• Animal Bioscience
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• v.37 no.8
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• pp.1483-1494
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• 2024

Objective: This study was conducted to investigate the effect of slaughter age on carcass traits, meat quality, and the relative mRNA levels of lipid metabolism-related genes in different muscles of Taihang black goats. Methods: In this study, the triceps brachii (TB), longissimus dorsi (LD) and gluteus (GL) muscles of 15 grazing Taihang black goats slaughtered at the age of 2, 3, and 4 (designated as 2-year-old, 3-year-old, and 4-year-old, respectively) were collected. The differences in carcass shape, meat quality, amino acid composition and lipid metabolism gene expression among Taihang black goats of different ages and from different plant parts were compared. Results: Compared with goats at other ages, goats slaughtered at the age of 4 had greater live and carcass weights, meat weights, bone weights and skin areas (p<0.05). LD in the 4-years-old had the lowest cooking loss and moisture content. The crude protein content in the LD of 2-year-old was significantly greater than that in the other age group, and at the age of 2, the LD had the highest crude protein content than TB and GL. The highest fat content was in LD, followed by TB, for goats slaughtered at the age of 4. Eight out of 9 essential amino acids had higher content in the TB compared with other muscles, regardless of age. The total essential amino acid content was highest in the 4-year-old and lowest in the GL muscle at the age of 3. The sterol regulatory element-binding protein-1c (SREBP-1c) and adipose triglyceride lipase (ATGL) genes were significantly more abundant in the TB muscle than in the other muscles for goats slaughtered at the age of 2. At the age of 4, the ATGL and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ (PPARγ) genes were significantly more abundant in the GL than in the LD, while the fatty acid synthase (FAS) genes were significantly less abundant in the GL than in the other muscles. Similarly, compared with those in goats of other ages, the relative mRNA expression levels of the FAS and heart-type fatty acid binding protein (H-FABP) genes in goats slaughtered at the age of 4 were the highest, and the relative mRNA expression of the PPARγ gene was the lowest (p<0.05). The relative mRNA expression of the H-FABP and FAS genes was positively correlated with the intramuscular fat (IMF) content, while the relative mRNA expression levels of the PPARγ and ATGL genes was negatively correlated with the IMF content. Conclusion: Overall, a better nutritional value was obtained for TB from 4-year-old goats, in which the total essential amino acid and fat contents were greater than those of other muscles. The comprehensive action of lipid metabolism genes was consistent with that of the IMF content, among which the FAS, H-FABP, PPARγ, and ATGL genes had positive and negative effects on the process of IMF deposition in Taihang black goats.

• Korean Journal of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.333-343
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• 1984

