• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제16권3호
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• pp.261-267
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• 2007

In this study, the Slab Ocean Model (SOM) is coupled with an Atmospheric General Circulation Model (AGCM) which developed in University of Kangnung based on the land surface model of Biosphere-Atmosphere Transfer Scheme (BATS). The purposes of this study are to understand radiative role of clouds considering of the atmospheric feedback, and to compare the Clouds Radiative Forcing (CRF) come from the analyses using the clear-cloud sky method and CGCM. The new CGCM was integrated by using two sets of the clouds with radiative role (EXP-A) and without radiative role (EXP-B). Clouds in this two cases show the negative effect $-26.0\;Wm^{-2}$ of difference of radiation budget at top of atmosphere (TOA). The annual global means radiation budget of this simulation at TOA is larger than the estimations ($-17.0 Wm^{-2}$) came from Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE). The work showed the surface negative effect with $-18.6 Wm^{-2}$ in the two different simulations of CRF. Otherwise, sensible heat flux in the simulation shows a great contribution with positive forcing of $+24.4 Wm^{-2}$. It is found that cooling effect to the surface temperature due to radiative role of clouds is about $7.5^{\circ}C$. From this study it could make an accurate of the different CRF estimation considering either feedback of EXP-B or not EXP-A under clear-sky and cloud-sky conditions respectively at TOA. This result clearly shows its difference of CRF $-11.1 Wm^{-2}$.

• 한국산업융합학회 논문집
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.65-74
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• 1998

The purpose of this paper is to investigate the mount of relief of human solar heat load and thermal comfort in outdoor environment in summer, Six different types of sites, T garden and its neighboring area in Japan, were selected as the experiment sites. The experiments were conducted from 22 to 29 August, 1994 to find the relationship between climatic conditions and human responses, Climatic conditions, subjects's thermal sensation and skin temperature were measured. Radiant heat exchange on the human body was estimated on the basis of the measured air and surface temperature and solar radiation. Thermal index Operative Temperature and New Effective Temperature was modified with the effect of the radiant heat exchange. Human thermal comfort and skin temperature is affected by the solar radiation and the sky factor in an outdoor environment. The effect of tree shade was verified on thermal comfort, The mount of relief of human solar heat load is relation to the existence of shade a solar radiation and the sky factor. The urban garden is one of the effective design element in an urban environmental planning.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.72-80
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• 2010

The main thrust of this paper is to investigate a practical way of generating the monthly averaged daily horizontal solar radiation in Korea. For estimating the horizontal solar radiation, the clearness index($K_T$) and the clearness number($C_N$) which are required for the use of Liu and Jordan's model and ASHRAE Clear Sky model were derived based on the measured weather data. Third-order polynomials returning $K_T$ and��$C_N$ for a given location were derived as a function of cloud amount, month, date, latitude and longitude. The predicted monthly averaged daily horizontal solar radiation values were compared with those acquired from the established design weather data. The MBE(Mean Bias Error) and RMSE (Root Mean Squares for Error) between the predicted values and the measured data were near zero. It means that the suggested third-order polynomials for $K_T$ and $C_N$ have good applicability to Liu and Jordan's model and ASHRAE Clear Sky model.

• 대기
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.51-60
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• 2022

Corona Virus Disease 19 pandemic (COVID-19) causes many deaths worldwide, and has enormous impacts on society and economy. The COVID-19 was caused by a new type of coronavirus (Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Cornonavirus 2; SARS-CoV-2), which has been found that these viruses can be effectively inactivated by ultraviolet (UV) radiation of 290~315 nm. In this study, 90% inactivation time of the SARS-CoV-2 virus was analyzed using ground observation data from Brewer spectrophotometer at Yonsei University, Seoul and simulation data from UVSPEC for the period of 2015~2017 and 2020. Based on 12:00-13:00 noon time, the shortest virus inactivation time were estimated as 13.5 minutes in June and 4.8 minutes in July/August, respectively, under all sky and clear sky conditions. In the diurnal and seasonal variations, SARS-CoV-2 could be inactivated by 90% when exposed to UV radiation within 60 minutes from 10:00 to 14:00, for the period of spring to autumn. However, in winter season, the natural prevention effect was meaningless because the intensity of UV radiation weakened, and the time required for virus inactivation increased. The spread of infectious diseases such as COVID-19 is related to various and complex interactions of several variables, but the natural inactivation of viruses by UV radiation presented in this study, especially seasonal differences, need to be considered as major variables.

