• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
• /
• v.32 no.4
• /
• pp.497-510
• /
• 1992

This study was attempted to comparative investigate the types and regional distribution of the endocrine cells in several vertebrates immunohistochemically using seven antisera. From carp pancreas could be observed 4 types which are insulin-, glucagon-, som- and BPP-immunoreactive cells. Insulin-immunoreactive cells were mainly distributed at the periphery and a few cells occupied the central region of the islets. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were distributed at the periphery of the islets, and som - and BPP-immunoreactive cells were located at the central region. From frog pancreas could be observed 4 types which are insulin-, glucagon-, som- and BPP-immunoreactive cells. Insulin-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the islets. Som-immunoreactive cells were distributed at the periphery of the islets, and glucagon- and BPP-immunoreactive cells were found as single cell or as small groups located between the pancreatic acini. From snake pancreas could be observed 3 types which are insulin-, glucagon- and som -immunoreactive cells. Insulin-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the small islets, and they also were scattered at the periphery of the large islets. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were distributed at the periphery of the islets, whereas som-immunoreactive cells were occupied the central region. From Ogolgae pancreas could be observed 4 types which are insulin-, glucagon-, som-and BPP-immunoreactive cells. Insulin-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the small islets, but at the periphery of the large one. Glucagon- immunoreactive cells were distributed at the periphery of the small islets and in the large islets showed scattering entired. Som-immunoreactive cells were distributed at the periphery of the small islets and in the large islets were located at the central region. A small numbers of BPP-immunoreactive cells were located at the periphery of the small islets and the exocrine regions. From the pancreas of the Korean native goat could be observed 6 types which are insulin-, glucagon-, som-, BPP-, 5-HT- and porcine-CG-immunoreactive cells. Insulin-immunoreactive cells were distributed throughout the islets. Som-immunoreactive cells were located at the periphery of the islets, but a tew were scattered at the central region of islets and in the epithelium of the secretory duct. Glucagon-, BPP-, 5-HT- and porcine CG-immunoreactive cells were distributed at the periphery of the islets. These findings indicated that the regional distribution patterns and cell types of pancreatic endocrine cells in vertebrates varies considerably among phylogenetically different vertebrates.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.14 no.3
• /
• pp.417-424
• /
• 2004

This study attempts to investigate lectin binding patterns of the glycoconjugates of the esophageal mucous cells in four teleostean speceis, i. e., Sebastes schlegeli, Halichoeres poecilopterus, Bryzoichthys lysimus and Takifugu pardalis. To investigate glycoconjugates of esophageal mucous cells, nine biotinylated lectins (DBA, SBA, PNA, BSL-l, RCA-l, sWGA, UEA-l, LCA and ConA) were applied with ABC method. Esophageal mucous cells of Sebastes schlegeli and Halichoeres poecilopterus were mixed with large, medium sized and small mucous cells. But these cells of the other species only were mixed with medium sized and small mucous cells. The lectin binding pattern of esophageal mucous cells depends on the species; Sebastes schlegeli was stained with DBA, SBA, BSL-l, RCA-l and sWGA, Halichoeres poecilopterus with DBA, SBA, PNA and sWGA, Bryzoichthys lysimus with SBA and sWGA, Takifugu pardalis with all lectins except DBA, LCA and Con A, respectively. All the mucous cells of Sebastes schlegeli were stained with DBA, SBA and sWGA, while small mucous cells with BSL-l besides these lectins. In Halichoeres poecilopterus,l the large mucous cells reacted with PNA, medium sized mucous cells with DBA, SBA and sWGA, and small mucous cells with DBA and SBA, respectively. Medium sized mucous cells of Bryzoichthys lysimus were stained with sWGA, and small mucous cells with SBA and sWGA. In Takifugu pardalis, all mucous cells reacted with SBA, PNA and RCA-l, but medium sized mucous cells with sWGA and UEA-l besides these lectins. Especially DBA and SBA lectins showed a strong binding to all mucous cells of Sebastes schlegeli. In Halichoeres poecilopterus, PNA binding were notable in large mucous cells, and SBA binding in medium sized and small cells, respectively. However, SBA, PNA, sWGA and UEA-l lectins of Takifugu pardalis showed a strong binding to medium sized mucous cells, but RCA-l binding which small mucous cells were notable.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
• /
• v.17 no.10
• /
• pp.4665-4669
• /
• 2016

Purpose: To evaluate the legitimacy of a diagnosis of ASC-H in 5 cases which were followed up monthly for over 2 years with both cytology and HPV testing. Methods: Some 5 cases out of a total of 25.0 self-sampled Pap test patients diagnosed as ASC-H provided 119 specimens over 2 years, with HPV-DNA testing perormed using a E6 primer. Results: Cases 1, 2 and 3 showed SIL after the ASC-H diagnosis, while cases 4 and 5 showed and maintained NILM. Cases 1, 2 and 3 were further characterized by small atypical compressed binucleated cells, in which HPV was detected by in situ PCR. Case 4 showed a high N/C ratio in cells in sheets with a mild increase in chromatin. Case 5 demonstrated a high N/C ratio in small cells with no increase in chromatin. Conclusion: The finding of a compressed binucleated cells can define the difference between degenerated endocervical columnar cells and small atypical cells suggestive of HSIL. When small compressed binucleated squamous cells are detected, there may be a chance of continuing HPV infection and undetected SIL.

