• Speech Sciences
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• v.8 no.4
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• pp.131-138
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• 2001

Sound pressure level, subglottic air pressure, vital capacity, adduction/abduction rate, and phonatory efficiency were measured in 19 opera singers, 17 Korean traditional 'Pansori' singers, and 20 non-singers; subjects' mean age was 25.9(SD=7.2) and the singers had been singing professionally for 5-10 years. One-way ANOVA and Scheff$\w'{e}$ post-hoc analysis were used to analyze aerodynamic data and to identify significant differences among groups. Sound pressure level, peak subglottic air pressure, and phonatory efficiency were found to be significantly different among three groups of the subjects. Differences in aerodynamic properties were discussed for their significance in diagnosis and treatment of voice disorders in professional singers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.14-16
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• 2006

Background and Objectives: The purpose of this study is to investigate the change of vocal tract length according to the level of the pitch by the singers. Materials and Methods: Fifteen tenors were asked to produce successive /a/ sound in G4(382Hz) for the head register, C3(131Hz) for the chest register and usual speaking sound. The control group consisted of 15 males of an similar age who are not professional singers. The length of vocal tract was calculated by applying the formula of Fn=(2n-1) c/4L(F : formant frequency, c : the speed of sound in the vocal tract(350m/sec), L : length of vocal tract, $n=1,2,3,4,{\ldots}{\infty}$). Results: In singer's group, there showed no significant statistical difference of length among head and chest register and usual speaking sound. However in the control group, there showed statistically significant difference of length. Comparison of the absolute difference in the length of vocal tract by changing level of pitch in phonation, between the control group and the singers group. Changing from G4 phonation to C3 phonation and C3 phonation to usual speaking sound showed statistically difference of vocal tract length was less in the singers group than the control group. Conclusion: The change of vocal tract length, in either speaking or singing, was less in singers than the control group. We could assume that the singers maintain their larynx position constantly throughout the pitch range when phonation.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.28-32
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• 2005

Background and Objectives : The most important two factors of the voice production are the respiratory function which is the power source of voice and the glottic closure that transform the air flow into sound signals. The purpose of this study was to investigate the differences between trained singers and untrained controls under varying intensity at a constant vocal pitch by simulataneous using the airway interruption method and electroglottography(EGG). Materials and Methods : Under two different intensity condition at a constant vocal pitch(/G/), 20(Male 10, Female 10) trained singers were studied. Mean flow rate(MFR), subglottic pressure(Psub) and intensity were measured with aerodynamic test using the Phonatory function analyzer. Closed quotients(CQ), jitter and shimmer were also investigated by electroglottography using Lx speech studio. These data were compared with that of normal controls. Results : MFR and Psub were increased on high intensity condition in all subject groups but there was no statistically significance. Statistically significant increasing of CQ. were observed in male trained singers on high intensity condition (untrained male : 51.31${\pm}$3.70%, trained male :55.52${\pm}$6.07%, p=.039). Shimmer percent, one of the phonatory stability parameters, was also decreased statistically in all subject groups(p<.001). Conclusion : The trained singers' phonation was more efficient than untrained singers. The result means that the trained singers can increase the loudness with little changing of mean flow rate, subglottic pressure but more increasing of glottic closed quotients.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.127-137
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• 2007

The aim of this study is to examine the influence of vocal training on internal respiration in order to develop an efficient method of singing phonation. Five males trained singers (age:$25.0{\pm}1.4years$, career:$6.8{\pm}1.1\;years$) and five female trained singers (age:$22.0{\pm}1.0years$, career:$5.8{\pm}1.2\;years$) participated in this study. $SaO_2$(Oxi Hemoglobin saturation) was measured by Oxy-Pulse meter while $P_ACO_2$ (Pressure Alveolar $CO_2$) was measured by Quick et $CO_2$ before and after 2-minute, 4-minute and 6-minute vocal training. Result showed that $SaO_2$ was within a normal range after vocal training but $P_ACO_2$ came out lower than the normal range (36-40mmHg) after vocal training which led to Hypocapnia. This caused the singers to experience some headache and dizziness.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.56-61
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• 2007

Introduction: Actually classification of classic singers' voice depends on habitual judgment by voice teachers or voice trainer referring to vocal timbre, vocal range and vocal quality. Such judgments, however, may turn out to be incorrect because they are based on subjective opinions. Therefore, more objective methodology is required. Method: Foreign dissertations searched through Pub Med, along with foreign and domestic journals, were reviewed regard ing how singers' voice has been categorized. Results: Vocal range, vocal timbre, voice quality, fundamental frequency of habitual speaking, length of vocal tract, the length from cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage's thyroid notch and length of vocal fold, tone of passaggio as well as traditional approaches such as perceptual judgment used by professional singers have been used for categorize the voice classification. Conclusion: To optimize categorizing singers' voice, vocal range, vocal timbre, voice quality, fundamental frequency of habitual speaking, length of vocal tract, the length from cricoid cartilage to thyroid cartilage's thyroid notch and length of vocal fold, tone of passaggio may be totally recommended.