This study was designed to elucidate the lipid and its fatty acid composition in various tissues of fresh water fishes. The free and bound lipids in meat, skin and viscera of crucian carp (Carassius carassius) were extracted with ethyl ether and the mixed solvent of chloroform-methanol-water (10/9/1, v/v). The free and bound lipids were fractionated into neutral lipid, glycolipid and phospholipid by a silicic acid column chromatography using chloroform, acetone and methanol, respectively, and quantitatively analyzed by thin layer chromatography (TLC) and TLC scanner. The fatty acid compositions of polar ana nonpolar lipids in meat, and these of neutral lipid in various tissues were analyzed by gas liquid chromatography(GLC). The free lipid content in meat, skin and viscera was $6.22\%,\;9.95\%\;and\;9.76\%$, whereas the bound lipid content in those tissues was $10.01\%,\;3.56\%\;and\;7.36\%$, respectively. The neutral lipid contents in free lipid were ranged from $71.7\%$ to $89.4\%$, and $3{\sim}9$ times higher than those in bound lipid, while the phospholipid contents in bound lipid were ranged from $42.3\%$ to $63.2\%$, and $5{\sim}10$ times higher than those in free lipid. The neutral lipid was mainly consisted of triglyceride ($81.91{\sim}88.34\%$) in free lipid, and esterified sterol & hydrocarbon ($41.00{\sim}59.43\%$) in bound lipid. The phospholipid was mainly consisted of phosphatidyl ethanolamine($54.56{\sim}66.79\%$) and phosphatidyl choline ($21.88{\sim}34.28\%$) in free lipid, and phosphatidyl choline ($50.49{\sim}70.57\%$) and phosphatidyl ethanolamine ($15.74{\sim}24.92\%$) in bound lipid. The major fatty acids of polar lipid in free and bound lipids were $C_{16:0}\;(17.53\%,\;19.29\%)$, $C_{18:1}\;(24.57\%,\;16.08\%)$, $C_{18:2}\;(8.39\%,\;4.03\%)$, $C_{22:5}\;(1.68\%,\;8.08\%)$, and $C_{22:6}\;(6.22\%,\;13.60\%)$ and these of neutral lipid in free and bound lipids were $C_{16:0}\;(17.67\%,\;24.15\%)$, $C_{16:1}\;(12.81\%,\;5.52\%)$, $C_{18:1}\;(24.13\%,\;13.02\%)$, $C_{18:2}\;(15.47\%,\;8.68\%)$, $C_{22:5}\;(0.88\%,\;4.14\%)$ and $C_{22:6}\;(1.17\%,\;5.04\%)$, respectively. The unsaturations (TUFA/TSFA) of polar lipid in free and bound lipids were 2.02 and 2.74, and $1.5{\sim}2.0$ times higher than 1.51 and 1.23 of nonpolar lipid. In both polar and nonpolar lipids, w3 highly unsaturated fatty acid (w3HUFA) content of bound lipid was $2{\sim}5$ times higher than that of free lipid. The polyenoic acid contents such as $C_{20:5},\;C_{22:5}\;and\;C_{22:6}$ in bound lipid were $2{\sim}5$ times higher than these in free lipid. Consequently, there were significant difference between the lipid and its fatty acid composition in free and bound lipids and/or in various tissues.

• Journal of Bio-Environment Control
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.502-507
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• 2009

This study was conducted to establish the minimum harvesting time of 'Campbell Early' grape with girdling of 8 years old vines by the investigation of fruit quality. Girdling was performed as 5~7mm width at 1.0m height with a Y-trellis system on July 5th at Gimcheon, Gyeongbuk province. Skin color, soluble solids contents, sugar content, organic acid, and titratable acidity were analyzed every seven days period after the girdling. From 14 days after the girdling, pericarp color changed quickly as compared to the control, and also decreased b value and increased a value of Hunter L were observed. The content of organic acids decreased quickly as 0.85% as compared to the control's one, 1.10%. Sugar-acid ratio increased rapidly from the 21days as 15.1 against 10.8 of the control at harvesting time. After 14days, sugar content was abruptly increased such as fructose and glucose, that is 7days faster than the control. In harvesting time, their contents were high as $64.5mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$ and $61.0mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$ as compared to $56.1mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$ and $53.7mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$ of the control respectively. Among the content of organic acids, malic acid decreased quickly than the control's one in coloring time. The content of tartaric acid was obviously lower as $4.13mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$ than the control's one, $5.96mg{\cdot}g^{-1}FW$ in harvesting time. From these results, we assume that the harvesting of girdled 'Campbell Early' grape should be started in 42days after the girdling, when sugar-acid ratio is above 15.

