• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제54권6호
• /
• pp.1201-1216
• /
• 2015

This paper presents the details of size independent fracture energy and bi-linear tension softening relation for nano modified high strength concrete. Nano silica in powder form has been used as partial replacement of cement by 2 wt%. Two popular methods, namely, simplified boundary effect method of Karihaloo et al. (2003) and RILEM (1985) fracture energy with P-${\delta}$ tail correction have been employed for estimation of size independent fracture energy for nano modified high strength concrete (compressive strength ranges from 55 MPa to 72 MPa). It is found that both the methods gave nearly same values, which is an additional evidence that either of them can be employed for determination of size independent fracture energy. Bi-linear tension softening relation corresponding to their size independent fracture energy has been constructed in an inverse manner based on the concept of non-linear hinge from the load-crack mouth opening plots of notched three-point bend beams.

• Steel and Composite Structures
• /
• 제28권1호
• /
• pp.111-121
• /
• 2018

It has been argued that fracture energy of composite laminates depends on their thickness and number of layers. In this paper a modified direct energy balance approach (DEBA) has been developed to evaluate the mode-II shear fracture energy for E-glass/Epoxy laminates from finite element model at an arbitrary thickness. This approach considers friction and damage/plasticity deformations using cohesive zone modeling (CZM) and nonlinear finite element modeling. The presence of compressive stress and resulting friction was argued to be a possible cause for the thickness dependency of fracture energy. In the finite element modeling, CZM formulation has been developed with bilinear cohesive constitutive law combined with friction consideration. Also ply element have been developed with shear plastic damage model. Modified direct energy balance approach has been proposed for estimation of mode-II shear fracture energy. Experiments were performed on laminates of glass epoxy specimens for characterization of material parameters and determination of mode-II fracture energies for different thicknesses. Effect of laminate thickness on fracture energy of transverse crack tension (TCT) and end notched flexure (ENF) specimens has been numerically studied and comparison with experimental results has been made. It is shown that the developed numerical approach is capable of estimating increase in fracture energy due to size effect.

• 대한토목학회논문집
• /
• 제10권1호
• /
• pp.71-80
• /
• 1990

본(本) 논문(論文)에서는 동적하중(動的荷重)을 받는 콘크리트의 파괴특성을 규명하고, 동적하중하(動的荷重下)에서의 변화특성을 연구하였다. 이를 위하여 포괄적인 실험연구가 수행되었으며 부재크기의 영향을 분석하기 위하여 몇가지 시리즈로 분류하여 실험하였다. 본 실험으로부터 최대파괴하중(最大破壞荷重), 정적(靜的) 및 동적(動的) 파괴(破壞)에너지 그리고 공칭파괴응력이 계산되었다. 본(本) 연구결과(硏究結果) 변형속도(變形速度)가 증가함에 따라 콘크리트의 파괴에너지가 증가하는 것으로 나타났다. 또한, 부재의 크기가 커짐에 따라 파괴에너지 값이 상당히 변화되는 것으로 타나났다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)에서는 부재 크기에 따른 콘크리트의 정적(靜的) 및 동적(動的) 파괴에너지를 예측할 수 있는 예측공식을 도출하여 제시하였다. 본(本) 연구(硏究)는 콘크리트의 동적파괴거동해석에 유용한 기초자료가 될 것으로 사료된다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
• /
• 제77권1호
• /
• pp.103-114
• /
• 2021

Ultra high strength concrete (UHSC) originally proposed by Richards and Cheyrezy (1995) composed of cement, silica fume, quartz sand, quartz powder, steel fibers, superplasticizer etc. Later, other ingredients such as fly ash, GGBS, metakaoline, copper slag, fine aggregate of different sizes have been added to original UHSC. In the present investigation, the combined effect of coarse aggregate (6mm - 10mm) and steel fibers (0.50%, 1.0% and 1.5%) has been studied on UHSC mixes to evaluate mechanical and fracture properties. Compressive strength, split tensile strength and modulus of elasticity were determined for the three UHSC mixes. Size dependent fracture energy was evaluated by using RILEM work of fracture and size independent fracture energy was evaluated by using (i) RILEM work of fracture with tail correction to load - deflection plot (ii) boundary effect method. The constitutive relationship between the residual stress carrying capacity (σ) and the corresponding crack opening (w) has been constructed in an inverse manner based on the concept of a non-linear hinge from the load-crack mouth opening plots of notched three-point bend beams. It was found that (i) the size independent fracture energy obtained by using above two approaches yielded similar value and (ii) tensile stress increases with the increase of % of fibers. These two fracture properties will be very much useful for the analysis of cracked concrete structural components.

