• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.27-34
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• 2007

In this paper, We are evaluated about bio-signal between general workers and nuclear medicine workers which is more radiation exposure relatively. In order to reciprocal evaluated two group, we experimented nuclear medicine workers in Chung-Buk National University Hospital at department of nuclear medicine and worker in Chon-Nam National University Hospital at CT room, general radiographic room, medical recording room, receipt room, general office room. Used of experimental Equipments as follows, for a level of radiation measurement by pocket dosimeter which made by Arrow-Tech company, for heart rate and blood pressure measurement by TONOPORT V which made by GE medical systems company, for heat flux and skin temperature and energy expenditure measurement by Armband senseware 2000 which made by Bodymedia company. Result of experiment obtains as follows: 1) Individual radiation exposure is recorded 3.05 uSv at department of nuclear medicine and order as follows CT room, general radiograpic room, medical recording room, receipt room, general office room. Department of nuclear medicine more 1.5 times than other places. 2) Radiation accumulated dose is not related to Heat flux, Skin temperature, Energy expenditure. 3) Blood pressure is recorded equal to nuclear medical workers, general officer, general people about systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure. Compared to blood pressure between nuclear medical works which is more radiation exposure and other workers was not changed. Consequently, more radiation exposed workers at nuclear medicine field doesn't have hazard.

• The Journal of Korean Society for Radiation Therapy
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.273-280
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• 2014

Purpose : To verify the skin dose in Tomotherapy-based radiation treatment according to the change in tumor locations, skin dose was measured by using Gafchromic EBT3 film and compared with the planned doses to find out the gap between them. Materials and Methods : In this study, to measure the skin dose, I'm RT Phantom(IBA Dosimetry, Germany) was utilized. After obtaining the 2.5mm CT images, tumor locations and skin dose measuring points were set by using Pinnacle(ver 9.2, Philips Medical System, USA). The tumor location was decided to be 5mm and 10mm away from surface of the phantom and center. Considering the attenuation of a Tomo-couch, we ensured a symmetric placement between the ceiling and floor directions of the phantom. The measuring point of skin doses was set to have 3mm and 5mm thickness from the surface. Measurement was done 3 times. By employing TomoHD(TomoHD treatment system, Tomotherapy Inc., Madison, Wisconsin, USA), we devised Tomotherapy plans, measured 3 times by inserting Gafchromic EBT3 film into the phantom and compared the measurement with the skin dose treatment plans. Results : The skin doses in the upper part of the phantom, when the tumor was located in the center, were found to be 7.53 cGy and 7.25 cGy in 5mm and 3mm respectively. If placed 5mm away from the skin in the ceiling direction, doses were 18.06 cGy and 16.89 cGy; if 10mm away, 20.37 cGy and 18.27 cGy, respectively. The skin doses in the lower part of the phantom, when the tumor was located in the center, recorded 8.82 cGy and 8.29 cGy in 5mm and 3mm, each; if located 5mm away from the lower part skin, 21.69 cGy and 19.78 cGy were respectively recorded; and if 10mm away, 20.48 cGy and 19.57 cGy were recorded. If the tumor was placed in the center, skin doses were found to increase by 3.2~17.1% whereas if the tumor is 5mm away from the ceiling part, the figure decreased to 2.8~9.0%. To the Tomo-couch direction, skin doses showed an average increase of 11% or over, compared to the planned treatment. Conclusion : This study found gaps between planned skin doses and actual doses in the Tomotherapy treatment planning. Especially to the Tomo-cocuh direction, skin doses were found to be larger than the planned doses. Thus, during the treatment of tumors near the Tomo-couch, doses will need to be more accurately calculated and more efforts to verify skin doses will be required as well.

• KIEAE Journal
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• v.15 no.5
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• pp.107-112
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• 2015

Purpose: This study desires to investigate an effect of indoor temperature, humidity, and illuminance targeting a planting system of double-skin facade and cavity space adjacent to the outside within a certain period of winter. Through this, the study suggests a basic material about an energy conservation effect of double window system using planting to reduce heating load of a building in winter, so desires to contribute to indoor thermal comfort effect and illuminance correction study of double window and indoor plant. Method: Considering effects such as day and night climatic elements and air conditions in winter, illuminance measurement was conducted through a double-skin facade of space, a subject of the measurement, on the basis of practical residence time of a resident, and this study analyzed characteristics of indoor illuminance about this. The study measured and compared a change of insolation, dry-bulb temperature, and relative humidity at each indoor-outdoor measuring point, so measured and compared characteristics of an indoor temperature effect by elements of double-skin facade and indoor plant. Result: Through this study, the researcher could determine that indoor plant within double window in winter not only blocks solar radiation but also photosynthesizes, so is somewhat disadvantageous to winter thermal comfort reducing heating load. In addition, solar radiation going through interior plays a role to bring down somewhat high humidity to about 50% of reasonable humidity, so plays a direct role of maintenance of comfortable indoor space. Although there are effects such as blocking of solar radiation and temperature reduction, this has a positive influence on humidity control and proper illuminance distribution. The researcher could determine that illuminance, temperature, and humidity by solar radiation penetration for the whole measuring time play a role to supplement indoor environment mutually.

