• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.37-42
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• 2002

To develop an automatic detecting system of body temperature of dairy cattle while milking, measurement of the temperature of mammary skin using three thermometers attached into the lining of teat cup was carried out for 23 dairy cattle, whereas measurement of the temperature of milk while milking was also performed for 263 animals. For the latter experiment, three thermometers were attached at 10cm(left and right) and 20 cm away from an individual milk collector on the milk transporting hose. Taking the rectal temperature was accompanied all the time for the experiments. The measurement of the temperature of mammary skin using teat cup was successful for 11 of 23 dairy cattle(47.8%) and the mean temperature was $33.5^{\circ}C$ with the mean difference of $5.2^{\circ}C$ from the mean rectal temperature. The measurement of the temperature of milk using the thermometers onto the milk transporting hose while milking was very successful , From 37.3 to $38.4^{\circ}C$ of rectal temperature, the temperature of milk was almost the same and from 38.5 to $39.5^{\circ}C$ of rectal temperature, the temperature of milk tended to be low with the difference of 0.1$^{\circ}C$. From 39.6 to $41^{\circ}C$ of rectal temperature, the temperature of milk tended to be low with the difference of $0.2-0.6^{\circ}C$. These results indicated that automatic detection of body temperature whether low or high can be possible if the temperature of milk is taken while milking and if it is connected to the integration system by on-line.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.5
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• pp.668-675
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• 2008

The purpose of this study was to collect data of skin temperature and physiological responses which is useful for standardization of insulation measurement in various garments. And we investigated sex and season difference of physiological responses of 60's males and 60's females in hot and cold environment. Healthy ten 60's males and ten 60's females volunteered as subjects. The experiment was conducted three times; One for winter condition($5^{\circ}C$, 45%), another for summer condition($30^{\circ}C$, 65%) and the other for nude condition as control($30^{\circ}C$, 65%). The subjects were sitting for 1 hour with suitable ensemble on each experimental condition in climate chamber. We measured skin temperature, rectal temperature, heart rate, oxygen uptake, sweat rate, blood flow, blood pressure and subjective sensations. We found that skin temperature and most of physiological responses were higher in male subject, summer condition than in female subject, winter condition.

• Journal of the Korean housing association
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.1-7
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• 2006

The aim of the research was to evaluate the characteristics of thermal environment and thermal comfort in the Dry Double floors Hydronic Ondol System. Physical indoor thermal environments (the floor surface temperature, the vertical temperature, etc.) and skin temperature have especially been measured. Physical features conditions, sensation, thermal comfort, humidity sensation, comfort of body were investigated for the survey. As a result, (1) During the operation of the boiler (12 hour), the average indoor temperature is appeared to be $21.6^{\circ}C$. The floor surface temperature showed peak value of $31.4{\sim}40.6^{\circ}C$ after 8hours 30minutes after the start-point of the heating. The vertical difference of temperature was turned out to be not uniform. (2) While the skin temperature showed a narrow distribution of temperature in the Dry Double floors Hydronic Ondol system. (3) The response to thermal comfort which people felt was satisfactory, and most of them felt dry during the test.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.41 no.5
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• pp.966-976
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• 2017

This study investigated the effects of wearing latex gloves with inner gloves on the skin hydration of the hands. Fifteen young males participated in the following three conditions: bare hand (BH), latex glove (LG), and latex glove with inner glove condition (LGIG) at an air temperature of $28^{\circ}C$ with 50%RH. Subjects typed a book for 120 min. The results were as follows. Skin hydration was greater for LG and LGIG than BH (p<.001), but no difference was found between LG and LGIG. Skin hydration showed greater values on the thenar and dorsum compared to the palm for both LG and LGIG (p<.05). Skin hydration on the thenar increased during the typing for LG and LGIG, but on the dorsum, palm and finger maintained after 40 min typing. There were positive relationships between hand skin hydration and hand temperature (p<.05). Subjects indicated 'much warmer' and 'more humid' for the LG and LGIG compared to the BH (p<.001), but no differences were found between LG and LGIG. In conclusion, wearing inner gloves inside latex gloves did not induce a reduction of skin hydration and hand temperature; however, significant differences were found in all measurements between bare hands and gloved hands.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.59-73
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• 2000

