• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.41-46
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• 2022

Background: The purpose of this study was to develop a sit-to-stand transfer assistive device, and to conduct a feasibility test. Design: A technical note. Methods and results: In this study, we developed a sit-to-stand transfer assistive device for the elderly and the disabled who have difficulty standing up independently from sitting positions. The sit-to-stand transfer assistive device allows the user to transfer the weight from a sitting position to a standing position while shifting the weight forward by grabbing and pulling a support stand. Ten healthy adults participated in the feasibility test of the device. Each participant used the developed sit-to-stand transfer assistive device and investigated supplementation through a brief interview. As a result of the feasibility test, the opinion was that the device could assist the sit-to-stand transfer to some extent. There were opinions that it needed a function to adjust the height of the knee protective plate in the sitting position according to the user's physical characteristics. Because of the inconvenience of operating the lock device for fixing the position and adjusting inclination, there was an opinion that the improvement for a locking device is needed. There were opinions that it would be better to reduce the size of the device due to its inconvenience of portability. Conclusion: In this study, we developed the sit-to-stand transfer assistive device for the elderly and the disabled who have difficulty standing up independently from sitting positions. In addition, it is considered that the upgrade of the device is necessary for the future since there are supplementary opinions on some points.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.61-66
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• 2017

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of isometric upper limb contraction on the trunk and lower extremity muscles during the sit-to-stand activity in elderly females. METHODS: Eighteen healthy elderly females performed three directional isometric upper extremity contractions (flexion, extension, and horizontal abduction movements) using an elastic band during sit-to-stand activity. Electromyography signals were collected from the internal oblique, erector spinae, rectus femoris, and biceps femoris muscles. RESULTS: Internal oblique activity was greater in bilateral shoulder flexion and bilateral shoulder horizontal abduction than in neutral position (p<.05). Erector spinae and rectus femoris muscle activities in bilateral shoulder flexion was greater than in neutral position and bilateral shoulder extension (p<.05). Biceps femoris activity was significantly greater in bilateral shoulder flexion than in bilateral shoulder extension and horizontal abduction, and in neutral position compared to bilateral shoulder extension (p<.05). CONCLUSION: These results suggest that incorporating isometric upper limb contraction may be beneficial for enhancing the contribution of trunk and lower extremity muscle activities to trunk stabilization during sit-to-stand activity. Therefore, isometric upper limb contraction during sit-to-stand tasks, especially in flexion, may be used to elicit contraction of the lumbopelvic region muscles within a tolerable range, for developing endurance and strength in the elderly.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.9 no.1
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• pp.101-106
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• 2014

PURPOSE: This study was to provide reference data and examine stroke and healty older differences in sit-to-stand test. This study were to determine utility of the 5 repetition sit to stand for discriminating between fallers and non-fallers, identifying an appropriate cutoff score to delineate between the groups. METHODS: Ninety-five participants were recruited. Seventy-two individuals with stroke and twenty-three healthy older agreed to participate in the study. Falls were recorded using a self-administered questionnaire. The 5 repetition sit to stand test measured the time taken to complete t repetitions of the sit to stand maneuver. The time from the initial seated position to the final seated position after completing five stands was the test measure. A cutoff score regarding 5 repetition sit to stand performance in fallers vs. non-fallers, stroke patients vs. healthy older and <60 vs. $$\geq_-$$ age groups was determined using and ROC curve. RESULTS: Cutoff score of 9.9 seconds were found to be discriminatory between healthy older and subjects with stroke. Cutoff score of 15.5 seconds were found to be discriminatory between fallers and non-fallers. Cutoff score of 18.3 seconds were found to be discriminatory between <60 and $$\geq_-$$ age groups. CONCLUSION: The 5-repetition sit-to stand test is quick, easily administered measure useful for gross determination of fall risk in people with stroke.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.169-173
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• 2015

Purpose: This study aimed to improve the asymmetrical weight-bearing ratio, by applying different repetitive sit-to-stand training methods to the paretic-side foot of hemiplegic patients, as well as to provide the necessary information for applying balance training with hemiplegic patients. Methods: The subjects were divided into two groups: a spontaneous foot group and an asymmetrical foot group. They all performed repetitive sit-to-stand training five times a week for a total of six weeks. The sit-to-standing movement was studied using standardized clinical tests. The Biodex Balance System, Time up and go test (TUG), 5 times sit-to-stand test (5XSST), and functional reach test (FRT) were used to measure the static and dynamic standing balance of the patients. Results: In the balance system measurement, the results for the overall index, ant-post index, med-lat index, fall risk index, 5XSST, and FRT after the training differed significantly between the comparison groups (p<0.05). In the evaluation of dynamic balance, the differences in TUG did not differ significantly between the comparison groups after the training (p>0.05). Conclusion: The study found that the asymmetrical group showed significant increases in static and dynamic balance in comparison to the spontaneous group after repetitive sit-to-stand training. Based on this result, it is clear that training in an asymmetrical position with the paretic foot back can increase the left-right stability limit and the anterior-posterior stability limit, thus improving balance control.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 2011