• Journal of Oriental Neuropsychiatry
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.85-99
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• 2009

Objectives : This study aimed to understand the influence of acupuncture on the human body by comparing changes within human bodies before and after people in normal health are treated with acupuncture at the acupoints HT7 and PC9, which are related to mental functions. Methods : The study was performed from January 3, 2008 to March 5, 2008 on 60 healthy males and females in their 20s. HRV, EEG, skin conductance response, respiration and peripheral skin temperature were measured for 5 minutes before acupuncture simulation was applied to the acupoints HT7 and PC9. During 20 minutes of acupuncture treatment, the same items were continuously measured to determine whether there had been any changes, and they were then measured for 5 minutes after the removal of the acupuncture needles in order to implement a comparative analysis. Results : 1. The HRV measurement showed that in the course of before, during and after acupuncture stimulation, heart rate, HF and HF norm decreased significantly (P<0.05) at HT7. LF, LF norm, and LF/HF ratio increased significantly (P>0.05), while heart rate, HF and HF norm decreased significantly (P<0.05) at PC9. 2. Skin conductance response increased significantly (P<0.05) at PC9 during and after the acupuncture simulation periods, compared with the pre acupuncture period. 3. the peripheral skin temperature increased significantly (P<0.05) both at HT7 and PC9 in the course of before, during and after acupuncture stimulation. 4. Compared with the pre-acupuncture period, respiration rate increased both at HT7 and at PC9 during and after the acupuncture simulation periods, but not in a statistically significance. 5. In the EEG measurement, when compared with the pre-acupuncture period at HT7, mid ${\beta}$ wave decreased significantly (P<0.05) during acupuncture treatment. Compared with the measurements during acupuncture treatment at PC9, low ${\beta}$ wave increased significantly (P<0.05) after the acupuncture needles were removed. Conclusions : When acupuncture treatment is applied at the acupoints HT7 and PC9, the activation of parasympathetic nerves decreases and the activation of sympathetic nerves increases in the HRV measurement. It was determined that PC9 makes the sympathetic nerves become highly activated in a skin conduction response. The effect of stability in the brain wave seemed to bo shown at HT7 than PC9.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2012

Objectives : The aim of this experiment is to find out relationship between the effect of cosmetics and 4 types of pattern identification about fluid-humor, which are based on the general idea of traditional oriental medicine, Qi-Blood and deficiency-excess. Methods : Korean female volunteers in good health (n=25, $23.12{\pm}2.83$) participated in this experiment. Three Korean medical doctors classified them into 4 groups: Blood-deficiency: group A; Blood-excess: group B; Qi-deficiency:group C; Qi-excess:group D). Cosmetics that contains herb extract for Blood deficiency were given to all volunteers and they used the cosmetics for 4 weeks. Volunteers were assessed non-invasively with the skin measuring devices before and after using cosmetics. And we analyzed the correlation of skin physiological parameters with 4 groups. Results : Three doctors diagnosed participants and classified them into 4 groups ; group A(n=8),group B(n=7), group C(n=3), group D(n=5) as highest score. After 4 weeks, facial skin moisture showed no significant difference in comparison between 4 groups. Sebum showed significant increase in Group A and significantly decreased Group B. Measurement of facial skin elasticity tended to increase in Group A, C, D but skin elasticity was decreased significantly in Group B. Conclusions : In case of a group that pattern identification about fluid-humor corresponds to herb extract in cosmetic, skin improving effect was better than the other group that pattern identification oppose to properties of herb in cosmetic. Therefore, from the view of traditional oriental medicine, it is very important to understand user's pattern of identification or physical conditions and properties of herbs in cosmetics on the matter of safety and efficacy.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.34 no.4
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• pp.170-176
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• 2013

Lymphedema is a phenomenon in which fluid is accumulated inside tissues due to the damaged lymphatic systems. Lymphedema can cause complications such as lymphangitis, infection, changes in skin texture, fibrosis, and lymphangiosarcoma. In this study, a lymphedema screening system based on the elasticity of the skin is proposed to easily quantify lymphedema. The developed probe consists of touch sensors, a load cell and hall-effect sensors to measure the indentation force on the skin and the return time of the skin. The developed system can be used to estimate the change in the elasticity of the skin to quantify lymphedema. The system was tested with a thyroid phantom and gelatin phantoms of different concentrations and the resulting force and the time were recorded. It was found that the increase in the elasticity leads to a higher indentation force and shorter return time. This shows that the developed system can monitor the change in the skin elasticity by measuring the return time and the indentation force. The feasibility of the system in clinical applications will be evaluated in the future study.

