• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.367-374
• /
• 2014

In this study, skin permeation enhancement was confirmed by designing it to have a structure and composition similarity to the intercellular lipids that improve miscibility with skin by cross-linked lipids poloxamer. The cross-linked lipids poloxamer was synthesized and analyzed by 1H NMR that structure dose had conjugated pluronic with ceramide3. Active component is released by modification of liquid crystal structure because PPO part, large-scale molecule block of pluronic, has hydrophobic nature at skin temperature of $35^{\circ}C$. Conjugated pluronic with ceramide3 was synthesized using Pluronic F127 and p-NPC (4-nitrophenyl chloroformate) at room temperature yielded 89%. Pluronic(Ceramide 3-conjugated Pluronic) was synthesized by reaction of p-NP-Pluronic with Ceramide3 and DMAP. The yield was 51%. This cross-linked lipids poloxamer was blended and dissolved at isotropic state with skin surface lipids, phospholipid, ceramide, cholesterol and anhydrous additive solvent. Next step was preceded by ${\alpha}$-Transition at low temperature for making the structure of Meso-Phase Lamella, and non-hydrous skin analogue liquid crystal using thermo-sensitivity smart sensor, lamellar liquid crystal structure through aging time. For confirmation of conjugation thermo-sensitivity smart sensor and non-hydrous skin analogue liquid crystal, structural observation and stability test were performed using XRD(Xray Diffraction), DSC(Differential Scanning Calorimetry), PM (Polarized Microscope) And C-SEM (Cryo-Scanning Electron Microscope). Thermo-sensitivity observation by Franz cell revealed that synthesized smart sensor shown skin permeation effect over 75% than normal liquid crystal. Furthermore, normal non-hydrous skin analogue liquid crystal that not applied smart sensor shown similar results below $35^{\circ}C$ of skin temperature, but its effects has increased more than 30% above $35^{\circ}C$.

• Korean Journal of Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Engineering
• /
• v.20 no.4
• /
• pp.287-293
• /
• 2008

The purpose of this study was to clarify the effects of air and ceiling temperatures on a type of ceiling cooling system that involves cool water circulation. The experiment is conducted in summer. The subjects (11 young females) are exposed to the following conditions: combinations of air temperatures $(27^{\circ}C,\;29^{\circ}C,\;31^{\circ}C)$ and ceiling temperature of $(22.7^{\circ}C,\;23.7^{\circ}C,\;24.7^{\circ}C)$ in still air and RH 50%. The following results were obtained; the thermal sensation vote is neutral at a mean skin temperature of $34.5^{\circ}C$. The ceiling temperature affected different parts of the body. For example, the forehead, scapula and abdomen produced different skin temperatures. Thermal comfort vote was rated as comfortable at high temperature environment. The satisfaction from the ceiling temperature was valued comfortable zone in this experiment. Mean skin temperature showing higher thermal neutrality temperature than existing studies for floor and wall radiation cooling results.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
• /
• v.19 no.2
• /
• pp.161-167
• /
• 2007

It is necessary to control the room temperature for comfortable and deep sleep during a tropical night. We need to investigate thermal transport and parameter between human and environment for comfortable sleep. Therefore this study is performed to evaluate the comfortable room temperature based on the change of skin temperature under variations in thermal conditions and several reports. Five female subjects of 20~22 years with similar sleeping pattern were participated for the experiment. The subjects arrived in chamber at 9 pm and adapted to thermal circumstances during 2 hours. The sensors was sticked in body for skin temperatures. If subjects fall asleep in chamber, lights off and then sleep during 8 hours.As results, indoor temperature range for comfort sleep was $23.9{\sim}28.4^{\circ}C$ based on comfort mean skin temperature. But considering transition of time, minimum indoor temperature was $21.6^{\circ}C$, $22.9^{\circ}C$, $24.1^{\circ}C$, $23.9^{\circ}C$ and maximum indoor temperature was $28.2^{\circ}C$, $30.1^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2011

