• Journal of Wellbeing Management and Applied Psychology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.15-25
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• 2021

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to form a new cosmetic market through the development of a composition with high skin permeability after adding omega 3 to Aloe Vera soothing gel products. Research design, data and methodology: In this study, omega-3 fatty acids were added to cosmetic products in the form of soothing gels. By applying nanoparticle technology to rapidly increase the penetration of raw materials into the skin, characteristics related to skin moisture and regeneration were determined. Omega-3 was used as a raw cosmetic material. Then 5% and 15% nanoparticle aqueous products containing omega-3 were prepared. The developed water hydrate was subjected to skin permeability test using artificial skin. Results: 53 hours of artificial transdermal penetration of the developed composition, the ethanol-based omega-3 containing nanoparticle solubilized raw material was about three times higher penetration than the ethanol-based omega-3 containing nanoparticle solubilized raw material. Conclusions: The raw material product (SR-1901) containing 5% of omega-3 nanoparticle water hydrate has skin regeneration ability and pain reduction effect. It can be expected that the skin cosmetics market will be reorganized into a new distribution structure and opportunity through omega-3 supplemented soothing gel cosmetics with improved efficacy than existing cosmetics.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.243-248
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• 2005

To improve the skin permeability of piroxicam, a new oil-in-water microemulsion containing $0.5\%$ piroxicam was developed. Among various oils investigated for their suitability as an oil phase for the microemulsion system, oleic acid showed both excellent solubility and skin permeation enhancing effect for piroxicam. Microemulsion existence ranges were identified through the construction of the pseudo-ternary phase diagram. The effect of the content of oleic acid and the ratio of the surfactant/cosurfactant on skin permeation of piroxicam were evaluated with excised rat skins. The optimum formulation with the highest skin permeation rate ($47.14\;{\mu}g/cm^2/h$) consisted of $0.5\%$ piroxicam, $10\%$ oleic acid, $60\%$ Labrasol/ethanol (1:5) and water.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2008

Epidermis is one of the most dynamic organs in the human body. Multiple layers of keratinocytes in the epidermis continuously undergo proliferation, differentiation, and desquamation cycles, which is the bases of maintaining the epidermal homeostasis. Epidermal homeostasis eventually leads to establish and maintain permeability barrier homeostasis, the most important function of the epidermis. The permeability barrier is located in the stratum corneum. Tightly coordinated regulations are required for the sustained normal barrier function. Extensive studies have established that several nuclear hormone liposensors, including peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor a PPARa, PPARb/d, PPARg and LXRs are expressed in keratinocyte. Activation of PPARs and LXRs could provide a mechanism to coordinate the formation of the corneocytes and extracellular lipid membranes that constitute the stratum corneum. Topical application of PPAR/LXR ligands to murine skin results in the increased expression of keratinocyte differentiation-related proteins, such as involucrin, loricrin, profilaggrin, and trans-glutaminase 1, which would stimulate cornified envelope formation. In conclusion, topical application of ligands or activators of PPAR/LXR as an epidermotherapy would be a promising option to deal dry skin conditions such as atopy.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.189-196
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• 2002

Transdermal drug delivery offers an alternative method to the conventional oral and injection delivery method. Its advantages include its ability to deliver drugs directly into systemic circulation. However, there have been restrictions in its application to deliver drugs because of the skin's barrier function. In this study, we try to combine a Sonophoresis and oxygen Pressure method in order to increase the Permeability of the skin. we used water as the compound and by utilizing the skin impedance method. we measured the hydration Permeability of skin Ultrasound was applied using a sonicator(Solcare-U1000. Solco, Korea) operating at a frequency of 1MHz. oxygen Pressure was applied using a compressor(Oxyjet-Pointer, Nora Bode. Germany) operating at a pressure of 2Bar/cm2. Experiment was performed in vivo for 42 People. We divided the subjects into four smaller groups. A different transdermal drug delivery method was applied for each group on the back of their hand. We measured the skin impedance variations on the hand. during a 20-minute time Period. The control group did not show any significant increase or variation of skin impedance to water. In comparison to the control group(Passive diffusion) the hydration Permeability of the ultrasound group and the oxygen Pressure group was approximately 25 and 30 times higher consecutively. Futhermore, the hydration permeability of the combination of ultrasound and oxygen Pressure group was about 70-fold higher in comparison to the control group(passive diffusion) . The results reveal that a combination of ultrasound and oxygen Pressure will significantly enhance transdermal water transport compared when only one of them is used.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.224-228
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• 2001