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in muscle activation associated with foot position during a sit-to-stand exercise among normally healthy elderly subjects. Methods: Eight subjects (male=3; female=5; mean age=$70.13{\pm}{\pm}2.53$years) were recruited.The activation of six muscles (neck extensor; lumbar extensor; hamstring; rectus femoris; gastrocnemius; tibialis anterior) was measured by surface EMG (TeleMyo 2400T G2, Noraxon Inc., USA) during a sit-to-stand protocol under three different foot positions (ankle dorsiflexion of 0, 15, or 30 degrees). Results: Muscle activation of the neck extensor and hamstring was decreased according to the change in foot position (p<0.05), but activation of the rectus femoris was increased (p<0.05). Muscle activation of the neck extensor was significantly different between 0 and 15 degrees (p<0.05). Muscle activation of the hamstring was significantly different between 0 and 15 degrees and between 0 and 30 degrees (p<0.05). Muscle activation of the rectus femoris was significantly different between 0 and 30 degrees and between 15 and 30 degrees (p<0.05). However, activation of lumbar extensor, gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior muscles did not significantly differ between foot positions. Conclusion: These findings suggest that muscle activation during a sit-to-stand movement differs depending on foot position. We believe that these differences should be considered when educating the elderly regarding proper body movements.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.55-65
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• 2021

PURPOSE: This study compared the effects of sit-to-stand training with various foot positions combined with visual feedback on the postural alignment and balance. METHODS: Thirty stroke patients were assigned randomly into three groups of standing with a symmetrical foot position (SSF) (n = 10), asymmetrical foot position with the affected foot at the rear (SAF) (n = 10), and visual feedback and asymmetrical foot position (SVAF) (n = 10). Sit-to-stand training with different foot positions was performed for 30 minutes a day, five times a week, for a total of four weeks, and the effects on postural alignment and balance were assessed. RESULTS: The angle between the midline and scapula peak of the affected side was decreased significantly at sitting and thigh-off in the SAF group and at sitting, thigh-off, and standing in the SVAF group (p < .05). The angle between the midline and scapula peak of the non-affected side was increased significantly at sitting and thigh-off in the SAF group and at sitting, thigh-off, and standing in the SVAF group, the difference in the angle between the scapular peaks of the left and right sides was decreased significantly at sitting and thigh-off in SSF group, and at sitting in SAF group (p < .05). In the SVAF group, the angle at sitting, thigh-off, and standing was decreased significantly (p < .05). A comparison of the balance ability showed that BSS in the SVAF group was improved significantly (p < .05). CONCLUSION: Based on these results, the postural alignment and balance ability were improved in stroke patients who participated in sit-to-stand with visual feedback and asymmetrical foot position training.

• PNF and Movement
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.115-123
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• 2022

Purpose: The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of sit-to-stand training with various foot positions combined with visual feedback on muscle onset time and balance in stroke patients. Methods: Thirty stroke patients were randomly assigned into three standing groups: one with a symmetrical foot position (SSF; n = 10), one with an asymmetrical foot position with the affected foot at the rear (SAF; n = 10), and one with visual feedback and an asymmetrical foot position (SVAF; n = 10). Sit-to-stand training with different foot positions was performed for 30 minutes a day, 5 times a week, for a total of 4 weeks. The effects on muscle onset time and balance were assessed. Results: In a comparison of the onset time of muscle contraction, the onset time of the affected side tibialis anterior and less-affected side gastrocnemius muscle and tibialis anterior was significantly shortened in the SAVF group. And onset time of the less-affected side tibialis anterior was shortened in the SAF group. There was a significant difference in the result of functional reach testing in the SVAF group. Conclusion: VRG was effective in improving muscle activity and balance in elderly women aged 65 and older. In this study, sit-to-stand training with visual feedback and asymmetrical foot position showed significant functional improvement.

