• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제16권2호
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• pp.110-120
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• 2014

This article proposes a spectrum sharing method which can avoid the mutual interference in both primary and secondary systems. The two systems make them a priority to use two single-dimension orthogonal signals, the real and imaginary pulse amplitude modulation signals, if the primary system is not in outage with this use. A secondary transmitter is selected to be the primary relay and the active secondary source to perform this. This allows a simultaneous spectrum access without any mutual interference. Otherwise, the primary system attempts to use a full two-dimensional signal, the quadrature amplitude modulation signal. If there is no outage with respect to this use, the secondary spectrum access is not allowed. When both of the previous attempts fail, the secondary system is allowed to freely use the spectrum two whole time slots. The analysis and simulation are provided to analyze the outage performance and they validate the considerable improvement of the proposed method as compared to the conventional one.

• 자원리싸이클링
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• 제8권1호
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• pp.44-51
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• 1999

전로슬랙에 폐주물사($SiO_2$원)와 탄소를 첨가하여 환원 . 용해함으로써얻은 개질슬랙의 기본적인 물성을 조사하였다. 염기도에 따라 철의 회수율이 크게 영향을 받음을 알 수 있었다. 염기도를 1.34로 조절하고 환원하여 철을 분리 회수한 후, 서냉하여 얻은 개질슬랙의 주요 물성치(비중, 흡수율, 경도 및 압축강도)들은 천연골재와 유사한 값을 보인다.

• Genomics & Informatics
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.26.1-26.6
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• 2020

Single-cell RNA sequencing (scRNA-seq) has been widely applied to provide insights into the cell-by-cell expression difference in a given bulk sample. Accordingly, numerous analysis methods have been developed. As it involves simultaneous analyses of many cell and genes, efficiency of the methods is crucial. The conventional cell type annotation method is laborious and subjective. Here we propose a semi-automatic method that calculates a normalized score for each cell type based on user-supplied cell type-specific marker gene list. The method was applied to a publicly available scRNA-seq data of mouse cardiac non-myocyte cell pool. Annotating the 35 t-stochastic neighbor embedding clusters into 12 cell types was straightforward, and its accuracy was evaluated by constructing co-expression network for each cell type. Gene Ontology analysis was congruent with the annotated cell type and the corollary regulatory network analysis showed upstream transcription factors that have well supported literature evidences. The source code is available as an R script upon request.

• 천문학회보
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• 제46권1호
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• pp.27.4-28
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• 2021

Since the first direct detection of the gravitational waves in 2015, more than 50 events coming from the merging of compact binaries composed of black holes and neutron stars have been observed. The simultaneous detection of gravitational waves and electromagnetics waves from the merging of neutron stars opened up multi-messenger astronomy. The forthcoming observations with better sensitivity by the network of ground based detectors will enrich the gravitational wave source populations and provide valuable information regarding stellar evolution, dynamics of dense stellar systems, and star formation history across the cosmic time. The precision of the Hubble constant from the distance measurement of gravitational sources will improve with more binary neutron star events are observed together with the aftweglows. I will also briefly cover the expected scientiic outcomes from the future detectors that are sensitive to much lower frequenies than current detectors.

• 한국전기전자재료학회논문지
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.11-25
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• 2024

Lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) have attracted great attention as the common power source in energy storage fields of large-scale applications such as electrical vehicles (EVs), industries, power plants, and grid-scale energy storage systems (ESSs). Insertion, alloying, and conversion reactions are the main electrochemical energy storage mechanisms in LIBs, which determine their electrochemical properties and performances. The electrochemical reaction mechanisms are determined by several factors including crystal structure, components, and composition of electrode materials. This article reviews a new strategy to compensate for the intrinsic shortcomings of each reaction mechanism by introducing the material systems to form a single compound with different types of reaction mechanisms and to allow the simultaneous hybrid electrochemical reaction of two different mechanisms in a single solid solution phase.

• 한국수자원학회논문집
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• 제37권12호
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• pp.1009-1018
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• 2004

하천을 따라 분포된 비점 오염원을 하천 수질모형의 매개변수들과 동시에 추정하는 체계적인 방법을 제안하였다. 수립된 방법을 QUAL2E 모형과 함께 충주댐 하류의 남한강 구간에 적용하여 모형의 반응계수와 비점 오염 부하량에 대한 최적 추정을 수행하였다. 민감도 분석 결과로부터 선정된 반응계수들에 대한 초기 추정 결과에 따르면 하천 시스템에 대한 질량수지가 만족되기 위해서는 질소와 인의 비점 오염 부하량의 입력이 필요한 것으로 나타났다. 이에 따라 총질소와 총인에 대한 비점 오염 부하를 포함하여 확장된 추정 문제의 해로써 비점 오염 부하량을 추정하였다. 비점 오염 부하량과 동시에 추정된 반응계수들과 비점 오염원을 고려하지 않고 추정된 반응계수의 비친 결과, 그 자체에 대한 추정을 위해서 뿐만 아니라 수질모형의 적절한 보정을 위하여 비점 오염 부하량이 최적 추정 과정에 포함될 필요가 있음을 알 수 있었다. 하천수질 의형에 대한 최적추정 방법의 적용성을 민감도계수 행렬 구조의 관점에서 논하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권8호
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• pp.1165-1169
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• 2012

