• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.30 no.4
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• pp.187-202
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• 2021

This study examined the effectiveness of wind corridor construction by analyzing the thermal environment, cold air generation, ventilation, and geographical characteristics to improve urban thermal environment and establish the basis for specialized strategy in Changwon-si, Gyeongsangnam-do. Using spatial analysis and remote sensing techniques, surface temperature, land cover and land use, wind field, and slope were measured and through this, a wind corridor analysis model was constructed. As a result of the analysis as of 2020, Changwon-si generally has land cover characteristics that are advantageous for the generation of cold air, but the temperature in most urban areas is the highest, and the temperature in areas such as north Changwon area, Jinbukmyeon, Ung-dong, and Ungcheon-dong are relatively high. There was a typical trend of high average wind speed in mountain regions and low average wind speed in urban areas. Accordingly, the north Changwon area, the former Changwon downtown area, the Hogye-ri and Pyeongseong-ri areas, and the Changpo Bay area are derived as vulnerable areas to thermal environment, and various measures to reduce temperature and improve air quality that the inflow of cold air into the area considering the characteristics of each area and securing wind ventilation between the surrounding mountains, reservoirs, and park areas were proposed.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.102 no.3
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• pp.446-454
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• 2013

The present study investigated the biological agents and environmental conditions of the habitats of the Kirengeshoma koreana, a class 2 endangered species class according to the South Korean Ministry of Environment (MOE), elucidated the structural characteristics of the forest stands in the habitats with the importance value and the diversity index, conducted comparative analysis of the factors, and explored their relationship with environmental factors. According to the results of direction analysis of natural habitats of the Kirengeshoma koreana, the direction was distributed to the north or the northeast, and the slope amounted to $15-40^{\circ}$, thus demonstrating that the slope has little effect. In addition, the results showed that the distribution of Kirengeshoma koreana populations dramatically increased starting in areas at least 600 m above the sea level and that the relative light intensity was 3.79% on an average. Most populations were native to gorges and crevices between rocks so that they mainly tended to inhabit areas that could see soil loss in times of precipitation. In addition, a considerable number of the populations were close to hiking trails as well, thus leading to concerns about their artificial destruction. The soil of layer a in the main growth space of the Kirengeshoma koreana was analyzed and turned out to be strongly acidic, measuring pH 4.45-4.89 (average: 4.68). All investigation sections were typical natural broad-leaved tree areas, and, judging from the fact that the Kirengeshoma koreana was most likely to appear in colonies of the Mongolian oak tree (Quercus mongolica Fisch. ex Ledeb.), the Mongolian oak tree seems to be the species of tree that has the greatest effect on the inhabitation of the Kirengeshoma koreana.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.95 no.3
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• pp.309-315
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• 2006

This study was to compare the biomass and annual net production between 60 to 70-year-old Quercus mongolica stand facing northern and southern aspect in Mt. Joongwang (1000 m from sea level), Pyungchang and 35-year-old Q. mongolica stand in Mt. Wolak (300m from sea level), Jechon. The total biomass was 252.9 ton/ha in northern aspect and 212.2 ton/ha in southern aspect of Mt. Joongwang while 198.7 ton/ha in northern aspect of Mt. Wolak. Annual net production was 17.3 ton/ha/yr in northern aspect and 14.2 ton/ha/yr in southern aspect of Mt. Joongwang while 21.2 ton/halyr in Mt. Wolak. Total biomass, especially leaf and branch biomass in north slope was greater than those in south slope of Mt. Joongwang. Leaf area index (LAI) of Q. mongolica stand was 11.17 in Mt. Wolak while 5.77 in northern aspect and 3.97 in southern aspect of Mt. Joongwang, and the net assimilation rate (NAR) was 2.60 kg/kg/yr, 4.26 kg/kg/yr, 6.06 kg/kg/yr in same order.

• Fire Science and Engineering
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• v.19 no.4 s.60
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• pp.75-79
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• 2005

This study has developed Forest Fire Occurrence Danger Index (FFODI) using fuel and topographical characteristics for the practical purposes of forecasting forest fire occurrence danger rating. This was made on the basis of the 126 forest fire site according to field survey. The result of fire frequency analysis showed 87 sites on conifer $(69\%)$, 21 on mixed $(16.7\%)$ and 18 $(14.3\%)$ on non-conifer. The scale for Fuel Model Index(FMI) ranges from 1 to 10 and Topography Model Index(TMI) from 1 to 5. FMI is 10 on the conifer, 3 on the mixed and 2 on the non-conifer. In case of topographical analysis, it was estimated that 90 site $(71.4\%)$ of ignition point was bottom foot hill and 22 site $(17.5\%)$ was on the southwest. TMI in southwest direction is 5.0, 4.5 in the northwest and the northeast, 4.0 in the southeast and the south, 2.5 in the north and the west and 1.5 in the east. TMI in the bottom foot hill is 5 in the bottom foot hill, 1.5 in the upper foot hill, 1.0 in the bottom middle slope and 0.5 in the upper middle slope and bottom ridge.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.77-100
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• 2024

