• Journal of the Korean Crystal Growth and Crystal Technology
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.44-55
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• 1996

Emerald (3BeO{\cdot}Al$_{2}$O_{3}{\cdot}6SiO_2 : Cr^{3+}$) single crystals were grown by flux method of $Li_2O-MoO_3 - V_2O_5$ system. The composition of starting materials were 1, 3, 5 mole ratio of $MoO_3 - V_2O_5/$Li_2O$, 20 - 15% of emerald content to flux composition and 1% of $Cr_2O_3$ colordopant to emerald composition. After mixing those were melted at $1100^{\circ}C$ in Pt crucible of electric furnace. Single crystal growth was cooled down slowly rate of $3^{\circ}C$/hr from $1100^{\circ}C$ to $650^{\circ}C$, for the cooling period it was controlled and prevented the nucleation of microcrystallite from variation of each thermal fluctuation range. Specially it has been obtained plenty of large emerald single crystal when thermal fluctuation was treated for cooling period at $1050 ~ 950^{\circ}C$, in 3 mole ratio of $V_2O_5 - MoO_3/Li_2O$ flux. Emerald single crystal growing effect and $Cr_{+3}$ ion of substitutional solid solution effect for $Al_{+3}$ ion was good than mole ratio of 5. Emerald single crystals were c (0001) hexagonal rystal face of preferencial direction and m (1010) post side. Emerald was hexagonal columnar greenish transparent and 2.65 ~ 2.66 of specific gravity.

• SUVANNABHUMI
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• v.1 no.2
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• pp.21-41
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• 2009

The Art of the Buddha's Life which depicts the life and before-life of Buddha flourished in Sanci and Bharhut in the ancient India and in Gandhara during the Kushan period. More than one hundred scenes from Buddha's life were represented in the form of relief sculpture or wall painting. They are found in Gandhara and Mathura during the Kushan period, Amaravati and Nagarjunakonda during the Satavahana period, in Mathura and Sarnath during the Gupta period, and during the Pala Period. They unfolded in various forms and styles according to the text(Buddhist scripture), layout, and expressive technique. In Mathura, where the Evolution of the Buddha image was made about the same time as in Gandhara during the Kushan period, the Buddha's life was presented in a number of scenes related to the sacred sites; in four or eight scenes. In the case of the Eight Great Events of the Buddha's Life, the four scenes out of eight were different from those that were represented in Sarnath during the Gupta period, manifesting a transitional period. The Gupta period is widely known as the time when the classic artistic style was established. The art of Buddha's Life was produced only in Sarnath during this period, and it was the time when the Eight Great Events of the Buddha's Life was established as iconography, providing a model for those of the Pala period. Also, it was the time when the single image of Buddha was produced such as the 'Buddha delivering his first sermon,' 'Buddha's Enlightenment,' and 'Buddha's Death,' thus showing the emergence of the single Buddha image from the narrative Buddha's life image. In this paper, a general introduction of the relief sculpture of the Buddha's life from Sarnath during the Gupta period was given. The art of Buddha's life gave great influences on that of China, Korea, Japan and Southeast Asia, and can be emphasized as an important subject in understanding the development of the Buddhist art in East Asia. A further study will be made on the art of Buddha's Life of Southeast Asia in the future, which will enhance the understanding of the art of Buddha's Life in East Asia as a whole.

• Cross-Cultural Studies
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• v.19
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• pp.25-38
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• 2010

The "Name" is not only representative of a person but also a cultural heritage containing national cultures. Therefore, we can easily find some cultural value from the square inch sized seal texts. This article is a comprehensive study of the characteristics of names appeared on the seals in the Warring States Period. In the Warring States Period, single name is generally used for naming and this style can be divided into 13 categories. Except unavoidable cases, such as using the name of place, the name of person or the reason of physical characteristics, using double name is very rare and this style can be categorized by 8 kinds. In result, using double name is defined as a fringe method of naming in the Warring States Period. In addition, we can find a big difference between the names of Warring States Period and those of Post-Qin and Han Dynasties in the structural aspects. In conclusion, understanding of the characteristics of names from the Warring States Period can be a great help to better understanding of ancient books and unearthed documents.

• Physical Therapy Korea
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• v.22 no.1
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• pp.69-78
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• 2015

This study evaluated and compared the effectiveness on upper motor extremity function between proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation which has been frequently used in clinical practice, and action observation training in terms of improving upper motor extremity function. A study with a single-subject design (A-B-C-A') was conducted with a patient who was diagnosed with left hemiplegia. A repeated-measure analysis was conducted to assess results of the Wolf Motor Function Test (WMFT), Box and Block Test (BBT), and grip and pinch strength test performed daily in the study for 4 weeks. The results of the analysis indicated that the WMFT score, BBT score, grip strength, and pinch strength were improved from 29.60 to 39 (24.10%), from 1.67 to 4.93 each (EA) (66.22%), from 2.06 to 2.66 libras (lbs) (22.61%), and from 1.57 to 1.93 lbs (18.94%), respectively, from the baseline period to treatment period B. The values were improved from 29.60 to 42.20 (29.86%), from 1.67 to 7 EA (76.21%), from 2.06 to 3.47 lbs (40.57%), and from 1.57 to 1.67 lbs (6.12%), respectively, from the baseline period to treatment period C. From treatment period B to treatment period C, the WMFT score, BBT score, and grip strength were improved from 39 to 42.20 (7.58%), from 4.93 to 7 EA (29.56%), and from 2.66 to 3.47 lbs (23.20%), respectively, but pinch strength was decreased from 1.93 to 1.67 lbs (15.83%). In conclusion, proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation and action observation training both have positive effects on upper extremity motor function. However, we suggest that the posttreatment effect of action observation training was better than that of proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation.