• Fashion & Textile Research Journal
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• v.10 no.6
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• pp.811-821
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• 2008

This study examined on the most noticeable game industry in a digital era, and on the definition and feature of post-digital generation enjoying it, along with the relations with the game. Especially, this paper examined correlations between game characters' fashion and pop singers' fashion targeting post-digital generation enjoying games. As the result of this study, on-line game's popularity affected popular culture and game business and popular stars have close interrelation. In addition, through variosus objective surveys, the game characters' fashion was classified into five images before being analyzed; fighter's image, retro image, surreal image, sensual image, and unisexual image. The game characters' fashion wasn't only analyzed also studied correlation between on-line game character's fashion and pop singers' fashion by five images. Consequently in case of game characters' fashion, it influenced on pop singers' fashion targeting teens and twenties enjoying games, which meant fashion connections between game characters and pop singers.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.14-16
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• 2017

Pop singers frequently use breathy voice to express diverse emotion. Such method is the major factor that divides vocalization in pop and classical music. Using breathy voice too much for a long time could make singer short-winded, which might cause the voice injured. In order to prevent the problem, singers need to find resonance balance between high notes and low notes and among vowels. Moreover, they should take more attention when producing resonance in consonants with much air flow. Along with finding resonance balance, if skilled at controlling the volume of voice, singers can use the breathy voice selectively at the desired part, adjusting close quotient freely. Through this kind of approach, pop singers can develope their unique style of vocalization and avoid the vocal damage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.124-129
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• 1999

Background and Objectives : Classical singers are capable of masking abnormalities due to their high level of training and may present with apparent technical deficits rather than with obvious dysfunction. Therefore, some variations from expected normal laryngeal behavior may be present in trained classical singers. Consequently it is important for otolaryngologist to obtain a baseline assessment of their laryngeal function. Materials and Methods : Acoustic measurement including strobovideolaryngoscopy from 50 classically trained singers was done for this study, which was compared with the data from 20 untrained adults. Results and Conclusion : This study showed that 50-healthy asymptomatic classical singers revealed an incidence of 50% abnormal strobovideolaryngoscopic findings, but their acoustic data was within normal limit despite the abnormal laryngeal findings. Therefore the author recommends that the classical singers need objective voice analysis and their baseline data should be used for the accurate diagnosis of the cause of voice dysfunction In classical singer whose baseline laryngeal behavior may be unusual.

• Speech Sciences
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.99-109
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• 2003

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare head register with chest register of singers acoustically. Fifteen healthy tenor major students were participated. Fifteen healthy untrained adults were chosen as the control group for this study. Long term average (LTA) power spectrum using the Fast Fourier transform (FFT) algorithm and Linear predictive coding (LPC) filter response were made with /a/ sustained in both head (G4, 392 Hz) and chest registers (C3, 131 Hz). Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann-Whitney test. In the LTA power spectrum, head register of singers increased in the level of energy gain within the frequency of 2.2-3.4 kHz (p<0.01), and 7.5-8.4 kHz (p<0.01, p<0.05). Chest register of singers increased in the frequency of 2.2-3.1 kHz (p<0.01), 7.8-8.4 kHz (p<0.05) and around 9.6 kHz (p<0.01). The LTA power spectrum revealed a peak of acoustic energy around 2,500 Hz, known as the singer's formant and another peak of acoustic energy around 8,000 Hz in the singer's voice.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Laryngology, Phoniatrics and Logopedics
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• v.11 no.1
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• pp.32-38
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• 2000

Background and Objectives : Voice therapy has been used as a viable adjuvant to surgery and pharmacological therapy fir the management of voice disorders. The singing voice features a special brand of emotion, intensity, and energy so successful therapeutical approach requires the doctor is able to involve himself into the physical and psychic condition and artistic usage of the voice. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect and utility of singing therapy as an initial treatment for classically trained singers with voice disorders. Material and method : Twenty-one male and fifty-five female classic singers with voice disorders were treated with singing therapy. At first, abdominal breathing, resonant phonation, and relaxation method was trained, then after accessing each patient's singing abilities, treatment methods for each specific problems was applied. The results were compared according to age, sex, treatment duration, part, laryngeal pathology, patient subjective evaluation, perceptual evaluation of voice, and maximal phonation time. Results : Patients subjective evaluation, perceptual evaluation, pathologic findings of larynx, maximal phonation time showed superior results after singing therapy. Conclusion : Singing therapy changes the mode of respiration and phonation and enhances the vocal function and improves the laryngeal pathology, The result of this study indicate that singing therapy is an effective treatment method that laryngologists can use for classical singers with voice disorders.