• Korean Journal of Environmental Agriculture
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• v.32 no.1
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• pp.42-47
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• 2013

BACKGROUND: As improved LEDs (Light Emitting Diode) industry and decreased the price of LEDs in Korea, some farmers try to using the RED LEDs in green house and open field to increase the production of crop under bad weather condition. The aim of this study is to find out the effect of RED and FAR-RED LEDs lighting on the fruit quality of twelve-year old 'Hongro'/M.26 apple during night after sunset. METHODS AND RESULTS: FAR-RED (730nm, 2 and 4 hour) and RED (620nm, 2 and 4 hour) with 20 LED/PCB were treated in orchard for 16 weeks from June 10 to October 10 in 2009 and 2010 with control as an comparison. In our experiments, leaf weight was significantly higher in RED LEDs than control, tended to be decreased as times of FAR-RED lighting increased. Fruit weight was increased more in RED LEDs than control in 2009 and 2010, but decreased in FAR-RED lighting compared to control in 2010. Firmness and Hunter's a value of fruit were increased in FAR-RED lighting with 2 and 4 h than control. Soluble solid contents were higher in 2 h RED and 2, 4 h FAR-RED LEDs compared to control in 2009, there was no significant difference in 2010. Acid contents were no difference among the treatments. CONCLUSION(S): In our results, we found that RED LEDs was more helpful to increase the fruit weight and FAR-RED LEDs promote to be higher hunter a value of fruit skin. So, we thought that it is necessary to more study if mixed of RED and FAR-RED lighting is more helpful to promote fruit quality of 'Hongro' apple than single lighting of RED or FAR-RED LEDs respectively.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.308-314
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• 2001

This study was conducted to determine the content of heavy metals in canned foods and soft drinks available on the Korean markets. Trace metals (Pb, Cr, Cd, and Sn) were detected in 24 kinds, 120 samples by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer. The average concentration of heavy metals in canned foods was in the order of Sn (6.930 ppm)>Cr (0.050 ppm)>Pb (0.030 ppm)>Cd (0.008 ppm), which was the same order in soft drinks as Sn (3.519 ppm)>Cr (0.080 ppm)>Pb (0.024 ppm)>Cd (0.001 ppm). The total contents of heavy metals in canned fruits and fruit juices were relatively higher than those in cans and drinks made of vegetable and fish. It can be supposed that the high acidity owing to the organic acid of fruit itself promotes to extract metals from can materials, and although fish usually contains more heavy metals than vegetables, canned fish revealed low level because internal organs and most of skin which had more heavy metals than meat were removed throughout canning process. Because processed foods such as canned foods and soft drinks are very popular with the children and adolescence according to the change of life style and eating habit, and the possibility of exposure to heavy metals by the habitual intake of these is increasing simultaneously, it is suggested that more practical study about the process of exposure and the amount in each step is needed fur the assessment of safety.

• Korean Journal of Poultry Science
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.35-45
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• 1992

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of different dose of 312nm UV irradiation on ash and phosphorus contents in metatarsus of broiler chicks, whose dorsal skins were exposed to the UV light. Day old Hubbard line broiler chicks were fed with vitamin D deficient diet for 3 weeks and the defeathered dorsal skins were exposed to different dise (0.32, 0.65, or 0.98 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$) of 312nm UV light. The metatarsus bones were collected on 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 or 5 days after irradiation and defatted, dried, ashed and dissolved in 6N-HCI. The P concentrations were determined by spectrophotometry. When the 0.32 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ dose was applied, the ash contents in metatarsus bones o( chicks were 42, 46 and 40% on 0, 1 and 3 days after irradiation, respectively. The maximum level, 46% was appeared at 2 days after exposure as 0.65 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ was treated. When 0.98 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ irradiation was applied, the high concentrations, 47 and 47% were shown on 1 and 2 days after irradiation, respectively. The 0.98 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ among three levels of dose increased the most amount of ash in metatarsus bone. In respect to the P content in the chick bone the increased level, 19.4% was shown on 3 days after UV treatment with 0.32 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$. The maximum levels, 18.1 and 20.0% were present on 3 and 2 days after exposure to the 0.65 and 0.98 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ of UV dose, respectively. It was shown that the higher dose of UV irradiation increased the more P concentration in matatarsus of chicks and the production rate was faster than those from 0.32 and 0.65 J/$\textrm{cm}^2$ treatments.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.104-113
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• 1991

