• Animal cells and systems
• /
• v.1 no.2
• /
• pp.329-335
• /
• 1997

The final pattern of the skeletal muscle of a vertebrate depends on the position-specific behavior of the muscle precursor cells during early developmental process and the abdominal muscle is made of cells which migrate a relatively long distance from their original tissue, myotome of dorsal mesoderm. We report the spatia-temporal migration pattern of abdominal muscle in Xenopus laevis by in situ hybridization and immunohistological studies. Shortly after hatching tadpole stage (stage 31/32), a group of myotomal cells detaches from the lower tip of the second somite and migrates ventrally to the lower position of abdomen. At stage 34/35, a second cell group migrates away from the third somite. Total 7 myotomal cell groups migrate ventrally one by one from the second to eighth myotome along their own pathways through the cell free space located between epidermis and subepidermal layer of the abdomen. During migration, the sizes of the cell groups (abdominal muscle anlagens) are increased to several tens fold. Around stage 40 all the abdominal muscle anlagens reaches their final positions and are interconnected side by side rostrocaudally. They are also connected to other types of muscles, forming a large multisegmented abdominal muscle. Heat shock study suggests that the disruption of segmentation of somites does not block the detachment of abdominal muscle anlagen, though the treatment gave stage- and dosagedependent effects on the migration speed.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.26 no.5 s.58
• /
• pp.487-495
• /
• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the dentofacial characteristics and the fost-treatment dentofacial changes of those treated by four premolar extractions and to investigate the factors affecting extraction decision. The sample consisted of 35 patients (27 females, and 8 males) with no more than 7.0mm crowding, diagnosed as Class I protrusion. Pre-treatment and post-treatment lateral cephalograms were evaluated. Computerized statistical analysis was carried out using SPSS/PC+ program. The results were as follows. 1. There was no significant change in skeletal pattern after treatment while there was significant change in dentoalveolar and soft tissue pattern. 2. In pre-treatment skeletal pattern, a tendency toward vertical discrepancy was found. 3. In pre-treatment dental pattern, interincisal angle was $113.11^{\circ}$, U1 to FH was $117.78^{\circ}$ and L1 to A-Pog was 7.94mm. Pre-treatment upper and lower lip position was 2.88mm and 5.43mm to E line. 4. After treatment, interincisal angle increased $14.46^{\circ}$ and upper and lower lip moved back 2.45mm and 3.2mm to E line.(p<0.001) 5. The EI was 138.71 before treatment and 148.2 after treatment.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgeons
• /
• v.34 no.6
• /
• pp.622-627
• /
• 2008

In orthognathic surgery, precise analysis and diagnosis are essential for successful results. In facial asymmetric patient, traditional 2D image analysis has been used by lateral and P-A Cephalometric view, Skull PA, Panorama, Submentovertex view etc. But clinicians sometimes misdiagnose because they cannot find exact landmark due to superimposition, moreover image can be magnified and distorted by projection technique or patient's skull position, when using these analysis and method. For overcome these defects, analysis by using of 3D CT has been introduced. In this way we can analysis precisely by getting the exact image free of artifact and finding exact landmark with no interruption of superimposition. So we want to review of relationship between various skeletal landmarks of mandible or cranial base and facial asymmetry by predictable analysis using 3D CT. We select the cases of the patients who visited our department for correction of facial asymmetry during 2003-2007 and who were taken image of 3D CT for diagnosis. 3D CT images were reconstructed to 3D image by using V-Work program (Cybermed Inc., Seoul, Korea). And we analysis the relationship between facial asymmetry and various affecting factor of skeletal pattern. The mandibular ramus hight difference between right and left was most affecting factor that express facial asymmetry. And in this research, there was no relationship between cranial base and facial asymmetry. The angulation between facial midline and mandibular ramus divergency has significant relationship with facial asymmetry

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
• /
• v.9 no.2
• /
• pp.417-426
• /
• 1992

Total CPK activities and CPK isoenzymes fractions of the sera and some organ tissues of dogs were examined to acquire the basic data of canine CPK available in clinical practice. In addition fluctuation of serum total CPK activities and CPK isoenzymes fractions is artificially induced canine myocardial infarctino were investigated to know the availabity of them as indicators for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction. For the determination of serum total CPK activities, total 22 clinically healthy dogs(7 to 30 months old, 15 of female and 7 of male) were used and 15 out of 22 dogs were used for the determination of serum CPK isoenzymes fractions. For the determination of total CPK activities and CPK isoenzymes fractions. some organ tissues (the hearts, skeletal muscles and brains )from 3 dogs were examined. For the fluctuation of total CPK activities and CPK isoenzymes fractions in the sera from artificially induced canine acute myocardial infarction, 3 dogs of coronary artery ligated experimental group and 3 of control group were used. The results obtained were as follows ; 1. Serum total CPK activities of normal dogs were 106.2${\pm}$29.9(31.3∼148.1)IU/$\ell$. 2. The pattern of serum CPK isoenzymes fractions in normal dogs was high with decreasing order of CK$_1$>CK$_3$>CK$_2$. 3. Total CPK activities of organ tissues were high with decreasing order of the skeletal muscles > the hearts > the brains. 4. The pattern of CPK isoenzymes fractions of the organ tissues was high with decreasing order of CK$_3$>CK$_2$ in the hearts and only CK$_3$(100%) was detected in the skeletal muscles. Further they were high with decreasing order of CK$_1$>CK$_3$>CK$_2$ in the trains. 5. Serum total CPK activities in experimental group were changed with higher values than those of control group. 6. In the fluctuation of serum CPK isoenzymes fractions the CK$_1$ CK$_2$ and CK$_3$ values were changed with higher values than those of control group. 7. It was become clear that the finding of Increase of serum total CPK activities, and CK$_2$ and CK$_3$ was important for the diagnosis of myocardial infarction.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.28 no.6 s.71
• /
• pp.893-904
• /
• 1998