• 환경영향평가
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.477-491
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• 2014

본 연구는 창원시 도시지역을 대상으로 다양한 물리적 환경요인과 복사에너지 간의 관계성을 분석함으로서 열쾌적성을 개선하기 위한 계획 방안을 마련하는데 목적이 있다. 물리적 환경요인은 건물의 배치형태를 고려한 Sky view factor(SVF)와 토지피복 및 토지이용유형을 고려하였고, 복사에너지는 여름철에 주간 및 야간으로 3일 동안 이동식으로 태양 및 지구복사에너지의 유입과 유출량을 측정하였다. SVF를 분석한 결과 주변에 건물이 거의 존재하지 않는 도시공원에서 높았고, 반면에 고층의 건물이 밀집된 고층아파트와 상업지역은 매우 낮은 수치를 보였다. 복사에너지는 주간시간은 지표면으로 유입되는 태양복사에너지가 약 $700W/m^2$로 가장 높았고, 야간시간에는 지구복사에너지의 유입과 유출만 있고, 그 양은 약 $450W/m^2$이였다. 지표면으로 유입되는 태양복사에너지는 건물이 밀집된 공간형태일수록 감소하는 경향을 보였고, 대기중으로 향하는 태양 및 지구복사에너지는 반사율과 방사율, 그리고 열용량과 같은 열적특성에 따른 영향이 큰 것으로 나타났다. 그러므로 도시지역의 열쾌적성을 개선하기 위해서는 건물이 밀집된 지역에 대해 배치형태를 조정하거나 벽면녹화를 조성하고, 지표면에 자연적 피복재질로 교체하는 계획방안이 필요할 것으로 판단된다.

• 대기
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• 제21권2호
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• pp.131-142
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• 2011

Spectral solar irradiances were observed using a visible and UV Multi-Filter Rotating Shadowband Radiometer on the rooftop of the Science Building at Yonsei University, Seoul ($37.57^{\circ}N$, $126.98^{\circ}E$, 86 m) during one year period in 2006. 1-min measurements of global(total) and diffuse solar irradiances over the solar zenith angle (SZA) ranges from $20^{\circ}$ to $70^{\circ}$ were used to examine the effects of clouds and total optical depth (TOD) on enhancing four solar irradiance components (broadband 395-955 nm, UV channel 304.5 nm, visible channel 495.2 nm, and infrared channel 869.2 nm) together with the sky camera images for the assessment of cloud conditions at the time of each measurement. The obtained clear-sky irradiance measurements were used for empirical model of clear-sky irradiance with the cosine of the solar zenith angle (SZA) as an independent variable. These developed models produce continuous estimates of global and diffuse solar irradiances for clear sky. Then, the clear-sky irradiances are used to estimate the effects of clouds and TOD on the enhancement of surface solar irradiance as a difference between the measured and the estimated clear-sky values. It was found that the enhancements occur at TODs less than 1.0 (i.e. transmissivity greater than 37%) when solar disk was not obscured or obscured by optically thin clouds. Although the TOD is less than 1.0, the probability of the occurrence for the enhancements shows 50~65% depending on four different solar radiation components with the low UV irradiance. The cumulus types such as stratoculmus and altoculumus were found to produce localized enhancement of broadband global solar irradiance of up to 36.0% at TOD of 0.43 under overcast skies (cloud cover 90%) when direct solar beam was unobstructed through the broken clouds. However, those same type clouds were found to attenuate up to 80% of the incoming global solar irradiance at TOD of about 7.0. The maximum global UV enhancement was only 3.8% which is much lower than those of other three solar components because of the light scattering efficiency of cloud drops. It was shown that the most of the enhancements occurred under cloud cover from 40 to 90%. The broadband global enhancement greater than 20% occurred for SZAs ranging from 28 to $62^{\circ}$. The broadband diffuse irradiance has been increased up to 467.8% (TOD 0.34) by clouds. In the case of channel 869.0 nm, the maximum diffuse enhancement was 609.5%. Thus, it is required to measure irradiance for various cloud conditions in order to obtain climatological values, to trace the differences among cloud types, and to eventually estimate the influence on solar irradiance by cloud characteristics.