• Computers and Concrete
• /
• 제15권4호
• /
• pp.673-686
• /
• 2015

R-curve based on the size effect law previously developed for geometrically similar specimens (geometry type III) is extended to geometries with variable depth (geometry type I) as well as with variable notch (geometry type II), where the R-curve is defined as the envelope of the family of critical strain energy release rates from specimens of different sizes. The results show that the extended R-curve for type I tends to be the same for different specimen configurations, while it is greatly dependent on specimen geometry in terms of the initial crack length. Furthermore, the predicted load-deflection responses from the suggested R-curve are found to agree well with the testing results on concrete and rock materials. Besides, maximum loads for type II specimen are predicted well from the extended R-curve.

• 대한기계학회논문집A
• /
• 제24권9호
• /
• pp.2319-2325
• /
• 2000

This thesis studied that seven kinds of residual elements(inclusions) had influenced on fracture toughness($K_{IC}$) obtained by Begley-Logsdon and Rolfe-Novak model equation using tensile an d impact test data of I%CrMoV HP(high pressure) rotor steel. $K_{IC}$ design curve of ASME and fracture surface by SEM were also considered, obtained results are summarized as follows $K_{IC}$ was linearly increased with increase of temperature, effect of the inclusions was significantly over FATT. $K_{IC}$ at lower shelf temperature was quantitatively related to yield strength and was agreed well with Begley's equation. It was difficult to determine $K_{IC}$ because of specimen size and tester capacity at upper shelf temperature, but for this view point Rolfe-Novak's equation was useful. The degree of brittle fracture was dependent on FATT fundamentally, adding S, Sb to matrix decreased impact energy and adding Cu, As increased yield(tensile) strength, and the influence of the others minority inclusion was comparatively insignificant.

• 자원환경지질
• /
• 제53권3호
• /
• pp.271-285
• /
• 2020

본 연구는 절리의 기하학적 속성이 절리성 암반의 변형 특성에 미치는 영향을 평가하기 위하여 삼차원 불연속절리망(DFN; discrete fracture network) 시스템에 대한 개별요소법 기반의 응력-변형 해석과 관련된 수치실험을 수행하였다. 1~2 개의 확정적 방향성을 갖는 절리군을 사용하여 절리의 빈도와 길이분포를 달리하며 추계론적으로 생성한 총 12개의 1000㎥ 정육면체 DFN 블록에 대하여 삼차원 직교좌표계의 축 방향에 따른 변형계수가 산정되었다. 또한, 일부 DFN 블록은 삼차원상에서 매 30° 간격의 선주향 및 선경사 방향을 축차응력 방향으로 설정하고 변형계수를 산정하였다. 절리의 길이가 증가할수록 DFN 블록의 변형계수는 더욱 저감되는 것으로 평가되었다. 절리의 빈도 증가는 절리의 길이가 짧아서 상대적으로 암교 효과가 큰 경우 DFN 블록의 변형계수 저감에 유의미한 영향을 미치지 못 할 가능성도 있지만 절리길이가 길수록 절리빈도의 증가가 DFN의 이방적 변형계수에 지대한 영향을 미치는 것으로 평가되었다. 절리의 길이와 빈도 변화에 따른 이방적 변형계수의 변화는 DFN에 분포하는 절리군의 개수 및 방향성에 크게 좌우된다. DFN 블록의 변형 특성은 삼차원상의 방향에 따라 다르게 발현되는 것으로 평가되었다. 마지막으로 본 연구는 절리의 기하학적 속성이 고려된 응력-변형 해석을 위한 수치해석 절차를 제시하였으며 현장규모의 실무 적용을 위한 방법론에 대하여 토의하였다.