• Molecules and Cells
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.228-236
• /
• 2019

CD4 T cells differentiate into $ROR{\gamma}t/IL$-17A-expressing cells in the small intestine following colonization by segmented filamentous bacteria (SFB). However, it remains unclear whether SFB-specific CD4 T cells can differentiate directly from naïve precursors, and whether their effector differentiation is solely directed towards the Th17 lineage. In this study, we used adoptive T cell transfer experiments and showed that naïve CD4 T cells can migrate to the small intestinal lamina propria (sLP) and differentiate into effector T cells that synthesize IL-17A in response to SFB colonization. Using single cell RT-PCR analysis, we showed that the progenies of SFB responding T cells are not uniform but composed of transcriptionally divergent populations including Th1, Th17 and follicular helper T cells. We further confirmed this finding using in vitro culture of SFB specific intestinal CD4 T cells in the presence of cognate antigens, which also generated heterogeneous population with similar features. Collectively, these findings indicate that a single species of intestinal bacteria can generate a divergent population of antigen-specific effector CD4 T cells, rather than it provides a cytokine milieu for the development of a particular effector T cell subset.

• Applied Microscopy
• /
• v.26 no.3
• /
• pp.349-367
• /
• 1996

The development of small granule-containing cell in the superior cervical ganglion was studied by electron microscopic method in human fetuses ranging from 40 mm to 260 mm crown rump length (10 to 30 weeks of gestational age). At 40 mm fetus, the superior cervical ganglion was composed of clusters of undifferentiated cells, primitive neuroblasts, and unmyelinated nerve fibers together with blood vessels. At 90 mm fetus, the superior cervical ganglion consisted of neuroblasts, satellite cell, small granule-containing cells, and unmyelinated nerve fibers. Two morphological types of the small granule-containing cells in the superior cervical ganglion were first indentified at 90 mm fetus, but were rare. Type I granule-containing cell occurred in solitary and had long processes, whereas type II cells tend to appeared in clusters near the blood capillaries. The granule-containing cells were characterized by the presence of dense-cored vesicles ranging from $150{\sim}300nm$ in diameter in both the cell bodies and processes. Other organelles included abundant mitochondria, rough endoplasmic reticulum, neurotubules, and widely distributed ribosomes. The granule-containing cells had long processes similar to those found in principal ganglionic cells. They could be identified by their content in dense-cored vesicles. The small granule-containing cells increased somewhat in size and number with increase of fetal age. Synaptic contacts were first found on the solitary granule-containing cell at 150 mm fetus. Synaptic contacts between the soma and processes of type I granule-containing cells and preganglionic axon terminals were observed. In addition, synaptic junctions between the processes of granule-containing cells and presumed dendrite of postganglionic neuron were also observed from 150 mm onward. On the basis of these features type I granule-containing cells could be considered as interneurons. The clusters of type II granule-containing cells were located in the interstitial or subcapsular portions of the ganglion, and had short processes which ended in close relation to fenestrated capillaries. Therefore it may be infer that clusters of type II granule-containing cells have an endocrine function.

• The Korean Journal of Zoology
• /
• v.30 no.2
• /
• pp.154-166
• /
• 1987

Recently, the researches on the enteroendocrine cells of vertebrates have made a remarkable advance by the immunocytochemical methods. This study was attempted to investigate the topographical distributions and the shapes of gastrin, glucagon, somatostatin and cholecystokinin-8 immuno-reactive cells in the gastrointestinal tract of the Korean hedgehog, Erinaceus koreanus. For light-microscopical examination of immunocytochemistry, the tissue specimens taken from the various portions(body and pyloric protion of stomach, duodenum, jejunum, ileum and rectum) were fixed in glutaraldehyde-picric acid-acetic acid (GPA) or 10% neutral buffered formalin solutions. For the demonstration of immunoreactive cells, the paraffin sections (6$\mu$m) were immunocytochemically identified by PAP procedure (Sternberger, 1979) with gastrin, glucagon, somatostatin and cholecystokinin-8 antisera. Gastrin-immunoreactive cells were mainly distributed in the pyloric portion of stomach and were a few in the duodenum and jejunum. The shapes of these cells were round or oval in the pyloric portion and pyramidal in the small intestine. Glucagon-immunoreactive cells were sparsely distributed in the only small intestine. The shapes of these cells were mainly pyramidal. Somatostatin-immunoreactive cells were a few in the pyloric portion and duodenum, and were sparsely distributed in the body of stomach and jejunum. The shapes of these cells were round or oval in the stomach and oval or pyramidal in the small intestine. Cholecystokinin-8-immunoreactive cells were sparsely distributed in the only small intestine. The shapes of these cells were mainly oval or pyramidal.

