• Journal of Oral Medicine and Pain
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.3-10
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• 1977

Few changes were found in the mouths of 52 smokers were examined as a part of program to evaluate the oral health of Korean smokers. 52 smokers and 30 non-smokers were performed careful oral examination. In many of smokers, heavy, black deposits are found on the buccal and lingual surfaces of the teeth and leukoplakia were obsreved in 2 subjects and varied merely in the severity of the involvement. Cytologic studies were carried out on 60 oral smears from the hard palate, buccal mucosa, and gingiva. Smears were taken wit a wood spatula scraped over the mucosal surface. After fixation the slides were stained using the papanicolau cells without nuclei. The cornified cells were smaller than the noncornified cells and stained a deep brown or orange as compared with the blue or red of the large, round or polygonal cells in nonkeratinized regions of oral mucosa. Abnormal cell forms, suggestive of malignancy were not found in smears from the mucosa of smokers. Cells with large hyperchromatic nuclei and elongated, spindle-type cells with large nuclei were not observed.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.sup2
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• pp.11-18
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• 2016

Aiming at reducing smoking population, Taiwan government adopted a successful smoking cessation quitline model from California Smokers' Helpline, commissioned a private non-profit organization-Teacher Chang Foundation, which was well-known for its quality telephone counseling service-to set up Asia's first quitline, Taiwan Smokers' Helpline (TSH) in 2003. The establishment of the quitline is a significant progress for tobacco control in Taiwan, as it built up a cooperative model with smoking cessation clinics to increase the quit rate through assisting smokers to overcome their psychological obstacles while quitting smoking.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.31 no.8
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• pp.1254-1262
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• 1998

This study has done to investigate the relationship between the icreased lipid oncentration caused by smoking and plama levels of vitamin A and vitamin E, antiodative enzyme activity, and lipid peroxidation , in 52 male smokers and 32 non-smokers, Dietary vitamin A and vitamin E intake was imilar in both smokers and non-smokers. Absolute plasma concentrations of vitamin A and vitamin E were not significantly different between two groups, whereas vitamin E/cholesterol ration in plasma was low or in smokers than in that of non-smokers(p<0.05). It was considered that this lowered effect was due to the elevated plasma lipid concentration rather than oxidant stress derived from smoking, in view of the fact that smokers had higher cholesterol (15.2%) adn LDL-C(26.6%) levels than non-smokers. In non-smokers, plasma thiobarbiturin acid reactive substances(TBARS) conrrelated positively with total cholesterol(r=0.63466, p<0.001), LDL-C level(r=0.57166, p<0.01) , and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio(r=0.45926, p<0.05) . Activities of glutathione perosidase(GSH-Px) , superoside dismutase(SOD), and catalse made no difference in both groups. However, it was observed in non-smokers that GSH-Px activity had negative correlations with total cholesterol(r=-0.67293, p<0.001), LDL-C level(r=-0.62878, p<0.001), and LDL-C/HDL-C ratio (r=-0.58824, p<0.01), indicating that there was a dependent relationship between lipid perosidation and plasma lipid level. The smokers also showed negative correlations for GSH-Px activity with total cholesterol (r=-0.29946, p<0.05) and LDL-c level (r=0.45914, p<0.001), and LDL-C/HDL-c ratio(r=-0.35438, p<0.05). It seemed that the lipid that the lipid level elevated by sustaines smoking resulted in reducing vitamin E/cholesterol ratio and proportion of antioxidant to oxidant load, and then GSH-Px activity, with insufficient removal of free radicals(TBARS 2.43$\pm$0.51 and 1.81$\pm$0.15nmol/ml in smokers and non-smokers, respectively). These findings suggest that higher plasma lipid levels may play a more important role in perturbing the antioxidant defense system including vitamin E status and GSH-Px activity, at least in circumstances that increase lipid concentration . In addition, in exposure to free radicals like those in cigarette smoke. In those cases the ratio of vitamin E/lipid in plasma can be a more indicator of vitamin E status than plasma levels of vitamin E alone.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.45-52
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• 2002

