PDA medium and 53 had colonies formed on CA medium. The duration of antifungal treatment was highest between 5 and 8 weeks. In addition, there was statistical significance between the culture results in CA medium and the duration of antifungal treatment. Conclusions: Generally, old age or infants, dry mouth, smoking, a use of dentures and endocrine abnormalities are risk factors to increase oral candidiasis; however, in this study, it was mainly found in the elderly aged 60 or older regardless of sex and the incidence of oral candidiasis was not obviously related with patients with dry mouth, smoking or drinking, denture wearers and endocrine abnormalities. Interestingly, when the fungi were cultured in CA medium, the duration of antifungal treatment was increased.

• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.111-118
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• 1981

The purpose of this study was observing the keratinization of human oral mucosa on smoking & non-smoking persons. The results are as follows : 1. In the oral mucosa of the smoker, it reaveald the increase of keratinization than the non-smoker. 2. The keratinization of the oral mucosa revealed the increase in proportion to the duration of smoking. 3. The keratinization of the oral mucosa increase in proportion to the amounts of smoking. 4. Between the male and the female in smoking, it didn't show the sensible difference in the keratinization of the oral mucosa. 5. Between smoking and non-smoking, there was not a sensible difference in the change of nucleus and cytoplasm of the oral mucosa.

• The Journal of Korean Academic Society of Nursing Education
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.177-183
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• 2005

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify factors which differentiate ex-smokers from smokers among patients with cardiovascular disease. Ex-smokers were patients who abstained from smoking for at least 6 months. Method: The subjects were 92 male cardiovascular patients who try to quit. The stepwise discriminant analysis was used to identify predictors of smoking cessation. Result: 1. The ex-smokers(n=47) and smokers(n=45) were significantly different regarding the age, duration after diagnosis, nicotine dependence, family support for smoking cessation, and intention-to-quit. 2. The family support for smoking cessation, intention-to-quit, nicotine dependence, and age were the predictors which differentiate ex-smokers from smokers among cardiovascular patients. The percentage of grouped cases correctly classified was 92.4%. Conclusion: The higher the family support for smoking cessation, intention-to-quit, age and the lower the nicotine dependence, the more likely these smokers were to success smoking cessation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.175-179
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• 2012

The objective of the study is to investigate the success rate of quit attempts and identify factors associated with success or failure of quit attempts in a quit smoking clinic. A cohort study was conducted with 495 smokers who enrolled in a quit smoking clinic from 2005 to 2008. The factors leading to quit smoking successfully were "being Malay", "having high blood pressure" "type of Nicotine Replacement Therapy" and "duration of follow up". In contrast, clerical staff had negative association to quit smoking. People who started smoking in their teenage years had a high risk of relapse. Integration of active follow up and tailor-made support programmes for quitters appear necessary in order to maintain their non-smoking status and encourage them to be permanent quitters. Integration of quit smoking clinics and primary care clinics could be another potential step for the success of quit smoking programmes.