• 한국세라믹학회지
• /
• 제39권10호
• /
• pp.994-1000
• /
• 2002

고상 반응법을 통해 $La_{0.6}Sr_{0.4}Co_{0.2}Fe_{0.8}O_{3-{\delta}}$ 페롭스카이트계 산소투과 분리막을 제조하였으며, 미세구조에 따른 산소투과 특성 및 기계적 특성을 고찰하였다. 분리막의 미세구조는 소결온도 및 소결 유지시간을 달리함으로써 조절하였으며, 미세구조에 따른 평균 입경 및 상대밀도의 변화를 평가하였다. 입계 분율의 감소에 따라 산소투과유속이 증가하는 경향을 나타내었으며, 본 연구에서 고찰한 소결조건 중에서는 1300${\circ}C$에서 10시간 유지하여 제조한, 상대밀도가 높고 비교적 입경이 조대한 분리막 시편의 경우, 최대 0.37 ml/$cm^2$${\cdot}$min의 산소투과유속이 특정되었다. 파괴강도는 소결체의 상대밀도에 의존적이었으며, 파괴인성은 결정립의 크기에 따라 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
• /
• 제21권2호
• /
• pp.132-139
• /
• 2004

Film forming behavior of monodispersed model composite latexes with particle size of 190 nm, which consist of n-butyl acrylate as a soft phase monomer and methyl methacrylate as a hard phase monomer with different morphology was examined. Five different types of model latexes were used in this study such as random copolymer particle, soft-core/hard-shell particle, hard-core/soft-shell particle, gradient type particle, and mixed type particle. The film forming behavior was evaluated using pseudo on-line measurements of the cumulative weight loss, the UV transmittance, and the tensile fracture energy. Each stages of film formation I, II were not sensitive to the morphology of model latexes, but stage-ill was largely dependent on the morphology of model latexes. The chain mobility of polymer which composed the shell component was found to dominantly determine the behavior of film forming stage-III.

• 한국지진공학회논문집
• /
• 제24권6호
• /
• pp.253-266
• /
• 2020

The extended slip-weakening model was investigated by using a compiled set of source-spectrum-related parameters, i.e. seismic moment M_o, S-wave velocity V_s, corner-frequency f_c, and source-controlled high-cut frequency fmax, for 113 shallow crustal earthquakes (focal depth less than 25 km, M_W 3.0~7.5) that occurred in Japan from 1987 to 2016. The investigation was focused on the characteristics of stress drop, radiation energy-to-seismic moment ratio, radiation efficiency, and fracture energy release rate, G_c. The scaling relationships of those source parameters were also investigated and compared with those in previous studies, which were based on generally used singular models with the dimensionless numbers corresponding to f_c given by Brune and Madariaga. The results showed that the stress drop from the singular model with Madariaga's dimensionless number was equivalent to the breakdown stress drop, as well as Brune's effective stress, rather than to static stress drop as has been usually assumed. The scale dependence of stress drop showed a different tendency in accordance with the size category of the earthquakes, which may be divided into small-moderate earthquakes and moderate-large earthquakes by comparing to M_o = 10¹⁷~10¹⁸ Nm. The scale dependence was quite similar to that shown by Kanamori and Rivera. The scale dependence was not because of a poor dynamic range of recorded signals or missing data as asserted by Ide and Beroza, but rather it was because of the scale dependent V_r-induced local similarity of spectrum as shown in a previous study by the authors. The energy release rate G_c with respect to breakdown distance D_c from the extended slip-weakening model coincided with that given by Ellsworth and Beroza in a study on the rupture nucleation phase; and the empirical relationship given by Abercrombie and Rice can represent the results from the extended slip-weakening model, the results from laboratory stick-slip experiments by Ohnaka, and the results given by Ellsworth and Beroza simultaneously. Also the energy flux into the breakdown zone was well correlated with the breakdown stress drop, ${\tilde{e}}$ and peak slip velocity of the fault faces. Consequently, the investigation results indicate the appropriateness of the extended slip-weakening model.