• Physical Therapy Rehabilitation Science
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• v.8 no.3
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• pp.146-151
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• 2019

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the test-retest reliability and concurrent validity of the joint angle of the lower extremities during sit-to-stand movements with wearable sensors based on a portable gait analysis system (PGAS), and the results were compared with a analysis system (MAS) to predict the clinical potential of it. Design: Cross-sectional study. Methods: Sixteen persons with stroke (9 males, 7 females) participated in this study. All subjects had the MAS and designed PGS applied simultaneously and eight sensor units of designed PGAS were placed in a position to avoid overlap with the reflexive markers from MAS. The initial position of the subjects was 90º of hip, knee, and ankle joint flexion while sitting on a chair that was armless and backless. The height of the chair was adjusted to each individual. After each trial, the test administrator checked the quality of data from both systems that measured sit-to-stand for test-retest reliability and concurrent validity. Results: As a result, wearable sensor based designed PGAS and MAS demonstrated reasonable test-retest reliability for the assessment of joint angle in the lower extremities during sit-to-stand performance. The intra-class correlation coefficients (ICCs) for wearable sensor based designed PGAS showed an acceptable test-retest reliability, with ICCs ranging from 0.759 to 0.959. In contrast, the MAS showed good to excellent test-retest reliability, with ICCS ranging from 0.811 to 0.950. In concurrent validity, a significant positive relationship was observed between PGAS and MAS for variation of joint angle during sit-to-stand movements (p<0.01). A moderate to high relationship was found in the affected hip (r=0.665), unaffected hip (r=0.767), affected knee (r=0.876), unaffected knee (r=0.886), affected ankle (r=0.943) and unaffected ankle (r=0.823) respectively. Conclusions: The results of this study indicated that wearable sensor based designed PGAS showed acceptable test-retest reliability and concurrent validity in persons with stroke for sit-to-stand movements and wearable sensors based on developed PGAS may be a useful tool for clinical assessment of functional movement.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Physical Medicine
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2021

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study is to conduct inter-rater and intra-rater reliability tests in patients with low back pain (LBP) using the prone instability test (PIT) and side-lying instability test (SIT). We have analyzed the Korean version Oswestry disability index (K-ODI) correlations and radiograph finding (RF) for validity. METHODS: Individuals (n = 51) (mean age of 40.27 ± 13.28) with LBP for at least over a week were recruited, together with two participating physical therapist examiners. The measurement consisted of PIT, PST, K-ODI, and RF. Sensitivity (Sn), specificity (Sp), positive predictive value, negative predictive value, prevalence index, agreement %, Cohen's kappa, and prevalence-adjusted bias-adjusted kappa (PABAK) were calculated. The PIT and SIT were compared with RF for validity analysis, while PIT, SIT, K-ODI, and RF were calculated for the correlation analysis. RESULTS: The intra-rater reliability test measured for the PIT (kappa = .79, PABAK = .88) and SIT (kappa = .73, PABAK = .84), and inter-rater reliability test measured for the SIT (kappa = .80, PABAK = .88) showed good agreements. The PIT (Sn = .65, Sp = .63) and SIT validities (Sn = .68, Sp = .70) were compared with RF, showing a significant correlation in PIT and RF (r = .69), SIT and RF (r = .73), and PIT and K-ODI (r = .53). CONCLUSION: The SIT is a more comfortable position test than the PIT in patients. Both PIT and SIT have acceptable reliability and validity.

• Journal of Korean Physical Therapy Science
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• v.17 no.3_4
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• pp.29-39
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• 2010

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effect of foot position and lifting an object on muscle activity and foot pressure during sit to stand(STS) in hemiparetic patients. Methods: Fourteen patients participated in this study. Surface electromyography was used to collect muscle activity and foot pressure measurement system was used to analyze foot pressure in hemiparetic side. Three different foot position was assumed(anterior, neutral, posterior) in hemiparetic side. The repeated two-way analysis of variance and multiple comparisons were conducted to determine statistical significance with a significance level of 0.05. Results: The results were as follows. 1) Lower extremity muscle activity was significantly higher(p<0.05) in biceps femoris and tibialis anterior muscle during STS without holding an object. With changing positions of the affected foot, muscle activity was significantly increased (p<0.05) in vastus medialis and lateral gastrocnemius when the foot was positioned in posterior. 2) There was no significant difference(p>0.05) in foot pressure during STS with object holding and foot positioning. Conclusion: Muscle activity showed a significant increase when the foot was positioned in posterior in comparison to the muscle activity when the foot was in neutral or anterior position.