• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.37 no.2
• /
• pp.121-127
• /
• 2011

Skin darkness is the source of trouble to many women. Skin darkness is the state that while skin redness and brightness are reduced, skin yellowness is increased. Skin translucency which is measured by skin color, especially brightness is an another expression of skin darkness. Skin brightness is usually expressed by L value of $L^{*} \;a^{*}\; b^{*}$ (CIELAB color space system). However, it is hard to find the relationship between L value and perceptive efficacy such as translucency because the L value is just a factor of evaluation of skin darkness. The skin with high translucency has high scattering reflective light value than low value. In this study, we measured the skin translucency of 20 ~ 30 ages men and women face by both our designed previous device which use polarized light to detect surface and scatter reflective light independently and $Lumiscan^{TM}$ which is improved designed to confirm our new device working ability by calculation of relationship between trnaslucency and scattering reflective light value. The result of this study indicate that there is a high correlation (R = 0.732, p < 0.01) between translucency and scattering reflective light value, and suggest that $Lumiscan^{TM}$ is portable and easy measuring device more that previous device.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.76-88
• /
• 1996

The facial color is affected by age increase, health condition, internal and/or external environment factors and so on. Especially, the external environment factors in accordance with the influence of environment pollution that is air pollution, exert a bad influence of skin. The object of this study shall be quantified the facial color change in accordance with age increase, external environment factors. Therefore we have make the measurement about the facial color change of Korean women by regional groups. We've quantified through correlation equation, the rate of the many external environment factors which influence the facial color change (air pollution, climate condition, season etc.) As the result of the study, we have reach to know that CO, $O_3$, $NO_2$ has high relation with hue, value, chrome change. The facial color change is proved to be influenced atmospheric environment condition. Besides in hue and value in relation with meteorology demonstrates its link with the temperature, the evaporation quantity, the duration of sunshine of each region. Therefore we have instill cognition of the environmental pollution in accordance with external environment factor that was quantified. And we have reach to know this study affects cosmetics development of new concept.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
• /
• v.7 no.1
• /
• pp.49-52
• /
• 1994

Measurement of skin temperature is most frequently used to evaluate effect of sympathetic block. Sticker type skin temperature indicator, $ProChecker^{(R)}$, uses metamocolor, which changes the darkness of the color by giving and taking of electrons in response to temperature. We examined the accuracy of this skin temperature indicator in pain clinic patients who were treated with stellate ganglion block. Ten minutes before, and 10~20 minutes after stellate ganglion block, skin temperature on both dorsum of hand were measured using both $ProChecker^{(R)}$ and thermography concurrently. The results showed that skin temperature measured by $ProChecker^{(R)}$ was feasible, in correlation to thermography. Sticker type temperature indicator ($ProChecker^{(R)}$) is concluded as a useful monitor of skin temperature during nerve block in outpatient clinics.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.22 no.2
• /
• pp.141-152
• /
• 1996

Many eastern females concern themselves about the condition and the color of their skin. The purpose of the present study is to classify the skin trouble and the change of the facial color due to hormonal cycle in female. We examined the actual cricumstances by questionnaires, and made patch tests of methyl nicotinate, representing rubefacient, to estimate the epidermal penetratin rate, and measured the facial color change during the menstrual cycle period to invest the correlation factors between skin trouble due to cosmetics and facial color change. Fifty-two percent of subjects had skin trouble relating to cosmetics. One second of subjects with skin trouble due to cosmetic complained the change of sysptom by menstrual cycle. The changes of systptom were related on premenstrual period. The skin trouble developed mainly on the first trimester of the pregnancy. In patch test of methyl nicotinate, most cases showed decreased threshold of the reaction on minstruation, and other cases showed increased reactivity of the skin of menstruation. In facial color measurements, it proves in the appearance of red spot, darkness, increasing the value and turning the hue to yellowish, Also it demonstrates that premenstruation hue turn red and value level decrease. During the period, facial color turns pale and hue progress to yellow. This fact coincides with the questionnaire. We have quqntified through questionnaire, which demonstrates it has good correlation with done to the subjects among the internal environment factors hormonal cycle influences the facial color change and the skin trouble due to cosmetics. Through this paper the development of an more fragmented make-up and skin care products is required to increase the interest to females, to make true the creation of beauty.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
• /
• v.42 no.1
• /
• pp.37-43
• /
• 2016