• The Journal of Korean Institute of Communications and Information Sciences
• /
• v.39A no.5
• /
• pp.280-292
• /
• 2014

Recently, heterogeneous networks consisting of small-cells on top of traditional macro-cellular network has attracted much attention, because traditional macro-cellular network is not suitable to support more demanding mobile data traffic due to its limitation of spatial reuse. However, due to the transmit power difference between macro- and small-cells, most users are associated with macro-cells rather than small-cells. To solve this problem, enhanced inter-cell interference coordination (eICIC) has been introduced. Particularly, in eICIC, the small-cell coverage is forcibly expanded to associate more users with small-cells. Then, to avoid cross-tier interference from macro-cells, these users are allowed to receive the data during almost blank subframe (ABS) in which macro-cells almost remain silent. However, this approach is not sufficient to balance the load between macro- and small-cells because it only expands the small-cell coverage. In this paper, we propose a load balance scheme improving proportional fairness for heterogeneous networks employing eICIC. In particular, the proposed scheme combines the greedy-based user association and the ABS rate determination in a recursive manner to perform the load balance.

• BMB Reports
• /
• v.55 no.1
• /
• pp.48-56
• /
• 2022

Small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) secreted by most cells carry bioactive macromolecules including proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids for intercellular communication. Given that some immune cell-derived sEVs exhibit anti-cancer properties, these sEVs have received scientific attention for the development of novel anti-cancer immunotherapeutic agents. In this paper, we reviewed the latest advances concerning the biological roles of immune cell-derived sEVs for cancer therapy. sEVs derived from immune cells including dendritic cells (DCs), T cells, natural-killer (NK) cells, and macrophages are good candidates for sEV-based cancer therapy. Besides their role of cancer vaccines, DC-shed sEVs activated cytotoxic lymphocytes and killed tumor cells. sEVs isolated from NK cells and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells exhibited cytotoxicity against cancer cells. sEVs derived from CD8⁺ T and CD4⁺ T cells inhibited cancer-associated cells in tumor microenvironment (TME) and activated B cells, respectively. M1-macrophage-derived sEVs induced M2 to M1 repolarization and also created a pro-inflammatory environment. Hence, these sEVs, via mono or combination therapy, could be considered in the treatment of cancer patients in the future. In addition, sEVs derived from cytokine-stimulated immune cells or sEV engineering could improve their anti-tumor potency.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
• /
• v.33 no.6
• /
• pp.236-241
• /
• 2023

Solar cells based on p-conjugated donor-acceptor (D-A) organic molecular systems are a promising alternative to conventional electrical energy generation. D-A molecular systems, which have a triphenylamine (TPA) moiety linked with a benzothiadiazole (BTD) moiety, open the potential development of new small molecule donors for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cells. Here, a series of donor-acceptor-π-acceptor (D-A-π-A) small molecule donors (SMD) derived from triphenylamine (TPA) donor and benzothiadiazole (BTD) acceptor building blocks, were designed for BHJ organic solar cells. The small molecule donors SMD1-4 were studied using density functional theory (DFT) and time dependent-DFT (TDDFT) methods, to understand the effect of cyano and fluorine group functionalization on their properties. The effect of structure alteration by cyano and fluorine group functionalization on the optoelectronic properties, the calculated highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) and lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) and the HOMO-LUMO gaps were theoretically explored. The V_oc (open-circuit photovoltage) and fill factor (FF) for SMD1-4 were obtained with a PC₇₁BM acceptor, which showed that these organic small molecules are potential small molecule donors for organic bulk heterojunction solar cells.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
• /
• v.52 no.3
• /
• pp.244-248
• /
• 2020

To retain valuable resources, organisms adopt several strategies including coprophagy. Cells covering the outer skin and internal digestive lumen are actively recycled to maintain their integrity. In present study, we suggested that the small intestine can consume dead cells in a manner similar to how it consumes protein from the diet. We examined the eluates from five segments of the mouse small intestine and cecum and 2 segments of the large intestine and small intestine tissue, and detected immunoreactivity with eukaryotic caveolin-1 and β-actin antibodies only in the cecum and 2 segments from the large intestine. Bacterial agitation of the mouse intestine with Shigella disrupted the architecture and absorptive function of the small intestine. Small intestine eluates were immunoreactive with murine caveolin-1 and contained heme as determined by dot blot analysis. We concluded that the body conserves resources in the small intestine by disposing of and recycling shedded cells.