• Biomolecules & Therapeutics
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• v.21 no.6
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• pp.470-475
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• 2013

Ultraviolet (UV) radiation is a major environmental factor that leads to acute and chronic reactions in the human skin. UV exposure induces wrinkle formation, DNA damage, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Most mechanistic studies of skin physiology and pharmacology related with UV-irradiated skin have focused on proteins and their related gene expression or single-targeted small molecules. The present study identified and analyzed the alteration of skin metabolites following UVB irradiation and topical retinyl palmitate (RP, 5%) treatment in hairless mice using direct analysis in real time (DART) time-of-flight mass spectrometry (TOF-MS) with multivariate analysis. Under the negative ion mode, the DART ion source successfully ionized various fatty acids including palmitoleic and linolenic acid. From DART-TOF-MS fingerprints measured in positive mode, the prominent dehydrated ion peak (m/z: 369, M+H-$H_2O$) of cholesterol was characterized in all three groups. In positive mode, the discrimination among three groups was much clearer than that in negative mode by using multivariate analysis of orthogonal partial-least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA). DART-TOF-MS can ionize various small organic molecules in living tissues and is an efficient alternative analytical tool for acquiring full chemical fingerprints from living tissues without requiring sample preparation. DART-MS measurement of skin tissue with multivariate analysis proved to be a powerful method to discriminate between experimental groups and to find biomarkers for various experiment models in skin dermatological research.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.385-391
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• 2005

A frictional coefficients of in-vivo skin characteristic is the most important factor of the cutaneous mechanical properties ant the method of evaluating skin care in the fields of cosmetics products. In-vivo skin characteristic varies in many different ways depends on what is applied to the skin, loading condition, shape, surface roughness, and material of the probe. In this research, we designed a system which can be measured frictional coefficients of a human skin on real time. It consists of multi-components load-cell, actuator, linear motor and arm fixator. This measurement system was automatically controlled by computer. We measured frictional coefficients between probe an4 skin using this system ant inquired adjectives for subjective evaluation while rubbing cosmetic product on skin. Lastly, we analyzed correlation between two factors by calculating Pearson Correlation Coefficient. As a result, we could know that frictional coefficients varied from 0.17-1.2 according to cosmetic products, normal forte, materials and surface conditions of probe. We also confirmed sensual feelings of cosmetic products have close correlation with frictional coefficients.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.60-68
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• 2012

Objectives Sasang Constitution (SC) is determined by various physical and psychological attributes. Recently, skin properties have been used effectively to describe SC types in clinics. In this paper, we investigated the constitution dependence of skin elasticity and skin perspiration by using quantitative measurement devices. Methods The skin elasticity of forearm and the skin perspiration of forehead and philtrum were measured in 223 elderly female subjects. To determine the subject's constitution, we adopted the classification results from a newly developed diagnostic tool. For the clarity of constitution, we excluded low-scored subjects in their SC classification. Results & Conclusions As a result, the elasticity hysteresis of forearm (EHFa) of Taeum-in group was significantly less than the EHFa of Soeum-in group. Soeum-in group has high perspiration difference between philtrum and forehead (Diff.PhFh) compared to Taeum-in group in a significance level of .05. Taeum-in and Soeum-in group were significantly classified by EHFa and Diff.PhFh using a Support Vector Machine.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• v.16 no.3
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• pp.205-209
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• 2012

The objective of the present study was to establish the method of measurement of hydrogen peroxide and to estimate the anti-oxidative effect of genistein in the skin. UVB induced skin oxidation and anti-oxidative effect of genistein formulations were evaluated by determining levels of hydrogen peroxide. The mechanism involved in the determination of hydrogen peroxide is based on a color reaction between ferric ion ($Fe^{3+}$) and xylenol orange, often called FOX assay and subsequent monitoring of absorbance values of the reactant at 540 nm. The reaction was to some extent pH-dependent and detection sensitivity was greatest at pH 1.75. Genistein liposomal gel demonstrated better anti-oxidative effect with regard to lowering hydrogen peroxide levels elevated by UVB irradiation compared to genistein-suspended gel. A linear relationship has been observed between anti-oxidative effect of genistein and drug deposition in the skin tissue. Genistein liposomal gel resulting in the localization of the drug in the deeper skin led to improved anti-oxidative effect compared to genistein gel. The suggested method for evaluation of oxidation of the skin can be used as a tool to screen effective anti-oxidative agents and their delivery systems acting on the skin.