In April 2009, the H1N1 pandemic influenza virus emerged as a novel influenza virus. The aim of this study was to compare the performances of several molecular assays, including conventional reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), two real-time reverse transcription (rRT)-PCRs, and two multiplex RTPCRs. A total of 381 clinical specimens were collected from patients (223 men and 158 women), and both the Seeplex RV7 assay and rRT-PCR were ordered on different specimens within one week after collection. The concordance rate for the two methods was 87% (332/381), and the discrepancy rate was 13% (49/381). The positive rates for the molecular assays studied included 93.1% for the multiplex Seeplex RV7 assay, 93.1% for conventional reverse transcription (cRT)-PCR, 89.7% for the multiplex Seeplex Flu ACE Subtyping assay, 82.8% for protocol B rRT-PCR, and 58.6% for protocol A rRT-PCR. Our results showed that the multiplex Seeplex assays and the cRT-PCR yielded higher detection rates than rRT-PCRs for detecting the influenza A (H1N1) virus. Although the multiplex Seeplex assays had the advantage of simultaneous detection of several viruses, they were time-consuming and troublesome. Our results show that, although rRT-PCR had the advantage, the detection rates of the molecular assays varied depending upon the source of the influenza A (H1N1)v virus. Our findings also suggest that rRT-PCR sometimes detected virus in extremely low abundance and thus required validation of analytical performance and clinical correlation.

• Journal of Communications and Networks
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.103-113
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• 2010

In this paper, a tradeoff between the total energy consumption-per-bit and the end-to-end rate under spatial reuse in wireless multi-hop network is developed and analyzed. The end-to-end rate of the network is the number of information bits transmitted (end-to-end) per channel use by any node in the network that is forwarding the data. In order to increase the bandwidth efficiency, spatial reuse is considered whereby simultaneous relay transmissions are allowed provided there is a minimum separation between such transmitters. The total energy consumption-per-bit includes the energy transmitted and the energy consumed by the receiver to process (demodulate and decoder) the received signal. The total energy consumption-per-bit is normalized by the distance between a source-destination pair in order to be consistent with a direct (single-hop) communication network. Lower bounds on this energy-bandwidth tradeoff are analyzed using convex optimization methods. For a given location of relays, it is shown that the total energy consumption-per-bit is minimized by optimally selecting the end-to-end rate. It is also demonstrated that spatial reuse can improve the bandwidth efficiency for a given total energy consumption-per-bit. However, at the rate that minimizes the total energy consumption-per-bit, spatial reuse does not provide lower energy consumption-per-bit compared to the case without spatial reuse. This is because spatial reuse requires more receiver energy consumption at a given end-to-end rate. Such degraded energy efficiency can be compensated by varying the minimum separation of hops between simultaneous transmitters. In the case of equi-spaced relays, analytical results for the energy-bandwidth tradeoff are provided and it is shown that the minimum energy consumption-per-bit decreases linearly with the end-to-end distance.

• 천문학회보
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• 제42권1호
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• pp.46.3-47
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• 2017

We performed simultaneous VLBI observations of H2O 616-523 (22.2 GHz) and SiO v=1, 2, J=1-0 (43.1, 42.8 GHz) and v=1, J=2-1, J=3-2 (86.2, 129.3 GHz) masers toward VX Sagittarius using the Korean VLBI Network (KVN). The astrometrically registered maps of the 22.2 GHz H2O and 43.1, 42.8, 86.2 SiO masers were successfully obtained at two epochs of 2016 February 27 and 2016 March 27 by adopting the Source Frequency Phase Referencing (SFPR) method. In addition we detected 129.3 Ghz SiO maser at second epoch. These results make it possible to determine the accurate position of central star as a dynamical center of 22.2 GHz H2O maser and relative locations of 43.1, 42.8, 86.2, 129.3 GHz SiO masers. In addition, it is possible to investigate the morphological and kinematic variations of clumpy structures from SiO maser to H2O maser regions in future together with the development of asymmetric structure of H2O maser region.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.146-151
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• 2013

본 연구에서는 연료극 또는 공기극에 함유된 불순물인 황화합물의 도입을 차단할 수 있는 GDL을 제조하여, 이를 평가용 단위전지에 체결하여 $H_2S$와 $SO_2$를 연료극과 공기극에 각각 동시에 공급하여 PEMFC의 성능 저하 및 회복에 관한 연구를 수행하였다. 그 결과 $H_2S$와 $SO_2$의 농도가 증가함에 따라 전지의 성능이 감소하며 특히 10 ppm 이상의 농도에서는 10분 이내에 약 10-15% 정도 성능이 감소하였다. 특히 GDL 표면의 기공이 없는 CN-2 GDL을 체결한 단위전지의 경우 피독에 의한 성능 감소 속도가 더 빠른 것을 확인하였다. 그리고 단위전지 피독 후 황화합물이 혼합되지 않은 순수 가스를 1시간 이상 공급하였을 때 전지의 성능이 GDL의 종류에 따라 90%에서 95% 이상 회복되며 CN-1 GDL의 경우가 가장 회복이 우수하였다.