• Korean Journal of Veterinary Service
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.97-103
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• 2010

Foot-and-mouth disease (FMD) commonly infects cloven-hoofed livestock animals such as cattle, pig, sheep, and goat and its clinical signs are well-known. Besides livestock, FMD can be transmitted among cloven-hoofed animals in the wild. FMD mostly affects livestock animals in farms, but, wild animals are likely to play a pivotal role in spreading the disease due to their way of free living. In the case of deer, the clinical signs of FMD vary widely from subclinical to severe infections. Thus, in some deer species, it may be hard to verify clinical signs of FMD. A deer may carry the virus up to 11 weeks after exposure, shedding the virus during the period. However, deer is not considered as a typical host for persistent infection like buffalo, cattle or sheep. In Korea, small-scale livestock farms which have less than 10 animals make up 63.6% of the entire livestock farms. Considering raising environment in deer farms, it is assumed that the risk of virus excretion and consequent transmission of FMD among deers is relatively lower than other cloven-hoofed animals. However, Sika deer and Elk which are typical deer species in Korea would manifest mild to subclinical symptoms upon FMD infection. Therefore, laboratory testing is necessary to confirm FMD in these animals because of difficulty in verifying clinical signs and the risk of virus shedding during inapparent infection.

• Magazine of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.3420-3429
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• 1974

This study was performed to estimate the daily water consumption for watering livestock and home use, and to organize the water systems in the rural districts of Korea. For these purposes, 560 farms and other 40 urban families were randomly chosen and investigated about their water systems and daily water consumption seasonally from July 20 to August 31, 1973, and other 82 livestock raisers' useful data for watering livestock helped the study to assess the consumption of livestock water and compare it to that of general farms which bred some domestic animals as their sidelines. The results of data showed that the daily consumption of water was varied with the difference of districts and seasons in which the investigations were conducted. The results were summarized as follows. 1. The mean consumption of water for home use was varied with the range of 30.2-48.7 lit./day in summer and 22.4-45.2 lit./day per a person, respectively, in the rural districts, which showed that the water consumption in summer was more than in autumn. 2. The mean consumption of livestock water in the general farms approached to about 15.8-37.1 lit./day per cattle, 3.87-16.45 lit./day per a pig, and 0.19-1.03 lit./day per chicken, but it was slightly reduced in autumn; 10.89-37.09 lit./day per cattle, 3.87-12.63 lit./day per a pig, and 0.06-0.94 lit./day per chicken. The ratio of livestock water consumption to home use amounted to the range of 10-25%. 3. The mean consumption of livestock water used at the livestock raisers amounted to 134 lit./day per dairy cow, 67.4 lit./day per cattle, 43.29 lit./day per a horse, 13.24 lit./day per a pig, 0.438 lit./day per a layer, and 0.177 lit./day per a broiler, which showed that the daily water consumption for larger livestock was about two times as much as the farms, but it was approximately of the same for small ones. 4. The factors affecting the amount of water consumption for home use were statistically analyzed to find the kind of water sources and the class of water systems by the factorial arrangement method to the fundamental experimental unit, Suwon area of 100 of families, in which the former was very significant while the latter was significant. However, the standard of living and their interactions were not significant. 5. Almost 83.24% of the sampled farms used some kinds of wells as their water sources, of which 32.06% was of hard water, and of which 11.l% or 2.6% contained much of iron or organice materials, respectively, examining them by a simple technique of sensibility, 6. The resulting chart of the farm water systems was summarized as Fig. IV-6. Observating the safe distance from contamination sources, the ratio of 42.4% of sampled farms whose water sources were wells, confronted highly to the danger of contamination to their water sources. And other dangerous sources of contamination such as toilets, stalls, and compost heaps were situated nearly to the water sources, and most of them were able to make their spoiled water infiltrated into the ground. Thereafter, it was recommended to develop some protecting methods and to install some suitable faculties to clean water.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.32 no.3
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• pp.171-176
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• 2017

This study was conducted to investigate the breeding status of farms to improve the production efficiency of Hanwoo calf. The study was conducted on 45 farms divided into two groups. This study was conducted to investigate the breeding size and breeding area of Hanwoo cows. The average age at first delivery of Hanwoo was 28.7 months. The number of artificial insemination per pregnancy was $1.45{\pm}0.32$, and the number of artificial insemination days after birth was 119.8 days. Conception rates were $75.2{\pm}16.93%$ for small farms and $70.6{\pm}17.46%$ for medium sized farms and $71.4{\pm}11.03%$ for large farms. When we looked at farming methods, 'the farmers using estrus observation aids' had 10.42% higher calf production rate than the 'unused farmers'. The farms vaccinated with IBR and BVDV for breeding cattle showed a 4.41% decrease in abortion, stillbirth and mortality. According to farming conditions, conception rate and delivery rate improved by 3.47% and 18.29%, respectively, when grazing and exercising were performed. Observation, immunization and grazing were found to be important indicators for improving calf production efficiency in Hanwoo farm. This study can be used as a research data to improve the reproductive rate of farmhouse sites through the survey on the breeding status of Hanwoo farmers.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 1996