Depression is a psychiatric syndrom consisting of dejected mood, psychomotor retardation, insomnia and weight loss, sometimes associated with irrational guilt feeling. And it is also similiar to Hwa-byung(火病) symptom in oriental medicine. But it is difficult to diagnose with objective method. Digital Infrared Thermographic Imaging(D.I.T.I.) is one of diagnotic method that measure the changes of skin temperature in body. Specially we checked the skin temperature on depressed patients by using D.I.T.I. and compared with Bell's palsy patients and normal persons group. The results are as follows; Average body temperature of the depressed patient group is $36.68{\pm}0.43^{\circ}C.$ and that of the control group is $36.73{\pm}0.40^{\circ}C.$. So there is no meaningful difference. The depressed patient group has higher temperature than the control group by ${\triangle}T>1.0^{\circ}C$ at the following acupuncture points in these body parts - upper and lower, left and right, anterior and posterior. When acupuncture points temperature was compared superior and inferior part of the body, depressed patient group have meaningful difference at the GV-4(Myung-moon) and also in the control group. When acupuncture points temperature was compared left and right part of the body, depressed patient group have no meaningful difference and also in the control group. When acupuncture points temperature was compared in the anterior and posterior part of the body, depressed patient group have meaningful difference at the GV-4(Myung- moon) and also in the control group. From this study, we think that D.I.T.I. could be used to diagnose objectively on the depressed patients and useful to another psychoneurogenic diagnosis in oriental medicine.

• Journal of Korean Medicine Rehabilitation
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.85-96
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• 2016

Objectives This study was performed to evaluate the effects of acupuncture, electro-acupuncture and acupuncture with pulsed electromagnetic therapy on upper extremity of healthy people and hemiplegic patients by D.I.T.I.. Methods 20 healthy people and 20 hemiplegic patients caused by stroke were selected. They have been treated three different types of treatment; acupuncture, electro-acupuncture and acupuncture with pulsed electromagnetic therapy. And skin temperature of upper extremity has been measured before and after each treatment by D.I.T.I.. The thermographic data was analyzed by 'Independent T-test' and 'Repeated measures ANOVA test'. Results 1. In healthy group, there was very statistical significant difference (p<0.001) of the amount of thermal change by each treatment, and the amount of change was arranged in descending order; acupuncture with pulsed electromagnetic, acupuncture and electro-acupuncture. 2. In hemiplegic group, the skin temperature of hemiplegic side was $0.97^{\circ}C$ cooler than non-hemiplegic side. 3. Skin temperature of all hemiplegic patients was increased after acupuncture treatment. 4. In hemiplegic group, there was statistical significant difference (p<0.05) of the amount of thermal change by each treatment, and the amount of change was arranged in descending order; acupuncture with pulsed electromagnetic, acupuncture and electro-acupuncture. Conclusions The results indicate that acupuncture, electro-acupuncture and acupuncture with pulsed electromagnetic therapy had good effect on the change of skin temperature by stimulating sympathetic nervous system.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.339-347
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• 1994

In this study the physiological significance of the upper and lower body on thermoregulation and sensation are examined. Experiments were carried out on 4 females in a climatic chamber conditioned at $25\pm1^{circ}C, 50\pm5%$ R.H.. Before the measurements, subjects were exposed to 3 types of enviromental temperature: 1) $25\pm1^{\circ}C$ for 60 min.(ST), 2) $25^{\circ}C$\rightarrow35^{circ}C\rightarrow25^{\circ}C$ for about 40 min.(HT), 3) $25^{\circ}C$\rightarrow15^{circ}C\rightarrow25^{\circ}C$ for about 40 min.(LT) covering the upper body (U) or lower body (L) with garments. 1) $T_{re}$ was significantly higher in L than in U only in 57 condition. $T_{sk}$ and Temp. under the clothing were higher in U than in L in all three conditions. Thermal sensation was warmer in U than in L, and comport sensation was most comfortable in HT condition. 2) When the upper or lower body was covered or exposed, the mean skin temperature of the upper body was higher than that of the lower body. Following covering and uncovering the same area, the changes in skin temperature were greater in the upper body than in lower body, and covering the upper body produced a greater difference of skin temperature between body and lower body than covering the lower body. 3) In all environmental conditions, when the upper body was uncovered, the skin temperatures of the chest, upper arms and forearms dropped to a considerable degree, and when the lower body was uncovered, skin temperatures of the legs showed the same pattern. On the other hand, skin temperature of the thinghs showed only little change in all cases except forehead and back uncovered or covered in two clothing types.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.71-76
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine changes in autonomic nerve responses after low-frequency transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation (TENS). Methods: Research subjects were 24 students who attend University. Subjects were divided into two groups: 1 = a low intensity group; 2 = a high intensity group. Electrodes were attached to the forearm of the dominant arm and electrical stimuli were administered for 15 minutes. Outcome measures were skin conduction velocity, skin temperature, blood flow, and pulse frequency, each of which was measured a total of 4 times. The data were analyzed using a repeated measures ANOVA. Results: In changes in conduction velocity, the main effect of time variation (in black) was statistically significant. The interaction between time and group main effects was not statistically significant; nor was the difference between the groups. Results showed that skin conduction velocity changed without any relation to group. Conclusions: Low frequency TENS selectively increases skin conduction velocity, which may be helpful for activating sudomotor function regardless of intensity.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.11 no.2 s.24
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• pp.57-67
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• 1987