This experiment was conducted to find the effect of calcium salts on the inhibition of 'Campbell Early' grape(Vitis labruscana B.) berry absicission induced by ethephon. Ethylene evolution, berry abscission rate, and fruit quality were examined. Several mineral contents were determinded in the berries and morphological changes of cells in abscission zone were also studied. 1. Calcium acetate($4.4-8.8g/{\ell}$) and calcium hydroxide($2.2-8.8g/{\ell}$) completely inhibited berry abscission when applied with ethephon 1,000 ppm while calcium chloride was less effective. 2. Ethylene evolution in the berries treated with ethephon alone reached to maximum peak one day after application. However, that peak in the treatment of ethephon with calcium acetate occurred 3 hours after application. 3. No decrease of ethylene production capacity was observed in the ethephon solution even when held up to 36 hours after preparation but the effect on berry abscission was significantly reduced. In contrast, ethylene production of the solution prepared with calcium acetate was greatly decreased along with the increase of holding time. The effect of calcium acetate in aged solution on the inhibition of berry abscission was not altered. 4. There were no differences in mineral contents such as Ca, Mg, and K between the berries sprayed with ethephon 500 ppm or not. Additional calcium accumulation was not found in the skin, flesh, and petiole of clusters sprayed with 3 kinds of calcium salts (1.5 g net Ca per liter) respectively when analyzed 2 weeks before maturity. 5. Ethephon (1,000 ppm) alone induced the development of abscission layer in petiole but those applied with calcium acetate (0.05 M) did not develop any distinct abscission layer 3days after treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.46 no.1
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• pp.34-38
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• 2017

Myelophycus simplex Papenfuss, a type of brown algae, is known to be majorly distributed in along the southern coast of Korea and Japan. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of M. simplex Papenfuss methanol extract (MSPME) on melanogenesis in ${\alpha}$-melanocyte-stimulating hormone-stimulated B16F10 melanoma cells. Melanin contents of B16F10 melanoma cells were decreased by 27, 41, and 59% in a dose-dependent manner, upon MSPME treatment at 100, 300, and $500{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. Tyrosinase activities in B16F10 melanoma cells were decreased by 18, 49, and 61% in a dose-dependent manner, upon MSPME treatment at 100, 300, and $500{\mu}g/mL$, respectively. MSPME suppressed expression of tyrosinase, tyrosinase-related protein-1, tyrosinase-related protein-2, and melanocyte-inducing transcription factor in B16F10 melanoma cells. Concentration of $50{\mu}g/mL$ of MSPME especially induced greater decreases in tyrosinase activity, melanin contents, and melanogenic enzyme protein expressions. This results indicate that MSPME inhibits melanin synthesis and tyrosinase activity, and M. simplex Papenfuss extract may be an ideal candidate as a skin whitening agent.

• Horticultural Science & Technology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.170-177
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• 2017

This study was conducted to estimate the light pollution damage caused by night-break lighting in 'Kyoho' grapes. Night irradiation was performed every night for four hours (10 p.m. to 2 a.m.) from the full bloom to the harvest stage using red, blue, and white lamps as artificial light. Fruit yield, soluble solid content, anthocyanin content, and chlorophyll a content were affected by night irradiation. The soluble solid content of the control was $17.5^{\circ}Brix$, approximately $1^{\circ}Brix$ higher than the red ($16.4^{\circ}Brix$), blue ($16.2^{\circ}Brix$), and white light treated grapes ($16.3^{\circ}Brix$). The anthocyanin content of the skin was also higher in the control at $4.08{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$ compared to the red ($3.14{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$), blue ($2.47{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$), and white ($2.82{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$) light treated samples. On the other hand, the chlorophyll a content of the control was the lowest at $0.268{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$ as compared with the red ($0.339{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$), blue ($0.345{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$), and white ($0.372{\mu}g{\cdot}cm^{-2}$) light treated samples. Considering that higher soluble solid contents, higher accumulation of anthocyanin, and lower chlorophyll a contents are factors involved in fruit maturation, night irradiation may delay fruit maturation and red light treatment may result in decreased yield. Our results confirmed that night-break lighting regardless of the wavelength provoked light pollution in 'Kyoho' grapes. Therefore, fruit maturation may be poor in the presence of artificial light, including streetlamps, in neighboring vineyards.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine
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• v.16 no.2 s.30
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• pp.453-489
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• 1995

