• Proceedings of the Ginseng society Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.159-175
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• 2002

The effect of Panax ginseng administration in muscle inflammatory process induced after eccentric exercise, that causes myofibrillar disruption, was studied. Changes in lipid peroxidation, inflammation, glycogen levels in muscle and release of myocellular proteins to blood were measured. The analyses were performed immediately after eccentric exercise and over week since this period are necessary for the muscle damage-repair cycle. The ginseng extract $(100\;mg\;kg^{-1})$ was orally administered to rats for three months, before the eccentric exercise performance. The results showed the protective role of ginseng against skeletal muscle damage. This effect could be associated with their membrane stabilising capacity since creatine kinase (CK) activity was significantly decreased 96 h post-exercise from $523{\pm}70\;to\;381{\pm}53$ and 120 h post-exercise from $443{\pm}85\;to\;327{\pm}75$ in treated animals. ${\beta}-glucuronidase$ activity, as indicator of inflammation, showed a significant reduction of about $15-25\%$ in soleus, vastus and triceps in these post-exercise times. The lipid peroxidation, measured by malondyaldehyde levels, was significantly decreased in the 24 h postexercise period in soleus and vastus intermedius muscles and on the recovery period. Finally ginseng administration reduced significantly the decrease of the glycogen levels immediately after exercise and when the regenerative process took place (72-168 h post exercise). Collectively, the results have showed that ginseng did not inhibit the vital inflammatory response process associated with the muscle damage-repair cycle but presumably ameliorate the injury.

• Korean Journal of Exercise Nutrition
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• v.23 no.2
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• pp.1-6
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• 2019

[Purpose] Strenuous exercise often induces skeletal muscle damage, which results in impaired performance. Sphingolipid metabolism contributes to various cellular processes, including apoptosis, stress response, and inflammation. However, the relationship between exercise-induced muscle damage and ceramide (a key component of sphingolipid metabolism), is rarely studied. The present study aimed to explore the regulatory role of sphingolipid metabolism in exercise-induced muscle damage. [Methods] Mice were subjected to strenuous exercise by treadmill running with gradual increase in intensity. The blood and gastrocnemius muscles (white and red portion) were collected immediately after and 24 h post exercise. For 3 days, imipramine was intraperitoneally injected 1 h prior to treadmill running. [Results] Interleukin 6 (IL-6) and serum creatine kinase (CK) levels were enhanced immediately after and 24 h post exercise (relative to those of resting), respectively. Acidic sphingomyelinase (A-SMase) protein expression in gastrocnemius muscles was significantly augmented by exercise, unlike, serine palmitoyltransferase-1 (SPT-1) and neutral sphingomyelinase (N-SMase) expressions. Furthermore, imipramine (a selective A-SMase inhibitor) treatment reduced the exercise-induced CK and IL-6 elevations, along with a decrease in cleaved caspase-3 (Cas-3) of gastrocnemius muscles. [Conclusion] We found the crucial role of A-SMase in exercise-induced muscle damage.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.8 no.1
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• pp.745-758
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• 2001

The purpose of study to phenomenological examine and the mechanism regarding the gene(DNA, RNA, Protein) and sports to studied, analyzed. and evaluated. This review considers the evidence for genetic effects in several determinants of endurance performance and resistance performance, namely: body measurements and physique, body fat pulmonary functions, cardiac and circulatory functions, muscle characteristics. substrate utilization, maximal aerobic power and other. Moreover, the response to aerobic training of indicators aerobic work metabolism and endurance performance is reviewed, with emphasis on the specificity of the response and the individual differences observed in training ability. This study indicate that improvement of 'Enhancer Action' in RNA genes changed by exercise or sports. Moreover exercise was effect on Central Dogma with DNA makes RNA makes Protein. and think that occurred with exercise influence on skeletal muscle into cell have to Myosin Heavy Chain (MHC) changed was after exercise performance, which accompanied into skeletal muscle that were exercise-induces gene-modulation that is, take gene mutations. This study known that existed hormone(epinephrine)-immune system with interaction. Exercise were altered insulin binding and MAP Kinase signaling increased into immune cells. This review suggested that the high rate of glutamine utilization by cells of the immune system serves to maintain a high intra cellular concentration of the intermediates of biosynthetic pathways such that optimal rates of DNA, RNA and protein synthesis can be maintained. In the absence of glutamine, lymphocytes do not proliferate in vitro: proliferation increase greatly as the glutamine concentration increase. Glutamine is synthesized in skeletal muscle. Skeletal muscle and plasma glutamine levels are lowered by sepsis, injury, bums, surgery and endurance exercise and in the overtrained athlete. The study of result show that production of ET-1 is markedly increased tissue specifically in the heart by exercise without appreciable changes in endothelin-converting enzyme and endothelial receptor expressions, suggest that myocardial ET-1 may participate in modulation of cardiac function during exercise. Conclusionally, this study indicate that improvement of 'Enhancer Action' in RNA genes changed by exercise or sports. Moreover exercise was effect on Central Dogma with DNA makes RNA makes Protein. This study is expected to contribute the area of sports science, medicine, hereafter more effort is required to establish the relation between gene alters and exercise amount.