There are varieties of severe malocclusions, which can be treated orthodontically, but with a great deal of effort. Anterior openbite, in particular, is one malocclusion thought to be more difficult to treat, and therefore, most of them have to be corrected by means of surgical intervention. To solve these problems, numerous studies pertinent to treatment modalities have been introduced with controversies on the effectiveness of treatment. Suggested treatment modalities for anterior openbite are based directly or indirectly on the neuromuscular and morphological features and on the etiologic and/or the environmental factors. Even though the vertical relationship of the face is increased due to the growth variation, the normal occlusal relationship can be achieved by the adequate dentoalveolar compensatory mechanism, but in the case of inadequate or negative dentoalveolar compensation, openbite is likely to be present. If the skeletal dysplasia is too severe to be solved by orthodontic treatment alone, combined treatment with surgery should be done to restore the function and the esthetics of the orofacial complex. In many cases, however, orthodontic alteration of the dentition pertinent to the given skeletal pattern with the proper diagnosis and treatment planning can bring satisfactory results. The treatment changes with the Multiloop Edgewise Archwire(MEAW) therapy occurred mainly in the dentoalveolar region and showed a considerable similarity to the natural dentoalveolar compensatory mechanism. In other words, the MEAW technique allows orthodontists to produce the natural dentoalveolar compensation orthodontically. Even if an openbite is corrected by the orthodontic dentoalveolar compensation suitable for the skeletal pattern, relapse may still occur by the persisting etiologic factors which originally prohibited the natural dentoalveolar compensation. The etiologic factors should be determined at the time of initial diagnosis and should be controlled during treatment and retention.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.33 no.4 s.99
• /
• pp.293-305
• /
• 2003

The pharynx have significant locations and functions because it forms a part of the unit in which respiration and deglutition are carried out. Because of the closed relationship between the pharynx and the dentofacial and craniofacial structure, many studies are carried out on this subjects. The purpose of this study were to compare the airway size including pharynx, soft palate, tongue and hyoid bone between normal and hyperdivergent skeletal pattern and to evaluate the change of those size in different age. The sample of this study were consisted of 51 subjects in normal group, 52 subjects in hyperdivergent group. Each was divided into two subgroups by age , child group(9-l2yr old) and adult group(18yr old over). The lateral cephalometric radiographs were taken and the distance, angle and ratio of the facial skeleton, pharynx, soft palate, tongue and hyoid bone were measured and evaluated statistically. The result obtained were summarized as follows : 1 SN-Mn angle, FMA, and Pal-Mn angle were significantly larger in child group than adult group, but the lower anterior facial height(LAFH) and facial height ratio(FHR) were significantly smaller in child group than adult group. Occlu-Mn angle was significantly steep in hyperdivergent group than normal, but not significantly different between child group and adult group. 2. Hyperdivergent group and child group had the stronger correlation between SN-Mn angle, FMA, Pal-Mn angle, LAFH and FHR and airway size than normal group and adult group. Hyperdivevgent child group had significant negative correlation between SN-Mn angle, FMA, Pal-Mn angle and sagittal skeletal dimension of nasopharynx and sagittal depth of nasopharyngeal lumen. Significant positive correlation were seen between LAFH and vertical measurement of airway. 3. There was no difference of the linear measurement of airway size between hyperdivergent group and normal group. 4. Adult group had smaller posterior pharyngeal wall, target nasopharyngeal depth longer nasopharyngeal height and longer pharyngeal length than child group. 5. The sagittal measurement of hyoid bone had no difference between child group and adult group. But adult group had larger vertical measurement of hyoid bone than child group.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.27 no.1
• /
• pp.135-145
• /
• 2000