This research was carried out to identify the whitening effect of Banana leaf extract. B16F10 cells were used to measure cell viability, mRNA expression, and tyrosinase activity inhibition assay from B16F10 cell. We also carried out clinical test of the cream product containing banana leaf extract. In this study, we elucidated the effects of banana leaf extract on TRP1 / TRP2 / Tyr mRNA expression and tyrosinase activity inhibition. Quantitative real-time PCR showed that banana leaf extract decreased mRNA level of TRP1, TRP2 and Tyr gene and tyrosinase activity inhibition assay also revealed that banana leaf extract 65% decreased melanin production in B16F10 cell. Banana leaf extract cream can whiten the skin darkness induced by ultraviolet. Therefore, we successfully identified the whitening effect of banana leaf extract, and this finding suggested the banana leaf extract is a considerable potent cosmetic ingredient for skin whitening. Based on this, we anticipated further researches about banana leaf extract for mechanism to develop not only cosmetics but healthcare food or medicines.

• Journal of Multimedia Information System
• /
• v.5 no.1
• /
• pp.47-52
• /
• 2018

We have developed an electromagnetic generator to bury in subcutaneous area or abdominal cavity of the birds. As we can't use a solar battery, it is extremely difficult to supply a power for subcutaneous implantation such as biosensors under the skin due to the darkness environment. We are aiming to test the antigen-antibody reaction to confirm an avian influenza. One solution is a very small generator with the electromagnetic induction coil. We attached the developed coil to chickens and pheasants and recorded the electric potential generated as the chicken walked and the pheasant flew. The electric potential generated with physical simulator is equal to or exceeds the 7 V peak-to-peak at maximum by 560/min of flapping of wings. Even if we account for the junction voltage of the diode (200 mV), efficient charging of the double-layer capacitor is possible with the voltage doubler rectifier. If we increase the voltage, other problems arise, including the high-voltage insulation of the double-layer capacitor. For this reason, we believe the power generated to be sufficient for subcutaneous area of birds. The efficiency, magnetic 2 mm in length and coil 15mm in length, if axial direction is rectified, the magnetic flux density given to the coil could calculated to 7.1 % and generated power average 0.47mW. The improvements in size and wire insulation are expected in the future.

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.139-148
• /
• 2008

Vertebral deformity in hatchery-reared black sea bream (Acanthoparus schlegelii) fingerlings occurred. Deformed fish had a good appetite but no clinical signs were found except the vertebral abnormality and darkness around the dorsal skin of the deformed vertebra. As more than 90% of the hatchery-reared fish exhibited vertebral abnormality, the fingerlings could not be used for commercial seeds any more. No morphological change in the swim bladder was observed. Histopathological changes on the deformed vertebra, gill, liver, and spleen were observed to clarify the cause of the deformity. The vertebra were irregularly deformed upward with the shape of "V" in an alphabetic character causing the spinal cord and dorsal aorta suppressed. The diameters of the muscle fibers around the deformed vertebra, especially, in the dorsal part, were much smaller and more irregular than those in normal fish, and the gabs between the fiber bundles were enlarged. No evidence of inflammatory responses in the lateral musculature were found. On the basis of normal inflation of the swim bladder, cultural environments for growth of the fingerlings, and histopathological alterations in the muscle, vertebra and gills, it is suggested that high speed of water current in the culturing aquaria between 23 to 30 days after hatching was responsible for the development of vertebral abnormality.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
• /
• v.19 no.4
• /
• pp.605-610
• /
• 2006