This study tests the performance of the recommended winter dress OnMapsi for an office worker through the analysis of skin temperature changes according to the heating environment. We tested and compared the effects of with/without undergarments for 4 male subjects in an artificial-climate chamber with two air temperatures of $19^{\circ}C$ and $22^{\circ}C$, $50{\pm}10%$ R.H. During the 60 minute experiment that simulated office work, the subjective feelings (that included thermal, humidity and comfort sensation, and skin temperature) were measured at equal intervals. The results show that the forehead and chest skin temperatures were not affected by air temperature or clothing type, while the hand and foot skin temperatures were affected at $0.3-0.9^{\circ}C$ depending on clothing type and $1.9-2.2^{\circ}C$ depending on air temperature. The mean skin temperature was decreased by the experimental time pass more with regular formal wear than with OnMapsi. The second experiment located the ambient temperature in which subjects wearing OnMapsi show equal skin temperaturesto those without undergarments at $22^{\circ}C$. Therefore it is possible to decrease heating temperatures to $18-21^{\circ}C$ in the office for winter OnMapsi wear that produces a skin temperature and thermal sensation that is the same as those at $22^{\circ}C$.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
• /
• v.5 no.6
• /
• pp.230-237
• /
• 2005

In this paper, we are suggested a method that's a major topics in sports medicine. It is disease control, control and management of chronic degenerative disease, and promotion of health. We are analyze physical activity to scientific and quantitative a trainee at Wu-Shu gymnasium, for a suggested method. We are measured a quantity of physical activity by SenseWear-PRO2-Armband which develop body-media company. Armband include to skin temperature sensor, near-body temperature sensor, accelerometer, heat flux sensor, galvanic skin response sensor. Acquired data was recorded to storage in Armband. We are analyzed using InnerView Wearer Software in the Stored data to skin temperature, calorie expenditure, quantity of physical activity. The result of this analyzed, we are know that a man of long-term exercise expenditure energy at short time and if liveliness of physical activity was Increase in expenditure energy with increase skin temperature. Also, we are know that the heat flux after increase expenditure energy with increase skin temperature. And, know that GSR was not affected a factors that physical activity, expenditure energy, increase skin temperature, and others.

• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
• /
• v.18 no.3
• /
• pp.729-733
• /
• 2004

Jaeum-Dan was reported new anti-aging effect formula previously. We investigated the physiological effects on human skin with Jaeum-Dan essence (JED). We made a skin application product as essence form contained oriental herbs, and measured various physiological effects such as skin moisture contents, red blood cell flow rates, skin surface temperature, corneocyte exfoliation and skin intensity when volunteers(female, n=40) used the application product for 4 weeks. The results were as follows: The skin moisture contents were not only increased in human face skin through using the product, but also red blood cell flow :rates in face skin were increased. After using the essence, the face skin temperature rose and corneocyte exfoliation was decreased. Furthermore the upper dermis intensity of skin in female face was subsequently increased 4 weeks later. The results indicate that the application product containing JED was improved the physiological effects of human facial skin..

• Journal of National Security and Military Science
• /
• s.1
• /
• pp.231-247
• /
• 2003

To get the basic data for making comfortable military uniforms and to examine the distribution of clothing microclimate, seasonal fluctuations of skin temperature, subjective sensation, and clothing microclimate were measured from 10 males. The subject were questioned on thermal comfort in experiment. Clothing microclimate temperature at breast, skin temperature at four sites (breast, upper arm, thigh, leg), deep body temperature at eardrum( tympanic temperature), and subjective sensation were measured for an hour in the controlled climatic chamber. The subjects felt comfortable when skin temperature were recorded $34.43^{\circ}C$ at breast, $33.53^{\circ}C$ at upper arm, $32.9^{\circ}C$ at thigh, and 32.50 at leg. Then mean skin temperature was $33.55\pm$$0.63^{\circ}C$. Clothing microclimate temperature ranged from 31.2 to $33.8^{\circ}C$, and clothing microclimate humidity ranged from 49.80～52.41%. In the comparison of these results with the microclimate of military uniforms, it needs more insulation in clothing for military uniforms. It also says that military uniforms should be made of the textiles which can control humidity.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.39-45
• /
• 2008