It is well known that there are different craniofacial skeletal groups in the same malocclusion types. The present study was performed to determine morphologic sub-groups in Korean children with Class III malocclusions, and to find out morphological differences between subgroups by means of a cross-sectional longitudinal cephalometric study. In this study, 135 children aged 6 to 14 year-old with untreated Class III malocclusions were selected. The samples were divided into two groups depending on the angulation of middle cranial fossa (MCF). That is, when the MCF of an individual was measured smaller than 40.3, he/she was tossed into mandibular protrusive-effect group(MREG), while when an individual was measured larger than 40.3, he/she was tossed into mandibular retrusive-effect group(MREG). Thereafter, the grouped samples were divided into 4 age groups(7, 9, 11 and 13 year-old). Thirty four linear and angular measurements on the tracings of lateral cephaloradiographs were measured, and the morphological characteristics and differences were compared and analysed by means of Wilcoxon test. It was found that Korean children with Class III malocclusions were divided into two groups, in which 39.3% were belonged in the MREG and 60.7% were in the MREG. In the MREG, anterior-posterior length of cranial base, nasomaxillary complex, maxilla and mandible were larger than the MREG. And although there was no difference in the total length of mandible (Co-Gn), mandibular body length (Go-Gn) was larger in the MREG during the majority of the observed periods. These results would suggest that a majority of the samples, 60.7%, demonstrated many of configurations of craniofacial skeletal relationships that can be found in the leptoprosopic faceform.

• The korean journal of orthodontics
• /
• v.28 no.5 s.70
• /
• pp.751-761
• /
• 1998

The purpose of this study was to find the characteristics of lateral crphalogram of skeletal class III malocclusion patients to whom orthognathic surgery was essential. For this study 37 patients with skeletal class III and going to treat or be treated orthognathic surgery(age 7-17) were selected to experimental group and 56 people with normal occlusion (age 8-13) were selected to normal group and the two groups were evaluated and statistically analyzed and the results were as follows 1. In comparison of experimental group and normal group in prepubertal group, there were significant differences in ANS-U1/Me-L1, Mx. Length/Mn. Length, S-N/Go-Me, Wits, ANB, SN-Pog, IMPA, Facial Convexity, APDI (p<0.05) 2. In comparison of experimental group and normal group in pubertal group, there were significant differences in ANS-U1/Me-L1, S-Go/N-Me, Mx.Length/Mn.Length, S-N/Go-Me, Wits, Saddle Angle, SNB, ANB, SN-Pog, IMPA, Interincisal Angle, Facial Convexity, APDI (p<0.05) 3. Among items showing characteristics of skeletal class III malocclusion, there were no significant differences between prepubertal group and pubertal group in other items except Mx. Length/Mn. Length,APDI (p<0.05) 4. The significant correlationship was the highest between Saddle Angle and SNB, SN-Pog and SNB, ANB and Facial Convexity in experimental group

• The Journal of the Korean Society for Microbiology
• /
• v.21 no.2
• /
• pp.211-226
• /
• 1986

To understand the pathogenesis of anicteric leptospirosis with severe pulmonary hemorrhage occured in Korea, the microbiological and pathological features were observed in the experimentally induced leptospirosis in guinea pigs infected with a virulent strain of Leptospira interrogans isolated from the patient at Wonju, Korea, and the results are summarized as follows. 1. The main pathological features were widespread hemorrhages, especially affecting lung, skeletal muscles, retroperitoneal and perirenal adipose tissues. The hemorrhages accompanied inflammatory process especially of vasculitic pattern as well as occasional coagulation necrosis in the liver, skeletal muscle, and myocardium. The main inflammatory cells were of plasma cell even in the fairly early stage of the infection. 2. Those pathologic changes were more exaggerated in the inoculation site. 3. Within 144 hours of infection, the longer the infection time, the more antigens were observed in the tissues, and the severer the pathologic changes. 4. Leptospiral antigens were detected at first by indirect immunofluorescent and immunoperoxidase technics. As the infection time extended, the antigens were observed in all of the tissues examined except in the skeletal muscle. The shape of the antigens was spiral or thread-like within 72 hours of infection. As the infection progressed, they became fragmented and granular. 5. Leptospires were detected in the blood within 144 hours of infection by darkfield microscopic examination. Thereafter, none was observed. 6. Antibody to leptospires were detected as early as 72 hours of infection. In summary, the virulent strain of L. interrogans used in this experiment induced widespread hemorrhages with inflammatory reaction especially in lung, skeletal muscles, and retroperitoneal adipose tissue. With these findings, it is suggested that the direct toxic effect of leptospires might playa great role in the pathogenesis of this infection.

• Journal of the korean academy of Pediatric Dentistry
• /
• v.46 no.1
• /
• pp.48-56
• /
• 2019

The objective of this study was to examine measuring agreement between middle phalanx of the third finger and cervical vertebrae analysis for assessing skeletal maturity according to body mass index percentile. A retrospective chart view was used to select patients with body mass index data, hand - wrist radiographs and lateral cephalograms of same day. The patients were divided into 4 groups by body mass index percentile. The hand - wrist radiographs were analyzed using modified middle phalanx of the third finger method and the lateral cephalograms were categorized according to cervical vertebral maturation stage. The degree of agreement between the 2 methods of analyzing skeletal maturation was measured by calculating weighted kappa statistic according to body mass index percentile group. There was a good agreement between the 2 methods in the entire body mass index percentile group. According to the body mass index percentile group, the agreement was found to be different, and the pattern was different between boys and girls. Pediatric dentist should consider sex and weight status when evaluating growing children and adolescents because it can affect the agreement of 2 method of analyzing skeletal maturation.