• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.8 no.5
• /
• pp.361-388
• /
• 2008

The Eurocode 4 presents some negative aspects in the design of composite slabs by the m-k Method or the Partial Connection Method. On one hand, the component chemical adherence is not accounted for in the connection between the profiled steel sheet and the concrete. On the other hand, the application of these methods requires some fitting parameters that must be determined by full scale tests. In this paper, the Eurocode 4 methods are compared with a method developed at the Federal Polytechnic School of Lausanne, based on pullout tests, which can be a valid alternative. Hence, in order to calculate the necessary parameters for the three methods, several tests have been performed such as the full scale test described in Eurocode 4 and pull-out tests. This last type of tests is of small dimensions and implicates lower costs. Finally, a full-scale test of a steel-concrete composite slab with a generic loading is presented, with the goal of verifying the analytical formulation.

• Proceedings of the KSME Conference
• /
• 2002.08a
• /
• pp.237-240
• /
• 2002

In the present study, we perform LES of turbulent flow and temperature fields in a circular impinging jet at Re=5000 for two cases of H/D=2 and 6 (H denotes the distance between the jet exit and flat plate, and D does the diameter of the jet exit). In the case of H/D=2, the regular vortical structures observed in free jet do not exist because of the smaller distance than the potential core. The Nusselt number on the wall is largest at $r/D{\cong}10.67$ where vortex rings Impinge. At $r/D{\cong}1.5{\~}2.0$, the vortex rings induce the secondary vortices, resulting in a secondary peak in the Nusselt number there. In the case of H/D=6, the vortex rings change into three-dimensional vortical structures and the small-scale vortices impinge on the flat plate. The increase of turbulent intensity due to small-scale vortices results in the largest Nusselt number at the stagnation point.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• v.69 no.5
• /
• pp.487-497
• /
• 2019

Rapid advances in the engineering applications can bring further areas to provide the opportunity to manipulate anisotropic structures for direct productivity in design of micro/nano-structures. For the first time, magnetic affected wave characteristics of nanosize plates made of anisotropic material is investigated via the three-dimensional bi-Helmholtz nonlocal strain gradient theory. Three small scale parameters are used to predict the size-dependent behavior of the nanoplates more accurately. After owing governing equations of wave motion, an analytical approach based harmonic series is utilized to fine the wave frequency as well as phase velocity. It is observed that the small scale parameters, magnetic field and wave number have considerable influence on the wave characteristics of anisotropic nanoplates. Due to the lack of any study on the mechanics of three-dimensional bi-Helmholtz gradient plates made of anisotropic materials, it is hoped that the present exact model may be used as a benchmark for future works of such nanostructures.

• Advances in nano research
• /
• v.13 no.6
• /
• pp.561-574
• /
• 2022

The stability of protein tissues and protein fibers in the human muscle is investigated in the presented paper. The protein fibers are modeled via tube structures embedded in others proteins fibers like the elastic substrate. Physical sport and physical exercise play an important role in the stability of synthesis and strength of the protein tissues. In physical exercise, the temperature of the body increases, and this temperature change impacts the stability of the protein tissues, which is the aim of the current study. The mathematical simulation of the protein tissues is done based on the mechanical sciences, and the protein fibers are modeled via wire structures according to the high-order theory beams. The thermal stress due to the conditions of the sport is applied to the nanoscale protein fibers, then the stability regarding the frequency analysis is investigated. Finally, the impact of temperature change, physical exercise, and small-scale parameters on the stability of the protein tissues are examined in detail.

• Journal of Distribution Research
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.21-44
• /
• 2003

The entry of large discount stores into small cities such as Choonchun or Wonju have had a profound impacts on the businesses of small-sized retailers. The impacts of the entry by large discount store will be much larger than those of the entry by department store or other small-scale retailers. Most of research studies on the competitive retail structure focused on the change of retailing in the advanced countries dynamically and investigated macro-trends in sales and market share. As a result, they tend to overlook the micro aspects of consumers" perception and actual behaviors. Furthermore, they tend to limit their research scopes to relatively competitive retailers not to overall competitive structures. In this study, we analyze the overall competitive structures by investigating the retailers" characteristics, perceptions of consumers on retailers and actual purchase of products across different types of retailers We could obtain competitive retail structure. Based on that, we discuss the strategies on the revitalization and enhancement of small-sized retailers" productivities.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• v.6 no.1
• /
• pp.57-72
• /
• 2010

This paper presents the most significant results obtained within a broad-ranging experimental program aiming to evaluate both the effectiveness and the robustness of a Base Isolation (BIS) and a Tuned Mass Damper (TMD) combined control strategy (BI & TMD). Following a brief description of the experimental model set-up and the adopted kinematic scaling technique, this paper describes the identification procedures carried out to characterize the system''s model. The dynamic response of a small-scale model to recorded earthquake excitations, which has been scaled by using the Buckingham pi-theorem, are later presented and discussed. Finally, the effectiveness and robustness of the combined control strategy is evaluated by comparing the model's dynamic response. In particular, reduction in relative displacements and absolute accelerations due to the application of different mass damping systems is investigated.