• 태양에너지
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• 제9권3호
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• pp.13-24
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• 1989

Direct and diffuse components of solar radiation were measured inside and outside a single-span plastic greenhouse. To analyze the direct solar radiation inside the plastic greenhouse, the cross-section of the greenhouse was assumed to be circular. Then the direct solar radiation transmitted into the greenhouse was calculated theoretically, and compared with the experimental measurements. The results are summarized as follows: (1) The transmissivities of total solar radiation were about 65% on cloudy days and 50% on clear days. For cloudy days, the transmissivity of the total solar radiation was regarded as the transmissivity of sky diffuse radiation. (2) The ratio of the inside effective scattered component of direct solar radiation to the diffuse radiation was 60-65%. (3) It appeared that the seasonal variation of the transmissivity of total solar radiation was adversely affected by the transmissivity of direct solar radiation and the effective scattered coefficient. But the effect of the transmissivity of direct solar radiation was dominant factor. (4) Computer simulation showed that the inside direct solar radiation was decreased as the floor of the plastic greenhouse was higher. (5) The predicted value of the inside direct solar radiation was 3.3% to 29.0% higher than the measured value.

• 한국조경학회지
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• 제42권5호
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• pp.22-30
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• 2014

조경용 녹음수가 하절기 옥외공간에서 인간이 느끼는 열쾌적성에 미치는 효과를 객관적으로 검증하기 위하여 수형이 서로 다른 미국참나무, 배롱나무, 참느릅나무 등 세 종의 수목를 선정하여 일사차단율과 평균복사온도 저감 효과를 비교분석하였다. 또한, 주기적으로 수관부 사진을 촬영하여 수관부의 변화특성도 비교 검토하였다. 일사량과 건구온도, 흑구온도를 현장에서 자동으로 계측 기록할 수 있는 시스템을 구축하여 각 수목의 수관 하부에 지면으로부터 1.1m 위치에 설치하고, 2013년 4월 1일부터 동년 11월 30일까지 매 분 단위로 기록될 수 있도록 설정하였다. 수관의 천공차폐율 분석결과, 비교적 일정한 상태를 유지한 것으로 나타난 2013년 6월 1일부터 동년 8월 30일까지의 자료 중, 우천과 이상 기상일 자료를 제외한 오전 10시에서 오후 2시까지의 자료를 통계 분석에 이용하였다. 10분 단위 평균값으로 환산된 총 6,640건의 흑구온도와 건구온도를 바탕으로 평균복사온도를 환산하였으며, 이를 각 시험구의 일사량과 비교 분석하였다. 분석 대상 기간 중 미국참나무와 배롱나무, 참느릅나무 수관부의 평균 천공차폐율은 각각 99%, 98%, 97%였으며, 각 수관하부에 도달한 평균 태양 복사량은 $106W/m^2$, $163W/m^2$, $202W/m^2$로 대조구의 $823W/m^2$와 비교했을 때, 최소 75%이상이 차단된 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 평균복사온도의 경우, 각각 $30.34^{\circ}C$, $33.34^{\circ}C$, $34.77^{\circ}C$로 계산되어 대조구의 $46.0^{\circ}C$와 비교했을 때, 적게는 $10^{\circ}C$에서 많게는 $16^{\circ}C$까지 수목의 수관부에 의해서 저감된 것으로 나타났다. 일사량과 평균복사온도의 관계를 회귀분석한 결과, 매우 밀접한 선형관계를 형성하고 있었으며, 설명력도 매우 높게 분석되었다. 결론적으로 본 연구를 통해서 하절기 옥외공간에서 녹음수의 수관은 일사량의 상당부분을 차단함으로써 인간이 체감하는 열쾌적성을 개선하는데 매우 중요한 역할을 하고 있다는 점을 객관적으로 확인할 수 있었다. 따라서, 옥외공간에 더 많은 녹음수와 숲을 조성하여 그늘 지역을 증가시킴으로써 인간의 하절기 옥외활동에 부정적 영향을 주고 있는 불필요한 열에너지를 현격하게 저감시켜 쾌적한 열환경을 효과적으로 조성할 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1057-1072
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• 2017