DA-5018, a recently synthesized capsaicin analog, appears to possess potent analgesic activity when administered topically. The objective of this study is to test the feasibility of the topical administration of this compound. Specifically, our goal was to identify vehicle system that permit a reasonable transdermal permeation of the compound in mice. Among the vehicles examined, isopropyl myristate (IPM) showed the largest in vitro permeability across the intact skin (83.6 ${\pm}$ 5.42${\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/h ). However, due to the limited solubility of DA-5018 in IPM (0.53 mg/ml), the maximal flux from the IPM medium remained at only 44.3 ${\pm}2.87{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr. In order to increase the flux, addition of better solvents for DA-5018 was attempted, under the assumption that flux is the result of both solubility and permeability. Ethoxydiglycol (EG) and oleic acid (OA) were selected as examples of food solvents. The addition of IC or OA to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio resulted in a comparable increase in the solubility of the compound (i.e., to 61.1 and 50.2 mg/ml for EG and OA, respectively). However, the addition of EG at a 1:1 volume ratio, for example, increased the flux 6.3 fold (i.e., $279{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), while OA, at a 1:1 volume ratio, decreased the flux 5 fold (i.e., $9.26{\mu}$g/$\textrm{cm}^2$//hr). The mechanism of this discrepancy between EG and OA was investigated by measuring the permeabilty of DA-5018 across the stratum corneum-removed skin of the mouse, under the hypothesis that the viable skin layer may serve as a barrier for the permeation of lipophilic substances such as DA 5018. The permeability of DA-5018, from the medium of EG or OA, across the viable skin differed greatly for EG ($0.41{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr) and OA ($0.086{\mu}$l/$\textrm{cm}^2$/hr), suggesting that a higher permeability across the viable skin layer is needed for the second solvents. The maximum flux across the intact skin was achieved for DA-5018 when EG was added to IPM at a 1:1 volume ratio. Thus, the use of a binary system appears to be the best approach for realizing the transdermal delivery of DA-5018 at a reasonable rate.

• Proceedings of the SCSK Conference
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• 2003.09a
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• pp.617-629
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• 2003

A recent development in cosmetics has been the pursuit of wrinkling in the skin. The cosmetics composed of anti-wrinkle agent stand out from the point of view of environmental contamination and pollution. Among them, Indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), studied with wrinkling pigmentation and swelling conditions in the area of the eye, showed clinically significant reduction in depth of lines during one month trial using skin treatment. But, IAA has shown some problems when used in cosmetic formulations, such as stability, permeability and toxicity. The results of the clinical examination were shown that its permeability and toxicity didn't matter. To increase the stability of IAA, antioxidants such as Licorice, ubiquinone, tocopherol, Baicalin, ferulic acid, BHT, ascorbic acid, sodium metabisulfite, and so on were employed in cosmetic formulations. Our main purpose is the study for the stability efficiency and effect of each other of cream formulations containing optimal dosage antioxidants (o/w type emulsion), This study evaluated wrinkle reduction effect of IAA, which is used in cosmetics.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2003