Environmental impact assessment survey reflecting farmers` opinion on the residence and production space in rural settlement area by ORD showed that more than 86% of respondents thought their reservoirs and waterways (small rivers) were getting seriously contaminated primarily by garbage and livestock manure. A typical rural settlement unit was taken to assess the impact of improper management of livestock manure in the farms on the water quality of small river flowing down along the villages where swine and dairy farms were situated in Daejook 2, 3-ri, Seolseong-myun, Icheon-gun. Nitrogen compounds such as NO$_3$-N, NO$_2$-N, NH$_3$-N, and phosphorus compound H$_x$PO$_4$, DO, BOD$_5$, COD, and microbial density were analyzed to evaluate water quality at five test sites designated along the water stream. Tests showed. for example, BOD$_5$ at site 4 was average 9.2mg/l which was about 3~8 times higher than that of observation site 2 and 3, at which most livestock houses were situated. This is a clear evidence that the nutrients of livestock manure illegally discharged to small river can lead to an eutrophication of the river at downstream. A soil absorption system with aeration could be one of alternatives to treat the contaminated wastewater by livestock manure. The place at downstream, inbetween observation site 1 and 2, could be the best construction site for the treatment facility from the standpoint of the overall treatment efficiency, An enclosed composting system can also be regarded as a good alternative for treatment of the sludge which is the by-product of the soil absorption system operation.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Crop Science Conference
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• 1998.10a
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• pp.68-111
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• 1998

The structure of the Hanwoo (Korean Native Cattle) Industry remains very weak and vulnerable to the WTO/IMF system. Considering that the majority of cattle farmers are small sized, and that marketing systems are outdated and inefficient, rapid expansion of lower priced beef imports by WTO system and rapid increasing of production costs by IMF system would lead to the deprivation of a regular source of farm income and threaten the stability of rural life. Accordingly, the Hanwoo industry should be expanded in accordance with progress in the implementation of (1) programs for the structural adjustment and (2) measures to compensate for the loss. Efforts for lowering major production factor costs needs to continue, In order to increase the supply of calves at low cost, the programs of collective cow-calf farms should be expanded, thereby reducing the cost of calf purchase, which constitutes the largest share of Hanwoo production cost. Also, feedlot operations should be encouraged for small herd farms in order to achieve a substantial saving in beef production costs by integrated operations from calf production to cattle fattening. A substantial saving would also be made by collective purchase and distribution of various inputs through the cooperatives' channels. Extension services should be strengthened for cattle farm management, cattle care and feeding, prevention of cattle disease, etc. In order to minimize cash outlays for commercial mixed feeds, utilization of far by-products as feeds should be enhanced and production of forage crops productive of resources, such as land and rural labor, during the farm o(f-season, needs to be encouraged. Also, technological development for enhancing the nutritional value of farm by-products should be encouraged. Measures for successful segregation of the Hanwoo beef market should be implemented, thereby enhancing incentive for quality beef producers and protecting consumers willing to pay higher price for quality beef. For development of the Hanwoo industry, a considerable time frame would be required in order for (1) small livestock farmers to make a successful adjustment by staying in the enterprise and achieving increased price efficiency (2) livestock farmers to acquire know-how for producing quality Hanwoo beef, (3) the ongoing Government policy of enhancing price-quality competitiveness, and for improving the quality Hanwoo beef marketing to take root. (4) consumers to increase their ability to distinguish meat quality, and others.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.387-392
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• 1995

Though a variety of non-conventional feedstuffs have been successfully evaluated in research stations in Asian countries, there had been little adoption of these technologies at the small farm level. The methodology and results of three separate on-farm trials evaluation the possible use of some non-conventional feedstuffs in broiler diets under small farm conditions in Sri Lanka are reported in this paper. In all trials, the commercial mash, that in normally used in the farms, served as the control. In trials 1 and 2, 5 and 10% cassava leaf meal, respectively, was substituted (w/w) for the commercial mash and fed to broilers for six weeks. In trial 3, several non-conventional feedstuffs (cassava leaf meal, rubber seed meal, ipil ipil leaf meal and died poultry manure) were substituted (w/w) for the commercial mash at levels of 15-20%. The results demonstrated that these non-conventional feed resources can be used in broiler diets under small farm conditions, with no adverse effects on performance. The salient features of on-farm animal research are highlighted.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.317-325
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• 2015