This study was intended to observe the relationship of pain alleviation between the group with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied on bach of head, lung, nasalis internae, shen-men, pharynx & larynx, and internal secretion which are the pants to regulate smoking and that, with no treatment of the kind among smokers and con-smokers with chronic low back pain. It also aimed to conduct a research of applying different treatment methods according to smoking, thus ultimately providing basic data needed by clinic therapists and to help achieve appropriate treatment effects considering the characteristics of each patient. The subject criteria were men who were in their 40's or 50's, smoking or non-smoking and came to the physical therapy of the hospital to cure the chronic low back pain which had lasted more than three months. The total 24 subjects were randomly divided into four groups according to smoking; the group of smokers with needle electrode electrical stimulation applied, that of smokers with no application of such treatment, that of non-smokers with the action of such treatment, and that of non-smokers with no application of such treatment Each group was measured in terms of four pain assessment methods of visual analogue scale(VAS), verbal rating scale(VRS), McGil pain questionnaire(MPQ), endorphin. And the results were as follows: 1. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and endorphin 1 between before and after the treatment. 2. In terms of the pain effects had by the smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy was applied, there was a statistical significance in VRS and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 3. In terms of the effects of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy on pain had by the non-smokers with low back pain, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. In terms of the pain effects had by the non-smokers with low back pain when no needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular was applied, there was a statistical significance in VAS, VRS, and MPQ between before and after the treatment. 5. The smokers with low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy to see how it affected their pain. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. 6. The subject suffering from low back pain were given the needle electrode electrical stimulation to see how it affected their pain according to smoking. There was found pain reduction in number, but no statistical significance. Based upon the results, it can be concluded that smokers with low back pain received the more effects of pain alleviation from the application of the needle electrode electrical stimulation in the auricular therapy compared to the rest of the groups who suffered from low back pain.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.149-156
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• 1999

This study was due to investigate the dietary intakes, serum lipids and other hematological indices in female adolescent smokers. The subjects were 85 smokers, whose average pack-year(smoking years on the basis of one pack of cigarettes per day) was 1.26 and 87 nonsmokers who were female high school students in Seoul. An anthropometric measreument was performed and % body fat was also analyzed by the Bioelectrical Impedance Fatness Analyzer(GIF-891). Dietary intakes and food habits were examined through questionnaires and nutrient intakes were analyzed by the Computer Aided. Nutritional analysis program for professional(CAN-pro). Serum TG, HDL-cholesterol and total-cholesterol levels were measured with test kits. Serum glucose, albumin, GOT and GPT were measured by automated dry chemistry system, SPOTCHEM 4410. Hemoglobin, hematocrit, RBC, WBC and MCV were determined by Semi Automated Microcell Counter(F-520). All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program. There was no significant difference in the anthropometric measurements between smokers and nonsmokers. The caloric intake in adolescent smokers tended to be higher than that of nonsmokers but the difference was not statistically significant. In addition, there was no significant difference between smokers and nonsmokers in biochemical indices. Analysis of serum lipids showed that the serum levels of total-cholesterol and LDL-cholesterol of nonsmokers were unexpectedly significantly higher(p<0.05) than those of smokers. Overall results indicate that smoking itself with short pack-year in healthy female adolescent did not seem to influence apparent health and nutritional status.

• Korean Journal of Health Education and Promotion
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.1-10
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• 2001

The purposes of this study were to identify patients' perceptions toward regulations of smoking in general hospitals and hazards caused by smoking. Moreover this study also identified smoking behaviors and punishment experience due to in-hospital smoking and education experiences of smoking in general hospitals. Around 88.0％ of all respondents regardless of either smokers or non-smokers knew that hospitals are non-smoking area. However, 71.6％ of smokers smoked during their hospital visits. For their smoking, only 51.0％ of smokers utilized smoking rooms or areas for their smoking. Only 55.1％ of smokers experienced punishments or notifications of warning due to their smoking. Around 93.0％ of inpatients and outpatients acknowledged hazards toward their health caused by smoking. However, smokers did not realize the dangerous effects of passive smoking to other persons. Only 38.1％ of smokers said that passive smoking causes hazard of others' health. 63.8％ of smokers hoped for secession of smoking but only 42.8％ of them sustained their non-smoking periods over 5 moths. Based on these results, this study insists that a more enforced smoking policy in general hospitals be desperately needed for protecting patients' health and controlling smoking at unapproved areas. Moreover hospitals should take proactive actions to prevent smoking in hospitals. A health education program in hospitals should promote patients' self-efficacy to stop smoking and patients' understanding of the hazardous effects of passive smoking in hospitals.