Circulation, tides, currents, harmful algal blooms, water quality, and hypoxic conditions in Jinhae-Masan Bay have been extensively studied. However, these previous studies primarily focused on short-term variations, and there was limited detailed investigation into the physical mechanisms responsible for ocean circulation in the bays. Oceanic processes in the bays, such as pollutant dispersal, changes on a seasonal time scale. Therefore, this study aimed to understand how the circulation in Jinhae-Masan Bay varies seasonally and to examine the effects of tides, winds, and river discharges on regional ocean circulation. To achieve this, a three-dimensional ocean circulation model was used to simulate circulation patterns from 2016 to 2018, and sensitivity experiments were conducted. This study reveals that convective estuarine circulation develops in Jinhae and Masan Bays, characterized by the inflow of deep oceanic water from the Korea Strait through Gadeoksudo, while surface water flows outward. This deep water intrusion divides into northward and westward branches. In this study, the volume transport was calculated along the direction of bottom channels in each region. The meridional water exchange in the eastern region of Jinhae Bay is 2.3 times greater in winter and 1.4 times greater in summer compared to that of zonal exchange in the western region. In the western region of Jinhae Bay, the circulation pattern varies significantly by season due to changes in the balance of forces. During winter, surface currents flow southward and bottom currents flow northward, strengthening the north-south convective circulation due to the combined effects of northwesterly winds and the slope of the sea surface. In contrast, during summer, southwesterly winds cause surface seawater to flow eastward, and the elevated sea surface in the southeastern part enhances northward barotropic pressure gradient intensifying the eastward surface flow. The density gradient and southward baroclinic pressure gradient increase in the lower layer, causing a strong westward inflow of seawater from Gadeoksudo, enhancing the zonal convective circulation by 26% compared to winter. The convective circulation in the western Jinhae Bay is significantly influenced by both tidal current and wind during both winter and summer. In the eastern Jinhae Bay and Masan Bay, surface water flows outward to the open sea in all seasons, while bottom water flows inward, demonstrating a typical convective estuarine circulation. In winter, the contributions of wind and freshwater influx are significant, while in summer, the influence of mixing by tidal currents plays a major role in the north-south convective circulation. In the eastern Jinhae Bay, tidally driven residual circulation patterns, influenced by the local topography, are distinct. The study results are expected to enhance our understanding of pollutant dispersion, summer hypoxic events, and the abundance of red tide organisms in these bays.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.105 no.4
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• pp.401-413
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• 2016

Forest resources utilization and variable disturbance history have been affected the rarity and conservation value of forest relict trees, which served as habitat for forest biodiversity, important carbon stock and cultural role include human and natural history in South Korea. This study was conducted to establish the baseline data for forest resources conservation by clarifying species diversity, spatial distribution and ecological characteristics (individual and habitat) of forest relict trees (DBH > 300 cm) based on the data getting from mountain trail, high resolution aerial photos and field professionals and field survey. As results, 54 taxa (18 family 32 genus 48 species 1 subspecies 3 variety and 2 form) as about 22% of tree species in Korea was identified in the field. 837 individuals of forest relict trees were observed and the majority of the trees was in Pinaceae, deciduous Fagaceae and Rosaceae, which families are abundant in population diversity. High elevation area was important to relict trees as mean altitudinal distribution was 1,200 m a.s.l as likely affected by human activity gradients and mid-steep slope and North aspect was important environment for the trees remain. Many individuals exhibited 'damage larger branch' (55.6%) and consequent relatively lower mean canopy coverages (below 80%). Synthetically, present diversity and abundance of relict forest trees in South Korea were the result of complex process among climate variation, local weather and biological factors and the trees of big and old were estimated to important forest biodiversity elements. In the future, clarifying the role and function of relict trees in forest ecosystem, in- and ex- situ programmes for important trees and habitat, and activities for building the background of conservation policy such as "Guideline for identifying and measurement of forest relict trees".

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.89-102
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• 2024