The purpose of this study was to confirm the effects of girdle on the physiological responses and the microclimate in summer. The measuring points were rectal temperature, skin temperature, pulse rate and sweat volume as physiological responses and the inside clothing temperature, relative humidity as microclimate when the subjects wore girdle (girdle A; polyurethan+nylon, girdle B; polyurethan+cotton) for the period of rest and exercise in climate chamber. The enviromental conditions were at $25^{\circ}C$ ($65{\pm}5\%$ RH) and $30^{\circ}C$ ($75{\pm}5\%$ RR). The results were as followings. 1. Mean skin temperature increased in girdle during the exercise at $30^{\circ}C$. 2. The pulse rate decreased in girdle during the rest at $25^{\circ}C$. In the case of girdle A, it was remarkably decreased. Rectal temperature increased in girdle A and B during the exercise at $25^{\circ}C$. But the kinds of girdle didn't affect the pulse rate and rectal temperature. 3. The total sweat volume in girdle was larger than in control. 4. The difference between skin temperature and inside clothing temperature of abdomen had a tendency to increase at all experiment condition. 5. The relative humidity of inside ($RH_1$) and outside ($RH_2$) of girdle increased in girdle during the rest at $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. And the relative humidity of wearing girdle B was hig-her than girdle A during the rest at $25^{\circ}C$ and $30^{\circ}C$. The $RH_1$ after stepping at $30^{\circ}C$ was the highest in girdle A and the lowest in control. From this point of view, we concluded that physiological responses and the microclimate were affected by wearing girdle. And mean skin temperature and relative humidity of inside clothing were affected by the materials of girdle.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.1 no.1
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• pp.43-49
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• 1999

This study conducted 4 different kinds of underwear materials, which were A (Cotton 100%), B (Wool 100%), C (Cotton/Wool, 50/50%) and D (Acrylic/Cotton, 50/50%) and were done in a climate chamber under cold ambient $10{\pm}1^{\circ}C$, $40{\pm}5%RH$ by 6 male subjects who were in good health. Physiological parameters such as rectal and local skin temperature(forehead, forearm, hand, trunk, thigh, leg, foot, back and chest), heart rate, body weight loss, clothing microclimate, blood lactic acid concentration, and wearing sensation were measured. Started with a 15-min rest period, 15-min of exercise 1 (the condition of 4.5 mile/hr walking speed equivalent to with 8.5 Kcal energy consumption on the treadmill) period, 15-min rest period, exercise 2 (after 3minutes warming-up at 3.0. 3.7, 4.5. 5.2. 6.0, 6.7 mile/hr) until exhaustion period, and final 15-min of recovery period were performed. The results were as follows: The lowest mean skin temperature was acrylic/cotton in order of wool > cotton/wool > cotton > acrylic/cotton (F=13. 79. p<0.00l). Most of all skin temperature by parts of body had turned out in sequence of temperature wool > cotton/wool > acrylic/cotton > cotton. Fore arm part showed highest temperature about $32.43^{\circ}C$ on wool and had a tendency approximately $1.8^{\circ}C$ higher than cotton which had the lowest temperature, and had the biggest difference among garments in terms of skin temperature. The back temperature within clothing showed about $2^{\circ}C$ higher than the chest temperature within clothing. but the back humidity within clothing showed about 4~12% higher than the chest humidity within clothing. Body weight loss by each garment was this sequence; cotton > acrylic/cotton > wool > cotton/wool.