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• v.37 no.6
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• pp.455-463
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• 2004

Flavonoids contained in grapes are potent antioxidants that may protect against oxidative stress and reduce the risk of chronic diseases related with free radical damage. In this study we investigated the effect of daily grape juice supplementation on blood pressure (BP), plasma lipid profiles and the generation of free radicals in 67 healthy volunteers (29 smoker, 38 nonsmokers). The daily 480 ml of grape juice supplementation for 8 weeks resulted in a significant decrease in diastolic BP by 6.5％ in smokers and systolic and diastolic BP by 11.2 and 3.7％ in non-smokers. Plasma total cholesterol, HDL- and LDL-cholesterollevels in smokers and total cholesterol in non-smokers were significantly increased after the intervention. Plasma triglycerides and conjugated dienes were not affected by grape juice supplementation. Levels of free radical determined by reading the lucigenin-perborate ROS generating sources, decreased significantly by 18％ compared to the beginning of the study. The results indicated that the consumption of grape juice may reduce BP and free radical generation in smokers, which was possibly exerted by flavonoids. Our findings suggested that the grape juice has protective effect on chronic disease due to the overproduction of free radical in smokers.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• v.7 no.4
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• pp.442-446
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• 2002

Differences in dietary habits between Korean smokers and non-smokers were investigated using information obtained from 7,370 adults, aged 20 years and older who participated in the 1998 Korean National Health and Nutrition Sulvey. Dietary habit data including: skipping of meals, meal regularity, meal volume, snacking habits, removing fatty portions before eating foods, and dietary supplement intake were collected using a structured questionnaire by interview. Individual smoking data was also collected by interview as part of the health behavior survey. A Chi-square test was used to test the association between the dietary habits and smoking. 66.9% of the men were smokers (daily current or occasional current), while only 6.7% of women smoked. On average, 34.7% of the subjects were smokers. Smokers were more likely than nonsmokers to engage in the following dietary habits considered unhealthy: skipping breakfast, meal irregularity, large dinners, small breakfasts, frequently eating out, and eating food without removing the fatty portion. Therefore, Korean smokers should be provided education to assist them in making healthy dietary choices such as: eating regular meals, small dinners, and removing fatty Portion of foods. The survey also revealed that a substantial percentage (about 20%) of the subjects were taking some kind of dietary supplement, regardless of smoking status. It is, therefore, alto necessary to inform the general public that a balanced diet is the ideal way to obtain nutrients for optimal health.

• Korean Journal of Community Nutrition
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.33-43
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• 1997

In order to investigate the dietary intakes and physical characteristics in college women smokers, interviews using questionnaires were done on 33 smokers and 42 nonsmokers residing in seoul area. General living habits, dietary habits, food consumption frequency and nutrient intake by quick estimation were investigated through direct interviews with subjects. Subjects height, weight and blood pressure were measured, and body fat percentage were statistically analyzed using Bio-electrical Impedence Fatness Analyzer(GIF-891). All data were statistically analyzed by SAS PC package program ; percentage or mean and standard error were examined for each item, and the significant difference was evaluated by chi-square test or Student's t-test at $\alpha$=0.05. In the analysis of taste and food preference, smokers consumed larger amount of alcohol and coffee than nonsmokers ; they also disliked sweet taste. The results of food consumption frequency data also showed that smokers consumed less fish, milk and fruits but consumed more instant foods than nonsmokers. As a result of anthropometric measurements, height, age, and 패요 fat percentage showed no difference, but there was a significant difference in weight, BMI, systolic blood pressure, and diastolic blood pressure. Energy intake in nonsmokers was 1640 ㎉/day(CHO : Pro : Fat=66.0 : 14.7 : 19.3), in smokers. Intakes of calcium, iron, vitamin C, vitamin A, vitamin B1, vitamin B2, and niacin in smokers were not significantly different from those of nonsmokers.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.35 no.7
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• pp.1410-1419
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• 2005

Purpose: This study identified and compared influential variables on intention and action to quit smoking between adolescent smokers and adult smokers. Methods: For the selection of variables, the transtheoretical theory was used. A survey was conducted with 376 adolescent smokers in 4 high schools and 451 adult smokers in community settings in South Korea. Discriminant analysis was used for data analysis Results: The variables of adolescent smokers that predicted an intention to quit smoking were: smoking temptation, self re-evaluation, counter conditioning and stimulus control. The variables that predicted an action to quit smoking were: self-efficacy for smoking abstinence, pros for smoking, self reevaluation, and self liberation. The variables of adult smokers that predicted an intention to quit were: smoking temptation, pros for smoking, cons for smoking, self reevaluation. The variables that self liberation and predicted an action to quit smoking were: self efficacy for smoking abstinence, smoking temptation, and counter conditioning. Conclusions: Developing stage specific smoking intervention methods based on different ways of how individuals make a decision to quit smoking within their contexts needs to be done.