• Earthquakes and Structures
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.457-471
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• 2021

This study aims at providing a simple and effective methodology to define a meaningful characteristic period for special class of earthquake records named "pulse-like ground motions". In the proposed method, continuous wavelet transform is employed to extract the large pulse of ground motions. Then, Fourier amplitude spectra obtained from the original ground motion and the residual motion is simply compared. This comparison permits to define a threshold pulse-period (Tp∗) as the threshold period above which the pulse component has negligible contributions to the Fourier amplitude spectrum. The effect of pulse on frequency content of motions was discussed on the light of this definition. The advantage and superior features of the new definition were related to the inelastic displacement ratio (IDR) for single-degree-of-freedom systems with period equal to one half of the threshold period. Analyses performed for the proposed period at three ductility levels u=2,4,6 were compared with the results obtained at half of pulse period derived from wavelet analysis, peak-point method and the peak of product of the velocity and the displacement response spectra (Sv x Sd). According to the results, pulse effects on inelastic displacement ratio seem to be more important when $\frac{T_p^*}{T}=2$ (T is the fundamental vibration period of system). The results showed that utilizing of the proposed definition could facilitate an enhanced understanding of pulse-like records features.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Quality Management Conference
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• 2010.04a
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• pp.33-48
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is to empirically analyze the productivity change of the 10 Single PPM Certification Company in the 3 Industry(Electronics, Motor-Parts, Machines). In this study, Productivity change over the time in Korean small and medium sized firms in the 3 industries by the bootstrapped Malmquist Productivity Index(MPI). The traditional Malmquist Productivity Index(MPI) and Data Envelopment they could lead to wrong evaluations of the efficiency and productivity scores. In this paper, DEA and a MPI are combined with a bootstrap method in order to provide statistical inferences that analyze the performance of the Single PPM Certification Company. The data cover the period between 2004 and 2007. The result of this paper reveals : 1) The electronic industries(Motor-Parts, Machines). 2) average productivity Progress of the 7DMU(Electronics), 1DMU(Motor-Parts) and none(Machines).

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Electrical and Electronic Material Engineers
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2023

The characteristics of write discharge were investigated when the conventional driving method with the unipolar sustain voltages, and the single sustain driving method applying the bipolar sustain voltage were applied in an AC plasma display. In the case of having a single sustain waveform, the strength of the write discharge is weakened compared to the conventional driving method during the address period, because the wall charge inside the panel is more dissipated by the lower scanning voltage. In the driving method with a single sustain waveform, the bias voltage of the other electrodes was changed to improve the write discharge characteristics. As a result, the intensity of the discharge was enhanced by 32% and the delay time was shortened by 60 ㎲.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.41 no.2
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• pp.211-224
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to investigate premarital preparation of single men and women. The number of subjects was 393 premarital couples(196 males and 197 females) in Seoul, Incheon, Daejeon, Gwangju, Pusan and Daegu. The self-administered questionnaire was composed of premarital preparation evaluation scale developed by Kim Hye Seon & Shin Soo Ah(2002). The data was analyzed by frequencies, percentages, mean, Cronbach's α, t-test, ANOVA, Duncan-test. The major findings were as follows: First, the level of premarital preparation status was somewhat higher than average and the level of premarital preparation awareness was very high. Second, preparation status of premarital couples was shown significant difference by some variables including sex, age, occupation, the period of dating, religion. Third, preparation awareness of premarital couples was shown a significant difference by some variables including sex, age, academic ability, the period of dating.

• Proceedings of the Korean Operations and Management Science Society Conference
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• 2005.05a
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• pp.52-58
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• 2005

In this paper, we address a real-world periodic vehicle routing problem with time windows (PVRPTW). In addition to the general requirements of single-day vehicle routing problem, each stop has required number of visits within a cycle period in PVRPTW. Thus, we need to determine optimized days of visit for each stop with consideration of the cycle-period days together. The problem also requires consistent vehicle assignment to the stops. We developed a clustering based 3-phase approach for this problem: 1) stop-route assignment, 2) stop-day assignment, and 3) stop sequencing within a single-day route. Using the approach, we could reduce the number of routes and improve the routing efficiency for several real-world problems.

• Proceedings of the KIEE Conference
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• 1994.07a
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• pp.415-418
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• 1994

In this paper, a parallel operation of two single-phase GTO PWM converters is presented. The current ripples on the primary side of the transformer can be much reduced by shifting one modulation period from the other one by a half period. Also, a simple power factor control scheme is presented by which the reactive component of converter input current is controlled. Simulations and experimental results for a laboratory system confirm the validity of the purposed algorithm.