• BMB Reports
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• v.49 no.6
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• pp.303-304
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• 2016

Myoblast fusion is important for skeletal muscle formation. Even though the knowledge of myoblast fusion mechanism has accumulated over the years, the initial signal of fusion is yet to be elucidated. Our study reveals the novel function of a phosphatidylserine (PS) receptor, stabilin-2 (Stab2), in the modulation of myoblast fusion, through the recognition of PS exposed on myoblasts. During differentiation of myoblasts, Stab2 expression is higher than other PS receptors and is controlled by calcineurin/NFAT signaling on myoblasts. The forced expression of Stab2 results in an increase in myoblast fusion; genetic ablation of Stab2 in mice causes a reduction in muscle size, as a result of impaired myoblast fusion. After muscle injury, muscle regeneration is impaired in Stab2-deficient mice, resulting in small myofibers with fewer nuclei, which is due to reduction of fusion rather than defection of myoblast differentiation. The fusion-promoting role of Stab2 is dependent on its PS-binding motif, and the blocking of PS-Stab2 binding impairs cell-cell fusion on myoblasts. Given our previous finding that Stab2 recognizes PS exposed on apoptotic cells for sensing as an "eat-me" signal, we propose that PS-Stab2 binding is required for sensing of a "fuse-me" signal as the initial signal of myoblast fusion.

• Molecules and Cells
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• v.27 no.4
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• pp.403-408
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• 2009

Skeletal muscle regeneration is a highly orchestrated process initiated by activation of adult muscle satellite cells. Upon muscle injury, the inflammatory process is always accompanied by muscle regeneration. Leukotriene $B_4$ is one of the essential inflammatory mediators. We isolated and cultured primary satellite cells. RT-PCR showed that myoblasts expressed mRNA for $LTB_4$ receptors BLT1 and BLT2, and $LTB_4$ promoted myoblast proliferation and fusion. Quantitative real-time PCR and immunoblotting showed that $LTB_4$ treatment expedited the expression process of differentiation markers MyoD and M-cadherin. U-75302, a specific BLT1 inhibitor, but not LY2552833, a specific BLT2 inhibitor, blocked proliferation and differentiation of myoblasts induced by $LTB_4$, which implies the involvement of the BLT1 pathway. Overall, the data suggest that $LTB_4$ contributes to muscle regeneration by accelerating proliferation and differentiation of satellite cells.

• Journal of Biomedical Engineering Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.175-182
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• 2017

Microcurrent electrical stimulation(MES) has been used to accelerate recovery of atrophied skeletal muscle. However, convincing stimulation parameters for suppressing muscle atrophy due to injured sciatic nerve remains unclear. The objective of this study was to investigate the effective intensity of MES on restraining muscle atrophy with rat model underwent sciatic nerve injury(SNI). Twenty-5-week-old Sprague Dawley male rats were equally assigned to five groups : Control group(Control, CON, n = 4), Denervation group(Denervation, D, n = 4), Denervation with MES of $22{\mu}A$ group(Denervation + $22{\mu}A$, D+22, n = 4), Denervation with MES of $100{\mu}A$ group (Denervation + $100{\mu}A$, D+100 n = 4), Denervation with MES of $400{\mu}A$ group(Denervation + $400{\mu}A$, D+400, n = 4). To induce muscle atrophy, all rats in the D, D+22, D+100, and D+400 groups, were subjected to sciatic nerve injury on their right hindlimb and allowed to have 1 week of resting period. Following this period, rats underwent daily MES(60 min/ a day, 5times/1week) for 4 weeks. After that, we investigate morphological changes in muscle volume by using in vivo micro-computed tomography at week 0, 1, 3 and 5. After 5 weeks, the muscle volume had the highest value in D+400 group, and also noticeably increased in D+100 group compared to it in D group. The results of this study imply that MES with current intensities between $100-400{\mu}A$ can suppress muscle atrophy effectively.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.2 no.1
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• pp.62-70
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• 1995

The use of electricity to evoke s skeletal muscle response is FES, which is a form of functional electrical stimulation. In the case of the damaged spinal cord, the technique can supply stimulation to the lower moter neurons and their muscle fiber, which have been disconnected from control of the higher nervous system. Recent advances in electronics, particularly miniaturization, have made possible the design of much improved systems of electrodes and stimulaters for FES. Clinical research has followed two main lines: the use of FES in the upper extremities for producing functional hand rehabilitation in quadriplegics and in the lower extremities for producing standing and gait in paraplegics.