The research of the phrases related with physiology of stomach and spleen in the contents of Huang Di Nei Jing(黃帝內經) known as the Bible of oriental medicine will make a contribution to a deep understanding of disease of stomach and spleen and a proper clinical diagnosis and treatment of them. In this research of the most appropriate glosses recorded nine kinds of representative medical books including Huang Di Nei Jing Somoon(黃帝內經素問) of Wang Bing(王氷) were picked out: The summaries of the selected contents are as follows: 1. The word 'saliva(涎)' in 'the spleen controls saliva(脾爲涎)' can be viewed as a generic term referring to oral cavity secretion gland as well as the secretion fluid of salivary gland. 2. The phases 'a large reservoir(太倉)', barn organs', 'a reserboir of food stuff', 'a stomach as the market(胃爲之市)', etc mean the function of stomach to receive food(胃主受納). 3. The phase 'generation of five tastes(五味出焉)' means both 'the function of stomach to transform food into chyme(胃主腐熟)' and 'the channelling function of spleen.(脾主運化)' 4. The flowing of the food-Qi(食氣) into stomach brings about spreading Jung(精) into liver and then percolating Jung(精) flow into channel. The channel-Qi(脈氣) flows into lung through channel. As a result, all kinds of channels gather together in lung and Jung(精) is sent into skin and hair. The assembly of Jung(精) with skins and channels moves Qi(氣) into fu-organ and so jung(精) and mental activity(神明) in fu-organ(府) come to be in four organs(四臟). Then if Qi(氣) comes back to power balance unit(權衡) being in the state of equilibrium(權衡以平), the hole of Qi(氣口) comes to determine the matter of life and death through achieving Chun-quan-chi(-寸-關-尺). The above mentioned phrases means the digestion, asorption and transmission of food. When food is taken in stomach, Jung-Qi(精氣) comes to be over flowed upward into spleen, back into lung, finally downward into bladders through water-conduit(水道) controlled by lung. When water- Jung(水精) radiates into whole body with channels of five organs(五臟), both of them fit together with and yin-yang(陰-陽). Therefore, the grasping of the rise and decline of yin-yang(陰C-陽) is necessary to consult patients. The above mentioned phrases is properly viewed to designate the asorption, transmission and excretion of food. 5. Spleen controls flesh(脾之合肉也), the state of spleen is known by human lips, and what this means is that liver plays functions of spread and expansion(肝主疏泄). 6. The phrase 'Jung Jung'((中精)) in 'gallbladder dominates Jung jung(膽主中精)', which in one of the specific expression of 'liver plays functions of spread and expansion(肝主疏泄). 7. It is right that the phase 'The eleven organs in all are determined by gallbladder'(凡十,一臟取決於膽也) is correctly paraphrased as 'only one of ten organs, spleen, is determined by gallbladder'.(凡十,一臟取決於膽也), 8. The small intestine is an organ. which receives the materials digested and sends them out. This means that the function of transforming materials(化物) factually refers to that of separating clearity and blur(泌別淸濁). And it is also thought to have the function of ascending clearity and descending blur(升淸降濁), 9. A large intestine is a transmitting organ(傳導之官) from which a change comes out(變化出焉). the phrase 'change'(變化) in this sentence means both the intake of water and nutrition and the formation procedure of stool through excretion of mucocele.