An adequate downscaling of synoptic forecasts is a prerequisite for improved agrometeorological service to rural areas in South Korea where complex terrains and small farms are common. In this study, geospatial schemes based on topoclimatology were used to scale down the Korea Meteorological Administration (KMA) temperature forecasts to the local scale (~30 m) across a rural catchment. Then, using these schemes, local temperatures were estimated at 14 validation sites at 0600 and 1500 LST in 2013/2014 and were compared with the observations. The estimation errors were substantially reduced for both 0600 and 1500 LST temperatures when compared against the uncorrected KMA products. The improvement was most notable at low lying locations for the 0600 temperature and at the locations on west- and south-facing slopes for the 1500 LST temperature. Using the downscaled real-time temperature data, a pilot service has started to provide the field-specific weather information tailored to meet the requirements of small-scale farms. For example, the service system makes a daily outlook on the phenology of crop species grown in a given field using the field-specific temperature data. When the temperature forecast is given for next morning, a frost risk index is calculated according to a known relationship of phenology and frost injury. If the calculated index is higher than a pre-defined threshold, a warning is issued and delivered to the grower's cellular phone with relevant countermeasures to help protect crops against frost damage.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.41 no.4
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• pp.591-596
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• 2001

The chicks from 6 field broiler farms revealed peripheral neuropathy including leg weakness, curled toes and drooped wings. Grossly distinctive enlargements of sciatic nerve, branchial nerve and lumbar nerve were observed in the chicks. Histologically nerve lesions consisted of demyelination of myelin sheaths, Schwann cell proliferation and swelling, and interstitial edema in the peripheral nerves of all birds examined. Axonal swelling and infiltration of small lymphocytes were observed, but not a primary lesion. After treatment of riboflavin, neurological disorder was markedly recovered. From these results, it is suggested that the peripheral nerve lesions in these cases were caused by dietary riboflavin deficiency.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Agricultural Engineers Conference
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• 2000.10a
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• pp.296-301
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• 2000

Bend test for metallic materials was conducted on samples of galvanized steel pipes being used in greenhouse farms. A secular change of yield strength for galvanized steel pipes was analyzed with the part of buried in the ground and exposed in the atmosphere. From those experimental results and corrosion rate of galvanized film, the standard durable years for pipe framed greenhouses are estimated that the small sized pipe houses of movable type is 7∼8 years and the large sized pipe houses of fixed type is 14∼15 years.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.46 no.2
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• pp.55-63
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• 2019

This study was conducted to evaluate animal welfare approved farms in three housing systems (open, windowless, and free-range). The survey was conducted in 25 animal welfare approved farms, and 10 farms were surveyed for distribution status. The main breed in all animal welfare approved farms of laying hens was Hy-Line Brown variety. In the case of open house, laying hens were bred in traditional and panel houses simultaneously; however, the ratio of panel house was 58.3%, which was higher than that of the traditional house. All the windowless houses were made of panels and more than 15,000 laying hens were housed in a single windowless house. In the case of free-range house, it was maintained on a small scale of less than 12,000 birds. Fifty-six percent of the surveyed farms were breeding at $7{\sim}8birds/m^2$. In terms of male and female ratios, most farms maintained 1 male:15 females, but there was a farmhouse that switched 17 or 20 females to 1 male. The daily dietary allowance was 110~170 g, and 32% of the surveyed farms provided feed of more than 150 g/day, which showed that forage feed was important. The age of at the first egg was 123 days, 122 days, and 120 days, and the peak percent was 91.8%, 94.9%, and 86.5% in open, windowless and free-range houses, respectively. The average egg production rate was 74.0%, 84.6%, and 72.7% in open, windowless, and free-range houses respectively, thus, there was no correlation between feed intake and hen-housed eggs. Distribution of welfare certified eggs was mainly a direct deal with the consumer or through contract production. The ratio of direct transactions between large-scale marts and eco-friendly specialty stores of welfare approved eggs was higher than that of conventional eggs. The rate of contract sales of eggs in both the barn and free-range systems was high, and the percentage of courier sales farms was also high. Excluding courier services, price of eggs in the barn system rose to more than 30 won/egg in the second half of 2017 (after AI). Price of eggs in the free-range system rose to more than 50 won/egg in the second half of 2017 (after AI). In the case of courier sales, the same price of 500 won was maintained before and after AI. In conclusion, the results of this study can be used as basic data for improving the animal welfare certification system for laying hens in Korea.