Land Surface Phenology (LSP) plays a crucial role in understanding vegetation dynamics. The near-infrared reflectance of vegetation (NIRv) has been increasingly adopted in LSP studies, being recognized as a robust proxy for gross primary production (GPP). However, NIR v is sensitive to the terrain effects in mountainous areas due to artifacts in NIR reflectance cannot be canceled out. Because of this, estimating phenological metrics in mountainous regions have a substantial uncertainty, especially in the end of season (EOS). The topographically corrected NIRv (TCNIRv) employs the path length correction (PLC) method, which was deduced from the simplification of the radiative transfer equation, to alleviate limitations related to the terrain effects. TCNIRv has been demonstrated to estimate phenology metrics more accurately than NIRv, especially exhibiting improved estimation of EOS. As the topographic effect is significantly influenced by terrain properties such as slope and aspect, our study compared phenology metrics estimations between south-facing slopes (SFS) and north-facing slopes (NFS) using NIRv and TCNIRv in two distinct mountainous regions: Gwangneung Forest (GF) and Odaesan National Park (ONP), representing relatively flat and rugged areas, respectively. The results indicated that TCNIR v-derived EOS at NFS occurred later than that at SFS for both study sites (GF : DOY 266.8/268.3 at SFS/NFS; ONP : DOY 262.0/264.8 at SFS/NFS), in contrast to the results obtained with NIRv (GF : DOY 270.3/265.5 at SFS/NFS; ONP : DOY 265.0/261.8 at SFS/NFS). Additionally, the gap between SFS and NFS diminished after topographic correction (GF : DOY 270.3/265.5 at SFS/NFS; ONP : DOY 265.0/261.8 at SFS/NFS). We conclude that TCNIRv exhibits discrepancy with NIR v in EOS detection considering slope orientation. Our findings underscore the necessity of topographic correction in estimating photosynthetic phenology, considering slope orientation, especially in diverse terrain conditions.

• Geophysics and Geophysical Exploration
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.42-49
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• 2011

To locate anomalous features including seepage pathways through the Daeryong earth-fill dam, P and Rayleigh waves were recorded along a 250-m profile on the crest of the dam. Seismic energy was generated using a 5-kg sledgehammer and detected by 24 4.5-Hz vertical-axis geophones installed at 3-m intervals. P-wave and apparent S-wave velocities of the reservoir dam and underlying bedrock were then inverted from first-arrival traveltimes and dispersion curves of Rayleigh waves, respectively. Apparent dynamic Poisson's ratios as high as 0.46 were obtained at the base of the dam near its north-east end, where an outlet conduit occurs, and in the clay core body near the south-west end of the profile where the dam was repeatedly grouted to abate seepage before our survey. These anomalies of higher Poisson's ratios in the upper part of clay core were also associated with effusion of grout on the downstream slope of the dam during post-survey grouting to abate leakage. Combining P-wave traveltime tomography and inversion of Rayleigh wave velocities was very effective in detecting potential pathways for seepage and previous grouted zones in this earthen dam.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.19-36
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• 1988

To investigate edge vegetation structure and edge species in Chiak Mountain National Park, field survey was executed from July to September, 1988. Canonpy drip-line type, cantilevered type and advancing type of edge vegetation were observed on site. The relative importance values of major species in each crown layer were changed along distance from edge to forest interior differently by aspect and present tree layer vegetation. Especially light-oriented edge species as codominant species were observed in Pinus densiflora forest interior at south slope and moisture - oriented species as codominant species were observed with light-oriented species in north edge beside torrential stream. No. of species and individuals by crown layer, species diversities and dissimilarities were decreased according to the distance from edge to forest interior, and edge depth was estimated as 15-20m. Dominant species of edge in shrub and ground layer were different by altitude and topographic locations; valley, ridge, summit and edge species at summit were not observed at other area. Floristic similarities between edge vegetations at different environments were affected by altitude, aspect and topographic location. Frequency classes of edge species were different by aspect, altitude and topographic location. Weigela subscssilis showed high frequency class in all environment conditions and Quercus mongolica, Lindera obtusiloba, Symplocos chinensis for, pilosa, weigela subscssilis, Fraxinus rhynchophylla, Actinidia arguta, Rubus crategifolius. Pinus densiflora, Aralia elata etc, were observed as edge species at all environmental conditions, respectively.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.62 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 1983

The effects of the pine needle gall midge, Thecodiplosis japonensis, on the growth of the Korean red pine, Pinus densiflora, were examined for the natural forest stands at nine locations: Seocheon-gun, Boryong-gun, and Hongseong-gun in Chooncheongnam-do, where consequence of the infestation had been different. To estimate the economic threshold level of the pine needle gall midge, the growth impacts due to the insect were examined with terminal shoot growth, and cambial growth by analyzing the growth horizontally and vertically. The results obtained are as follows: 1) In general, the growth impacts of the red pine trees were significant for the five consecutive years since damage had occurred, and its maximum retardation was shown in the second and the third years. 2) Simultaneous retardation occurred in both terminal and cambial growth of the tree, probably due to cumulative characteristics of the feeding behaviour. 3) Strong correlation was found between terminal and cambial growth of Korean red pine and this was true for the trees infested by pine needle gall midge. Thus retardation in cambial growth due to the insect may be estimated with that in terminal growth. 4) Infestation was greater on slope facing north than south even though the history of the infestation had been similar. 5) The stem volume of 13-year-old, infested Korean red pine was reduced by more than 75-85%, compared to same aged, uninfected pine in yield table. Thus, much longer period is required to recover the normal growth.