In order to investigate the effect of air temperature reduction on an urban neighborhood park, air temperature data from five inside locations (forest, pine tree, lawn, brick and pergola) depending on surface types and three outside locations (Suwon, Maetan and Kwonsun) depending on urban forms were collected during the summer 2016 and compared. The forest location had the lowest mean air temperature amongst all locations sampled, though the mean difference between this and the other four locations in the park was relatively small ($0.2-0.5^{\circ}C$). In the daytime, the greatest mean difference between the forest location and the two locations exposed to direct beam solar radiation (brick and lawn) was $0.5-0.8^{\circ}C$ (Max. $1.6-2.1^{\circ}C$). In the nighttime, the mean difference between the forest location and the other four locations in the park was small, though differences between the forest location and locations with grass cover (pine tree and lawn) reached a maximum of $0.9-1.7^{\circ}C$. Comparing air temperature between sunny and shaded locations, the shaded locations showed a maximum of $1.5^{\circ}C$ lower temperature in the daytime and $0.7^{\circ}C$ higher in the nighttime. Comparing the air temperature of the forest location with those of the residential (Kwonsun) and apartment (Maetan) locations, the mean air temperature difference was $0.8-1.0^{\circ}C$, higher than those measured between the forest location and the other park locations. The temperatures measured in the forest location were mean $0.9-1.3^{\circ}C$ (Max. $2.0-3.9^{\circ}C$) lower in the daytime than for the residential and apartment locations and mean $0.4-1.0^{\circ}C$ (Max. $1.3-3.1^{\circ}C$) lower in the nighttime. During the hottest period of each month, the difference was greater than the mean monthly differences, with temperatures in the residential and apartment locations mean $1.0-1.6^{\circ}C$ higher than those measured in the forest location. The effect of air temperature reduction on sampling locations within the park and a relatively high thermal environment on the urban sampling locations was clearly evident in the daytime, and the shading effect of trees in the forest location must be most effective. In the nighttime, areas with a high sky view factor and surface types with high evapotranspiration potential (e.g. grass) showed the maximum air temperature reduction. In the urban areas outside the park, the low-rise building area, with a high sky view factor, showed high air temperature due to the effect of solar (shortwave) radiation during the daytime, while in the nighttime the area with high-rise buildings, and hence a low sky view factor, showed high air temperature due to the effect of terrestrial (longwave) radiation emitted by surrounding high-rise building surfaces. The effect of air temperature reduction on the park with a high thermal environment in the city was clearly evident in the daytime, and the shading effect of trees in the forest location must be most effective. In the nighttime, areas with high sky view factor and surface types (e.g., grass) with evapotranspiration effect showed maximum air temperature reduction. In the urban areas outside the park, the high sky view factor area (low-rise building area) showed high air temperature due to the effect of solar (shortwave) radiation during the daytime, but in the nighttime the low sky view factor area (high-rise building area) showed high air temperature due to the effect of terrestrial (longwave) radiation emitted surrounding high-rise building surfaces.

• 한국농공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국농공학회 2001년도 학술발표회 발표논문집
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• pp.261-266
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• 2001

It was needed to know the amount of PPF to design greenhouse and predict the growth of crops in greenhouse. Experiments have been conducted to determine the transmission of PPF at canopy level along sky clearness condition in greenhouse, the correlation between the hourly PPF and total solar radiation. Additional experiments are needed to confirm these experimental results.