Objective : Skin barrier protects skin against harmful environment. Its function includes antimicrobial barrier as well as physical barrier. But there are few studies about the factors which improve skin barrier recovery after injury. The aim of this study is to investigate the factors which improve skin barrier recovery. Method : Nine hairless mice was anesthetized by inhalation and we tape stripped them. We used thermometer to know temperature one day ago, before anesthesia, before tape stripping, and after tape stripping. Vapometer was used to know transepidermal water loss before tape stripping, after tape stripping. And we used doppler flowmeter to measure blood flow before tape stripping, after tape stripping. Result : After analyzed data, we concluded that temperature was lower after anesthesia than before anesthesia and after tape stripping than before tape stripping. We could know that transepidermal water loss was lower after tape stripping than before tape stripping and more blood flowed after tape stripping. Conclusion : In our study, it was observed that temperature, transepidermal water loss, blood flow changed after tape stripping. But we thought lowered temperature was pathologic situation, more blood flow was to recover after injury. In traditional korean medicine, cold(寒) and imbalance of blood flow(血行) don't only make many skin diseases, but cold(寒) also obstructs blood flow. So we need to study how to warm cold(寒) and improve blood flow.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
• /
• v.34 no.7
• /
• pp.1343-1350
• /
• 2004

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify effects of the SP-6 acupressure on dysmenorrhea, the skin temperature of the CV2 acupoint and oral temperatures in the college students. Method: Data was collected from May 1 to August 31, 2002. A total of 58 students from two universities ticipated in the study. Both groups were pretested before the intervention for three variables', the intensity of dysmenorrhea, skin temperature of the CV2 acupoint and oral temperature. Then, SP-6 acupressure was provided for 20 minutes for students in the experimental group. The instruments used in this study included the Visual Analogue Scale developed by Johnson & Rice(1974), Menstrual Attitudes Questionnaire Scale developed by Brooks-Gunn & Ruble(l980), and a Stress scale developed by Cheun and Kim(l991). Result: There were statistically significant differences in the intensity of dysmenorrhea 30minutes after the intervention. The experimental group had a lower intensity than the control group. There were not statistically significant differences in skin temperature of the CV2 acupoint and oral temperature 30minutes after the intervention with the experimental group. Conclusion: SP-6 acupressure reduced the subjective perception of dysmenorrhea.

• Journal of Fashion Business
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.27-37
• /
• 2003

This study is the first part of the research to reveal the effects of somatotype characteristics on body temperature control reaction as well as thermal sensation. Nine healthy female collegians (classified into 3 body types of thin, normal, and obese according to Rohrer index) living in Busan were chosen as the subjects. The following are the results: Significant differences of skin temperature appeared in the parts of epigastrium (thin/normal>obese), anterior forearm (normal>thin/obese), and anterior leg (obese > thin/normal) as well as mean skin temperature. Mean skin temperature temporarily dropped owing to the exercise but tended to recover as time went by. Skin temperature of normal/thin shows higher than obese type. The change of skin temperature was noticed in the order of forehead > epigastrium > anterior forearm > anterior leg > anterior thigh (obese type) ; epigastrium > forehead > anterior forearm > anterior thigh > anterior leg (normal type) ; epigastrium > forehead > anterior forearm > anterior thigh > anterior leg (thin type, before and after exercise); epigastrium > forehead > anterior forearm > anterior leg > anterior thigh (thin type, during exercise). Significant differences were shown in the temperature change inside clothes according to somatotypes. No significant differences were revealed in thermal sensation, moisture sensation, and comfortable sensation according to body types and time.