The objective of the present experiment was to determine the effects of slaughtering at different ages and the use of a commercial probiotic (115-Biogallinox) in broiler diets on the color properties of carcasses, during the first 24 h following slaughter. Ross 308 male broiler chickens obtained from a commercial hatchery were raised to either 35 or 42 days of age. Chickens were fed with different levels of probiotic ($P_0$: 0.0%, $P_1$: 0.1% and $P_2$: 0.2%) containing Saccharomyces cerevisiae during the experimental period. At the end of the trial all birds were slaughtered and then stored at $3^{\circ}C$ for 24 h. The pH and skin colour of carcasses were determined 1, 3, 7, 10, 13, 17 and 24 h after slaughter. Although the use of probiotic and post-mortem ageing time affected the pH (p<0.01), it was not affected by slaughter age (35 and 42 days) (p>0.05). The highest pH values occurred in carcasses of broilers fed 0.2% probiotic. The pH values of carcasses decreased with post-mortem ageing time (p<0.01). Main factors (treatment, slaughter age and post-mortem ageing time) had an effect on colour ($L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$) values (p<0.01). $L^*$ values of 42d-old slaughter and $P_2$ group were lower than those of 35d-old slaughter and other probiotic groups. The $a^*$ and $b^*$ values of 35d-old slaughter were lower than those of 42d-old slauhgter. The $a^*$ and $b^*$ values increased during post-mortem ageing (p<0.01). It was determined that changing of the colour traits of broiler carcasses was correlated with probiotic, pH and post-mortem ageing time. Also, it was observed that darkness of carcass colour increased as time progressed.

• Journal of the Ergonomics Society of Korea
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.427-435
• /
• 2012

The aim of this study is to investigate facial temperature changes induced by facial expression and emotional state in order to recognize a persons emotion using facial thermal images. Background: Facial thermal images have two advantages compared to visual images. Firstly, facial temperature measured by thermal camera does not depend on skin color, darkness, and lighting condition. Secondly, facial thermal images are changed not only by facial expression but also emotional state. To our knowledge, there is no study to concurrently investigate these two sources of facial temperature changes. Method: 231 students participated in the experiment. Four kinds of stimuli inducing anger, fear, boredom, and neutral were presented to participants and the facial temperatures were measured by an infrared camera. Each stimulus consisted of baseline and emotion period. Baseline period lasted during 1min and emotion period 1~3min. In the data analysis, the temperature differences between the baseline and emotion state were analyzed. Eyes, mouth, and glabella were selected for facial expression features, and forehead, nose, cheeks were selected for emotional state features. Results: The temperatures of eyes, mouth, glanella, forehead, and nose area were significantly decreased during the emotional experience and the changes were significantly different by the kind of emotion. The result of linear discriminant analysis for emotion recognition showed that the correct classification percentage in four emotions was 62.7% when using both facial expression features and emotional state features. The accuracy was slightly but significantly decreased at 56.7% when using only facial expression features, and the accuracy was 40.2% when using only emotional state features. Conclusion: Facial expression features are essential in emotion recognition, but emotion state features are also important to classify the emotion. Application: The results of this study can be applied to human-computer interaction system in the work places or the automobiles.

• The Journal of Advanced Prosthodontics
• /
• v.5 no.2
• /
• pp.75-83
• /
• 2013

PURPOSE. Maxillofacial silicone elastomer is usually colored intrinsically with color pigments to match skin colors. The purpose of this study was to investigate the color stability of a maxillofacial silicone elastomer, colored with a thermochromic, color changing pigment. MATERIALS AND METHODS. Disc-shaped maxillofacial silicone specimens were prepared and divided into 3 groups: a conventionally colored control group, one group additionally colored with 0.2 wt% thermochromic pigment, and one group with 0.6 wt% thermochromic pigment. Half of the surface of each specimen was covered with an aluminium foil. All of the specimens were exposed to UV radiation in 6 hour cycles over 46 days. In between the UV exposures, half of the specimens were stored in darkness, at room temperature, and the other half was stored in an incubator, at a humidity of 97% and a temperature of $+37^{\circ}C$. Color measurements were made with a spectrophotometer and registered according to the CIELAB $L^*a^*b^*$ color model system. The changes in $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ values during artificial aging were statistically analyzed by using paired samples t-test and repeated measures ANOVA. P-values <.05 were considered as statistically significant. RESULTS. The UV exposure resulted in visually noticeable and statistically significant color changes in the $L^*$, $a^*$ and $b^*$ values in both of the test groups containing thermochromic pigment. Storage in the incubator lead to statistically significant color changes in the $a^*$ and $b^*$ values of the specimens containing thermochromic pigment, compared to those stored at room temperature. CONCLUSION. The specimens containing thermochromic pigment were very sensitive to UV radiation, and the thermochromic pigment is not suitable, as such, to be used in maxillofacial prostheses.