Clenbuterol, a selective ${\beta}_2-adrenergic$ receptor stimulant, has been introduced as a potent bronchodilator for patients with bronchial asthma, chronic obstructive bronchial disease, chronic bronchitis and pulmonary emphysema. The percutaneous permeation of clenbuterol was investigated in hairless mouse skin after application of 50/50 buffer(pH 10)/propylene glycol solvent mixture. The enhancing effects of various penetration enhancers such as terpenes, non-ionic surfactants, pyrrolidones, fatty acids and some other enhancers on the permeation of clenbuterol were evaluated using Franz diffusion cell. Among terpenes studied, 1,8-cineole was the most effective enhancer, which increased the permeability of clenbuterol approximately 39.33-fold compared with the control without penetration enhancer, followed by menthone with enhancement ratio of 23.57. Nonionic surfactants did not have significant enhancing effects. N-Lauryl-2-pyrrolidone increased the permeability of clenbuterol approximately 4.51-fold compared with the control. Lauric acid increased the permeability of clenbuterol approximately 35.57-fold with decreasing the lag time from 2.64 to 0.52 hr. Oleic acid, linoleic acid, linolenic acid and capric acid showed enhancement ratio of 22.62, 19.60, 17.45 and 16.51, respectively. $Labrafil^{\circledR}$ enhanced the permeability of clenbuterol 9.24-fold compared with that without enhancer.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2001.07a
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• pp.443-446
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• 2001

MI(Magneto-Impedance) sensor which is made by thin films has significantly high detecting sensitivity in weak magnetic field. It also has a merit to be able to build in low power system. Its structure is simple, which makes it easier to prepare a miniature. In this study, its magnetic permeability and anisotropy field(H$\sub$k/) as a function of a thickness of sputtered amorphous CoZrNb thin film with high saturation magnetostriction and excellent soft magnetic property are investigated. In order to make a uniaxial anisotropy, thin film was subjected to post annealing with a static magnetic field with 1KOe intensity at 250, 300, and 320$^{\circ}C$ for 2 hour. Anisotropy field(H$\sub$k/)of thin film is measured by using MH loop tracer. Its magnetic permeability of thin film is measured over the frequency range from 1 MHz to 750MHz. It has shown that the magnetic permeability of amorphous CoZrNb thin film is decreased due to the skin effect with increasing a thickness of CoZrNb thin film, and hence its driving frequency is lowered.

• Proceedings of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers Conference
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• 2002.07b
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• pp.778-781
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• 2002

MI(Magneto-Impedance) sensor which is made by thin films has significantly high detecting sensitivity in weak magnetic field. It also has a merit to be able to build in the low power system. Its structure is simple, which makes it easier to prepare a miniature. In this study, its magnetic permeability and anisotropy field$(H_k)$ as a function of a thickness of sputtered amorphous CoZrNb films with zero-magnetostriction and excellent soft magnetic property are investigated. In order to make a uniaxial anisotropy, film was subjected to the post annealing in a static magnetic field with 1KOe intensity at 250, 300, and $320^{\circ}C}$ respectively for 2 hours. Anisotropy field$(H_k)$ of film is measured by using a MH loop tracer. Its magnetic permeability of a film is measured over the frequency range from 1 MHz to 750MHz. It has shown that the magnetic permeability of amorphous CoZrNb film is decreased due to the skin effect with increasing a thickness of the CoZrNb film, and hence its driving frequency is lowered. And, it was examined on the permeability and impedance to fabricate the MI sensor which acts at a low frequency by thickening a CoZrNb film relatively.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.37 no.4
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• pp.1041-1051
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• 2020

The technology of microbubbles and nanobubbles originated in Japan and Europe is applicable to various applications and its effects are diverse, attracting attention not only from many researchers but also from industry experts. In particular, nanobubbles have the advantage that they can be applied to products in the form of liquids, such as cosmetics, from the study that they can exist for more than several months in water. In this study, it was carried out the production of nanobubbles using bubble encapsulation technique and the experiment of skin permeability enhancement of active substances in cosmetics using nanobubble techniquethree. Nanobubbles were confirmed to affect the skin permeability increase of active substances, and up to 250% increase in skin permeability compared to non-bubbles-free materials(Caffeic acid, at 8 hour). It is expected that research results and industrial ripple effects can be expected not only in the cosmetic field, but also in fields applicable to the improvement of permeability by nanobubble techniques, such as areas related to drug delivery system.