• Journal of Yeungnam Medical Science
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.217-221
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• 1991

The fibromatosis is a rare tumorous with local invasion, but is not metastasized distantly. This term should not be applied to nonspecific reactive fibrous proliferations that are part of an inflammatory process of are secondary to injury of hemorrhage and have no tendency toward growth or recurrence. It arises principally from the connnective tissue of muscle and overlying fascia or aponeurosis(musculaponeurotic fibromatosis), and chiefly affects the muscle of shoulder, pelvic girdle, and extremity. The term 'aggressive fibromatosis' is also employed to describe this disease, but it is impossible to predict the clinical course in the individual case. The fibromatosis arising in the mediastinum is very rare, and the report about it is nearly absent. The plain radiography shows merely mass with soft tissue density. The CT demonstrates a poorly defined homogenous or heterogenous mass, isodense with skeletal muscle on precontrast-images, and slightly hyperdense to muscle on postcontrast-scan. Accurate delineation between the tumor & surrounding tissue is vague or frequently impossible. The authors experienced one case of the mediastinal fibromatosis recently and report the case with review of concerned literature.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.499-508
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• 2017

Objectives : Skeletal muscle atrophy occurs in response to a variety of conditions. The unloading to muscle occurs clinically in limb immobilization, bed rest, spinal cord injury and peripheral nerve damage, resulting in significant loss of muscle mass and force production. Muscle disuse is accompanied by an increase in apoptotic signaling, which mediates some of the responses to unloading in the muscle. In this study we tested the hypothesis that Daeyeoung-jeon extract would improve muscle recovery after reloading following disuse. Method : Twenty young male Sprague-Dawley rats were used for the studies. The hindlimb immobilization was performed with casting tape to keep the left ankle joint in a fully extended position. No intervention was performed on the right leg and used as intact region. The Rats in Daeyeoung-jeon treated group (DYJ) were orally administrated Daeyeoung-jeon water extract, and rats of Control group were given with saline only. After 2 weeks of immobilization, all animals were sacrificed, and the whole gastrocnemius muscles were dissected from both legs. The morphology of right and left gastrocnemius muscles in both DYJ and Control groups were assessed by hematoxylin and eosin staining. Moreover, to investigate the immobilization-induced muscular apoptosis, the immunohistochemical analysis of Bax and Bcl-2 was carried out. Results : Daeyeoung-jeon represented the significant protective effects against the reductions of the left gastrocnemius muscles weight and average cross section area to compared with Control group. The treatment with Daeyeoung-jeon extract significantly reduced the immunoreactivity of BAX and increased the immunoreactivity of Bcl-2 in gastrocnemius muscle compared with Control group. Conclusion : Daeyeoung-jeon has protective effects against immobilization-induced muscle atrophy by regulating the activities of apoptosis-associated BAX/Bcl-2 proteins in gastrocnemius muscle.

• Journal of the Korean Academy of Clinical Electrophysiology
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.35-39
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• 2011

Purpose : The purpose of this study was to determine changes in muscle activity due to elastic taping at the rectus femoris, biceps femoris and tibialis anterior muscles using surface electromyography analysis. Methods : In this study 10 healthy university students in the Department of Taekwondo Studies were screened and individuals with a history of previous injury or surgery to their nerve, muscle, and skeletal systems, such as paresthesia and motor disorder, were excluded. Subjects were taped over the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and tibialis anterior and their muscle activities were analyzed using the surface electromyography method during maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Results : The results of this study were as follows: muscle activities indicated a significant increase after elastic taping than before at the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and tibialis anterior muscle. These results lead us to the conclusion that muscle activity were influenced by elastic taping at the rectus femoris, biceps femoris, and tibialis anterior muscles. Conclusion : The results of this study show that muscle activity can be improved by elastic taping at the lower limbs. These results suggest that elastic taping of muscles in the lower extremities has the capability to increase muscle activity in the body.