• Advances in nano research
• /
• v.7 no.2
• /
• pp.99-108
• /
• 2019

Higher-order theories are very important to investigate the mechanical properties and behaviors of nanoscale structures. In this study, a free vibration behavior of SiNW resting on elastic foundation is investigated via Eringen's nonlocal elasticity theory. Silicon Nanowire (SiNW) is modeled as simply supported both ends and clamped-free Euler-Bernoulli beam. Pasternak two-parameter elastic foundation model is used as foundation. Finite element formulation is obtained nonlocal Euler-Bernoulli beam theory. First, shape function of the Euler-Bernoulli beam is gained and then Galerkin weighted residual method is applied to the governing equations to obtain the stiffness and mass matrices including the foundation parameters and small scale parameter. Frequency values of SiNW is examined according to foundation and small scale parameters and the results are given by tables and graphs. The effects of small scale parameter, boundary conditions, foundation parameters on frequencies are investigated.

• Smart Structures and Systems
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.67-90
• /
• 2017

The interdisciplinary research area of small scale energy harvesting has attracted tremendous interests in the past decades, with a goal of ultimately realizing self-powered electronic systems. Among the various available ambient energy sources which can be converted into electricity, wind energy is a most promising and ubiquitous source in both outdoor and indoor environments. Significant research outcomes have been produced on small scale wind energy harvesting in the literature, mostly based on piezoelectric conversion. Especially, modeling methods of wind energy harvesting techniques plays a greatly important role in accurate performance evaluations as well as efficient parameter optimizations. The purpose of this paper is to present a guideline on the modeling methods of small-scale wind energy harvesters. The mechanisms and characteristics of different types of aeroelastic instabilities are presented first, including the vortex-induced vibration, galloping, flutter, wake galloping and turbulence-induced vibration. Next, the modeling methods are reviewed in detail, which are classified into three categories: the mathematical modeling method, the equivalent circuit modeling method, and the computational fluid dynamics (CFD) method. This paper aims to provide useful guidance to researchers from various disciplines when they want to develop and model a multi-way coupled wind piezoelectric energy harvester.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Combustion
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.29-36
• /
• 2009

Simulation is performed to analyze the characteristics of turbulent spray combustion in a diesel engine condition. An extended Conditional Moment Closure (CMC) model is employed to resolve coupling between chemistry and turbulence. Relevant time and length scales and dimensionless numbers are estimated at the tip and the mid spray region during spray development and combustion. The liquid volume fractions are small enough to support validity of droplets assumed as point sources in two-phase flow. The mean scalar dissipation rates (SDR) are lower than the extinction limit to show flame stability throughout the combustion period. The Kolmogorov scales remain relatively constant, while the integral scales increase with decay of turbulence. The chemical time scale decreases abruptly to a small value as ignition occurs with subsequent heat release. The Da and Ka show opposite trends due to variation in the chemical time scale. More work is in progress to identify the spray combustion regimes.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• v.39 no.5
• /
• pp.565-581
• /
• 2021

In this paper the buckling analysis of the nanoplate made of arbitrary bi-directional functionally graded (BDFG) materials with small scale effects are investigated. To study the small-scale effects on buckling load, the Eringen's nonlocal theory is applied. Employing the principle of minimum potential energy, the governing equations are obtained. Generalize differential quadrature method (GDQM) is used to solve the governing equations for various boundary conditions to obtain the buckling load of BDFG nanoplates. These models can degenerate into the classical models if the material length scale parameter is taken to be zero. Comparison between the results of GDQ method and other papers for buckling analysis of a simply supported rectangular nano FGM plate reveals the accuracy of GDQ method. At the end some numerical results are presented to study the effects of material length scale parameter, plate thickness, aspect ratio, Poisson's ratio boundary condition and side to thickness ratio on size dependent Frequency.